.github/ISSUE_TEMPLATE.md

@@ -0,0 +1,49 @@
+- With issues:
+  - Use the search tool before opening a new issue.
+  - Please provide source code and commit sha if you found a bug.
+  - Review existing issues and provide feedback or react to them.
+
+## Description
+
+<!-- Description of a problem -->
+
+## How to reproduce
+
+<!-- The smallest possible code example to show the problem that can be compiled, like -->
+```
+package main
+
+import (
+	"github.com/gin-gonic/gin"
+)
+
+func main() {
+	g := gin.Default()
+	g.GET("/hello/:name", func(c *gin.Context) {
+		c.String(200, "Hello %s", c.Param("name"))
+	})
+	g.Run(":9000")
+}
+```
+
+## Expectations
+
+<!-- Your expectation result of 'curl' command, like -->
+```
+$ curl http://localhost:9000/hello/world
+Hello world
+```
+
+## Actual result
+
+<!-- Actual result showing the problem -->
+```
+$ curl -i http://localhost:9000/hello/world
+<YOUR RESULT>
+```
+
+## Environment
+
+- go version:
+- gin version (or commit ref):
+- operating system:

.github/ISSUE_TEMPLATE/bug-report.yaml

@@ -1,60 +0,0 @@
-name: Bug Report
-description: Found something you weren't expecting? Report it here!
-labels: ["type/bug"]
-body:
-  - type: markdown
-    attributes:
-      value: |
-        NOTE: If your issue is a security concern, please send an email to appleboy.tw@gmail.com instead of opening a public issue.
-  - type: markdown
-    attributes:
-      value: |
-        1. Please speak English, this is the language all maintainers can speak and write.
-        2. Please ask questions problems on our Discussions Forum (https://github.com/gin-gonic/gin/discussions).
-        3. Make sure you are using the latest release and
-           take a moment to check that your issue hasn't been reported before.
-  - type: textarea
-    id: description
-    attributes:
-      label: Description
-      description: |
-        Please provide a description of your issue here, with a URL if you were able to reproduce the issue (see below)
-  - type: input
-    id: gin-ver
-    attributes:
-      label: Gin Version
-      description: Gin version (or commit reference) of your instance
-    validations:
-      required: true
-  - type: dropdown
-    id: can-reproduce
-    attributes:
-      label: Can you reproduce the bug?
-      description: |
-        If so, please write the steps to reproduce the bug.
-      options:
-        - "Yes"
-        - "No"
-    validations:
-      required: true
-  - type: markdown
-    attributes:
-      value: |
-        It's really important to provide pertinent logs
-        Please read https://docs.gitea.com/administration/logging-config#collecting-logs-for-help
-        In addition, if your problem relates to git commands set `RUN_MODE=dev` at the top of app.ini
-  - type: textarea
-    id: source-code
-    attributes:
-      label: Source Code
-      description: If this issue involves source code, please provide a minimal reproducible example
-  - type: input
-    id: go-ver
-    attributes:
-      label: Go Version
-      description: The version of Go running on the server
-  - type: input
-    id: os-ver
-    attributes:
-      label: Operating System
-      description: The operating system you are using to run Gin

.github/ISSUE_TEMPLATE/config.yml

@@ -1,11 +0,0 @@
-blank_issues_enabled: false
-contact_links:
-  - name: Go.dev API Documentation
-    url: https://pkg.go.dev/github.com/gin-gonic/gin
-    about: Comprehensive API documentation for Gin.
-  - name: Gin User Guides
-    url: https://gin-gonic.com/
-    about: In-depth user guides and tutorials for using Gin.
-  - name: Discussions Forum
-    url: https://github.com/gin-gonic/gin/discussions
-    about: Questions and configuration or deployment problems can also be discussed.

.github/ISSUE_TEMPLATE/feature-request.yaml

@@ -1,18 +0,0 @@
-name: Feature Request
-description: Got an idea for a feature that Gin doesn't have currently?  Submit your idea here!
-labels: ["type/proposal"]
-body:
-  - type: markdown
-    attributes:
-      value: |
-        1. Please speak English, this is the language all maintainers can speak and write.
-        2. Please ask questions problems on our Discussions Forum (https://github.com/gin-gonic/gin/discussions).
-        3. Please take a moment to check that your feature hasn't already been suggested.
-  - type: textarea
-    id: description
-    attributes:
-      label: Feature Description
-      placeholder: |
-        I think it would be great if Gin had...
-    validations:
-      required: true

.github/PULL_REQUEST_TEMPLATE.md

@@ -1,10 +1,7 @@
-# Pull Request Checklist
+- With pull requests:
+  - Open your pull request against `master`
+  - Your pull request should have no more than two commits, if not you should squash them.
+  - It should pass all tests in the available continuous integration systems such as GitHub Actions.
+  - You should add/modify tests to cover your proposed code changes.
+  - If your pull request contains a new feature, please document it on the README.
 
-Please ensure your pull request meets the following requirements:
-
-- [ ] Open your pull request against the `master` branch.
-- [ ] All tests pass in available continuous integration systems (e.g., GitHub Actions).
-- [ ] Tests are added or modified as needed to cover code changes.
-- [ ] If the pull request introduces a new feature, the feature is documented in the `docs/doc.md`.
-
-Thank you for contributing!

.github/dependabot.yml

@@ -1,14 +1,10 @@
 version: 2
 updates:
+  - package-ecosystem: github-actions
+    directory: /
+    schedule:
+      interval: weekly
   - package-ecosystem: gomod
     directory: /
     schedule:
-      interval: daily
+      interval: weekly
-  - package-ecosystem: github-actions
-    directory: /
-    groups:
-      actions:
-        patterns:
-          - "*"
-    schedule:
-      interval: daily

.github/workflows/codeql.yml

@@ -33,11 +33,11 @@ jobs:
 
     steps:
       - name: Checkout repository
-        uses: actions/checkout@v5
+        uses: actions/checkout@v4
 
       # Initializes the CodeQL tools for scanning.
       - name: Initialize CodeQL
-        uses: github/codeql-action/init@v4
+        uses: github/codeql-action/init@v3
         with:
           languages: ${{ matrix.language }}
           # If you wish to specify custom queries, you can do so here or in a config file.
@@ -46,4 +46,4 @@ jobs:
           # queries: ./path/to/local/query, your-org/your-repo/queries@main
 
       - name: Perform CodeQL Analysis
-        uses: github/codeql-action/analyze@v4
+        uses: github/codeql-action/analyze@v3

.github/workflows/gin.yml

@@ -16,7 +16,7 @@ jobs:
     runs-on: ubuntu-latest
     steps:
       - name: Checkout
-        uses: actions/checkout@v5
+        uses: actions/checkout@v4
         with:
           fetch-depth: 0
       - name: Set up Go
@@ -33,7 +33,7 @@ jobs:
     strategy:
       matrix:
         os: [ubuntu-latest, macos-latest]
-        go: ["1.24", "1.25"]
+        go: ["1.23", "1.24", "1.25"]
         test-tags:
           [
             "",
@@ -61,7 +61,7 @@ jobs:
           cache: false
 
       - name: Checkout Code
-        uses: actions/checkout@v5
+        uses: actions/checkout@v4
         with:
           ref: ${{ github.ref }}
 
@@ -78,7 +78,7 @@ jobs:
         run: make test
 
       - name: Upload coverage to Codecov
-        uses: codecov/codecov-action@v5
+        uses: codecov/codecov-action@v4
         with:
           flags: ${{ matrix.os }},go-${{ matrix.go }},${{ matrix.test-tags }}
 
@@ -92,8 +92,8 @@ jobs:
       - name: Run Trivy vulnerability scanner in repo mode
         uses: aquasecurity/trivy-action@0.33.1
         with:
-          scan-type: "fs"
+          scan-type: 'fs'
           ignore-unfixed: true
-          format: "table"
+          format: 'table'
-          exit-code: "1"
+          exit-code: '1'
-          severity: "CRITICAL,HIGH,MEDIUM"
+          severity: 'CRITICAL,HIGH,MEDIUM'

.github/workflows/goreleaser.yml

@@ -13,7 +13,7 @@ jobs:
     runs-on: ubuntu-latest
     steps:
       - name: Checkout
-        uses: actions/checkout@v5
+        uses: actions/checkout@v4
         with:
           fetch-depth: 0
       - name: Set up Go

CONTRIBUTING.md

@@ -1,41 +1,13 @@
-# Contributing
+## Contributing
 
-We welcome both issue reports and pull requests! Please follow these guidelines to help maintainers respond effectively.
+- With issues:
-
+  - Use the search tool before opening a new issue.
-## Issues
+  - Please provide source code and commit sha if you found a bug.
-
-- **Before opening a new issue:**
-  - Use the search tool to check for existing issues or feature requests.
   - Review existing issues and provide feedback or react to them.
-  - Use English for all communications — it is the language all maintainers read and write.
-  - For questions, configuration or deployment problems, please use the [Discussions Forum](https://github.com/gin-gonic/gin/discussions).
-  - For bug reports involving sensitive security issues, email <appleboy.tw@gmail.com> instead of posting publicly.
 
-- **Reporting a bug:**
+- With pull requests:
-  - Please provide a clear description of your issue, and a minimal reproducible code example if possible.
+  - Open your pull request against `master`
-  - Include the Gin version (or commit reference), Go version, and operating system.
+  - Your pull request should have no more than two commits, if not you should squash them.
-  - Indicate whether you can reproduce the bug and describe steps to do so.
+  - It should pass all tests in the available continuous integration systems such as GitHub Actions.
-  - Attach relevant logs per [Logging Documentation](https://docs.gitea.com/administration/logging-config#collecting-logs-for-help).
+  - You should add/modify tests to cover your proposed code changes.
-
+  - If your pull request contains a new feature, please document it on the README.
-- **Feature requests:**
-  - Before opening a request, check that a similar idea hasn’t already been suggested.
-  - Clearly describe your proposed feature and its benefits.
-
-_For API Documentation, User Guides, and more, see:_
-
-- [Go.dev API Documentation](https://pkg.go.dev/github.com/gin-gonic/gin)
-- [Gin User Guides](https://gin-gonic.com/)
-- [Discussions Forum](https://github.com/gin-gonic/gin/discussions)
-
-## Pull Requests
-
-Please ensure your pull request meets the following requirements:
-
-- Open your pull request against the `master` branch.
-- Your pull request should have no more than two commits — squash them if necessary.
-- All tests pass in available continuous integration systems (e.g., GitHub Actions).
-- Add or modify tests to cover your code changes.
-- If your pull request introduces a new feature, document it in [`docs/doc.md`](docs/doc.md), not in the README.
-- Follow the checklist in the [Pull Request Template](.github/PULL_REQUEST_TEMPLATE.md:1).
-
-Thank you for contributing!

README.md

@@ -9,54 +9,46 @@
 [![Sourcegraph](https://sourcegraph.com/github.com/gin-gonic/gin/-/badge.svg)](https://sourcegraph.com/github.com/gin-gonic/gin?badge)
 [![Open Source Helpers](https://www.codetriage.com/gin-gonic/gin/badges/users.svg)](https://www.codetriage.com/gin-gonic/gin)
 [![Release](https://img.shields.io/github/release/gin-gonic/gin.svg?style=flat-square)](https://github.com/gin-gonic/gin/releases)
+[![TODOs](https://badgen.net/https/api.tickgit.com/badgen/github.com/gin-gonic/gin)](https://www.tickgit.com/browse?repo=github.com/gin-gonic/gin)
 
-## 📰 [Announcing Gin 1.11.0!](https://gin-gonic.com/en/blog/news/gin-1-11-0-release-announcement/)
+Gin is a web framework written in [Go](https://go.dev/). It features a martini-like API with performance that is up to 40 times faster thanks to [httprouter](https://github.com/julienschmidt/httprouter).
+If you need performance and good productivity, you will love Gin.
 
-Read about the latest features and improvements in Gin 1.11.0 on our official blog.
+**Gin's key features are:**
 
----
+- Zero allocation router
+- Speed
+- Middleware support
+- Crash-free
+- JSON validation
+- Route grouping
+- Error management
+- Built-in rendering
+- Extensible
 
-Gin is a high-performance HTTP web framework written in [Go](https://go.dev/). It provides a Martini-like API but with significantly better performance—up to 40 times faster—thanks to [httprouter](https://github.com/julienschmidt/httprouter). Gin is designed for building REST APIs, web applications, and microservices where speed and developer productivity are essential.
+## Getting started
-
-**Why choose Gin?**
-
-Gin combines the simplicity of Express.js-style routing with Go's performance characteristics, making it ideal for:
-
-- Building high-throughput REST APIs
-- Developing microservices that need to handle many concurrent requests
-- Creating web applications that require fast response times
-- Prototyping web services quickly with minimal boilerplate
-
-**Gin's key features:**
-
-- **Zero allocation router** - Extremely memory-efficient routing with no heap allocations
-- **High performance** - Benchmarks show superior speed compared to other Go web frameworks
-- **Middleware support** - Extensible middleware system for authentication, logging, CORS, etc.
-- **Crash-free** - Built-in recovery middleware prevents panics from crashing your server
-- **JSON validation** - Automatic request/response JSON binding and validation
-- **Route grouping** - Organize related routes and apply common middleware
-- **Error management** - Centralized error handling and logging
-- **Built-in rendering** - Support for JSON, XML, HTML templates, and more
-- **Extensible** - Large ecosystem of community middleware and plugins
-
-## Getting Started
 
 ### Prerequisites
 
-- **Go version**: Gin requires [Go](https://go.dev/) version [1.24](https://go.dev/doc/devel/release#go1.24.0) or above
+Gin requires [Go](https://go.dev/) version [1.23](https://go.dev/doc/devel/release#go1.23.0) or above.
-- **Basic Go knowledge**: Familiarity with Go syntax and package management is helpful
 
-### Installation
+### Getting Gin
 
-With [Go's module support](https://go.dev/wiki/Modules#how-to-use-modules), simply import Gin in your code and Go will automatically fetch it during build:
+With [Go's module support](https://go.dev/wiki/Modules#how-to-use-modules), `go [build|run|test]` automatically fetches the necessary dependencies when you add the import in your code:
 
-```go
+```sh
 import "github.com/gin-gonic/gin"
 ```
 
-### Your First Gin Application
+Alternatively, use `go get`:
 
-Here's a complete example that demonstrates Gin's simplicity:
+```sh
+go get -u github.com/gin-gonic/gin
+```
+
+### Running Gin
+
+A basic example:
 
 ```go
 package main
@@ -68,80 +60,59 @@ import (
 )
 
 func main() {
-  // Create a Gin router with default middleware (logger and recovery)
   r := gin.Default()
-  
-  // Define a simple GET endpoint
   r.GET("/ping", func(c *gin.Context) {
-    // Return JSON response
     c.JSON(http.StatusOK, gin.H{
       "message": "pong",
     })
   })
-  
+  r.Run() // listen and serve on 0.0.0.0:8080 (for windows "localhost:8080")
-  // Start server on port 8080 (default)
-  // Server will listen on 0.0.0.0:8080 (localhost:8080 on Windows)
-  r.Run()
 }
 ```
 
-**Running the application:**
+To run the code, use the `go run` command, like:
 
-1. Save the code above as `main.go`
+```sh
-2. Run the application:
+go run example.go
+```
 
-   ```sh
+Then visit [`0.0.0.0:8080/ping`](http://0.0.0.0:8080/ping) in your browser to see the response!
-   go run main.go
-   ```
 
-3. Open your browser and visit [`http://localhost:8080/ping`](http://localhost:8080/ping)
+### See more examples
-4. You should see: `{"message":"pong"}`
 
-**What this example demonstrates:**
+#### Quick Start
 
-- Creating a Gin router with default middleware
+Learn and practice with the [Gin Quick Start](docs/doc.md), which includes API examples and builds tag.
-- Defining HTTP endpoints with simple handler functions
-- Returning JSON responses
-- Starting an HTTP server
 
-### Next Steps
+#### Examples
 
-After running your first Gin application, explore these resources to learn more:
+A number of ready-to-run examples demonstrating various use cases of Gin are available in the [Gin examples](https://github.com/gin-gonic/examples) repository.
 
-#### 📚 Learning Resources
+## Documentation
 
-- **[Gin Quick Start Guide](docs/doc.md)** - Comprehensive tutorial with API examples and build configurations
+See the [API documentation on go.dev](https://pkg.go.dev/github.com/gin-gonic/gin).
-- **[Example Repository](https://github.com/gin-gonic/examples)** - Ready-to-run examples demonstrating various Gin use cases:
-  - REST API development
-  - Authentication & middleware
-  - File uploads and downloads
-  - WebSocket connections
-  - Template rendering
 
-## 📖 Documentation
+The documentation is also available on [gin-gonic.com](https://gin-gonic.com) in several languages:
 
-### API Reference
+- [English](https://gin-gonic.com/en/docs/)
+- [简体中文](https://gin-gonic.com/zh-cn/docs/)
+- [繁體中文](https://gin-gonic.com/zh-tw/docs/)
+- [日本語](https://gin-gonic.com/ja/docs/)
+- [Español](https://gin-gonic.com/es/docs/)
+- [한국어](https://gin-gonic.com/ko-kr/docs/)
+- [Turkish](https://gin-gonic.com/tr/docs/)
+- [Persian](https://gin-gonic.com/fa/docs/)
+- [Português](https://gin-gonic.com/pt/docs/)
+- [Russian](https://gin-gonic.com/ru/docs/)
+- [Indonesian](https://gin-gonic.com/id/docs/)
 
-- **[Go.dev API Documentation](https://pkg.go.dev/github.com/gin-gonic/gin)** - Complete API reference with examples
+### Articles
 
-### User Guides
+- [Tutorial: Developing a RESTful API with Go and Gin](https://go.dev/doc/tutorial/web-service-gin)
 
-The comprehensive documentation is available on [gin-gonic.com](https://gin-gonic.com) in multiple languages:
+## Benchmarks
 
-- [English](https://gin-gonic.com/en/docs/) | [简体中文](https://gin-gonic.com/zh-cn/docs/) | [繁體中文](https://gin-gonic.com/zh-tw/docs/)
+Gin uses a custom version of [HttpRouter](https://github.com/julienschmidt/httprouter), [see all benchmarks](/BENCHMARKS.md).
-- [日本語](https://gin-gonic.com/ja/docs/) | [한국어](https://gin-gonic.com/ko-kr/docs/) | [Español](https://gin-gonic.com/es/docs/)
-- [Turkish](https://gin-gonic.com/tr/docs/) | [Persian](https://gin-gonic.com/fa/docs/) | [Português](https://gin-gonic.com/pt/docs/)
-- [Russian](https://gin-gonic.com/ru/docs/) | [Indonesian](https://gin-gonic.com/id/docs/)
-
-### Official Tutorials
-
-- [Go.dev Tutorial: Developing a RESTful API with Go and Gin](https://go.dev/doc/tutorial/web-service-gin)
-
-## ⚡ Performance Benchmarks
-
-Gin demonstrates exceptional performance compared to other Go web frameworks. It uses a custom version of [HttpRouter](https://github.com/julienschmidt/httprouter) for maximum efficiency. [View detailed benchmarks →](/BENCHMARKS.md)
-
-**Gin vs. Other Go Frameworks** (GitHub API routing benchmark):
 
 | Benchmark name                 |       (1) |             (2) |          (3) |             (4) |
 | ------------------------------ | --------: | --------------: | -----------: | --------------: |
@@ -181,44 +152,23 @@ Gin demonstrates exceptional performance compared to other Go web frameworks. It
 - (3): Heap Memory (B/op), lower is better
 - (4): Average Allocations per Repetition (allocs/op), lower is better
 
-## 🔌 Middleware Ecosystem
+## Middleware
 
-Gin has a rich ecosystem of middleware for common web development needs. Explore community-contributed middleware:
+You can find many useful Gin middlewares at [gin-contrib](https://github.com/gin-contrib) and [gin-gonic/contrib](https://github.com/gin-gonic/contrib).
 
-- **[gin-contrib](https://github.com/gin-contrib)** - Official middleware collection including:
+## Uses
-  - Authentication (JWT, Basic Auth, Sessions)
-  - CORS, Rate limiting, Compression
-  - Logging, Metrics, Tracing
-  - Static file serving, Template engines
-  
-- **[gin-gonic/contrib](https://github.com/gin-gonic/contrib)** - Additional community middleware
 
-## 🏢 Production Usage
+Here are some awesome projects that are using the [Gin](https://github.com/gin-gonic/gin) web framework.
 
-Gin powers many high-traffic applications and services in production:
+- [gorush](https://github.com/appleboy/gorush): A push notification server.
+- [fnproject](https://github.com/fnproject/fn): A container native, cloud agnostic serverless platform.
+- [photoprism](https://github.com/photoprism/photoprism): Personal photo management powered by Google TensorFlow.
+- [lura](https://github.com/luraproject/lura): Ultra performant API Gateway with middleware.
+- [picfit](https://github.com/thoas/picfit): An image resizing server.
+- [dkron](https://github.com/distribworks/dkron): Distributed, fault tolerant job scheduling system.
 
-- **[gorush](https://github.com/appleboy/gorush)** - High-performance push notification server
+## Contributing
-- **[fnproject](https://github.com/fnproject/fn)** - Container-native, serverless platform
-- **[photoprism](https://github.com/photoprism/photoprism)** - AI-powered personal photo management
-- **[lura](https://github.com/luraproject/lura)** - Ultra-performant API Gateway framework
-- **[picfit](https://github.com/thoas/picfit)** - Real-time image processing server
-- **[dkron](https://github.com/distribworks/dkron)** - Distributed job scheduling system
 
-## 🤝 Contributing
+Gin is the work of hundreds of contributors. We appreciate your help!
 
-Gin is the work of hundreds of contributors from around the world. We welcome and appreciate your contributions!
+Please see [CONTRIBUTING.md](CONTRIBUTING.md) for details on submitting patches and the contribution workflow.
-
-### How to Contribute
-
-- 🐛 **Report bugs** - Help us identify and fix issues
-- 💡 **Suggest features** - Share your ideas for improvements
-- 📝 **Improve documentation** - Help make our docs clearer
-- 🔧 **Submit code** - Fix bugs or implement new features
-- 🧪 **Write tests** - Improve our test coverage
-
-### Getting Started with Contributing
-
-1. Check out our [CONTRIBUTING.md](CONTRIBUTING.md) for detailed guidelines
-2. Join our community discussions and ask questions
-
-**All contributions are valued and help make Gin better for everyone!**

benchmarks_test.go

@@ -87,7 +87,7 @@ func BenchmarkOneRouteString(B *testing.B) {
 	runRequest(B, router, http.MethodGet, "/text")
 }
 
-func BenchmarkManyRoutesFirst(B *testing.B) {
+func BenchmarkManyRoutesFist(B *testing.B) {
 	router := New()
 	router.Any("/ping", func(c *Context) {})
 	runRequest(B, router, http.MethodGet, "/ping")

binding/form_mapping.go

@@ -7,7 +7,6 @@ package binding
 import (
 	"errors"
 	"fmt"
-	"maps"
 	"mime/multipart"
 	"reflect"
 	"strconv"
@@ -231,12 +230,9 @@ func setByForm(value reflect.Value, field reflect.StructField, form map[string][
 
 	switch value.Kind() {
 	case reflect.Slice:
-		if len(vs) == 0 {
+		if !ok {
-			if !opt.isDefaultExists {
-				return false, nil
-			}
-
 			vs = []string{opt.defaultValue}
+
 			// pre-process the default value for multi if present
 			cfTag := field.Tag.Get("collection_format")
 			if cfTag == "" || cfTag == "multi" {
@@ -254,12 +250,9 @@ func setByForm(value reflect.Value, field reflect.StructField, form map[string][
 
 		return true, setSlice(vs, value, field)
 	case reflect.Array:
-		if len(vs) == 0 {
+		if !ok {
-			if !opt.isDefaultExists {
-				return false, nil
-			}
-
 			vs = []string{opt.defaultValue}
+
 			// pre-process the default value for multi if present
 			cfTag := field.Tag.Get("collection_format")
 			if cfTag == "" || cfTag == "multi" {
@@ -496,7 +489,9 @@ func setFormMap(ptr any, form map[string][]string) error {
 		if !ok {
 			return ErrConvertMapStringSlice
 		}
-		maps.Copy(ptrMap, form)
+		for k, v := range form {
+			ptrMap[k] = v
+		}
 
 		return nil
 	}

binding/form_mapping_test.go

@@ -635,83 +635,3 @@ func TestMappingCustomArrayForm(t *testing.T) {
 	expected, _ := convertTo(val)
 	assert.Equal(t, expected, s.FileData)
 }
-
-func TestMappingEmptyValues(t *testing.T) {
-	t.Run("slice with default", func(t *testing.T) {
-		var s struct {
-			Slice []int `form:"slice,default=5"`
-		}
-
-		// field not present
-		err := mappingByPtr(&s, formSource{}, "form")
-		require.NoError(t, err)
-		assert.Equal(t, []int{5}, s.Slice)
-
-		// field present but empty
-		err = mappingByPtr(&s, formSource{"slice": {}}, "form")
-		require.NoError(t, err)
-		assert.Equal(t, []int{5}, s.Slice)
-
-		// field present with values
-		err = mappingByPtr(&s, formSource{"slice": {"1", "2", "3"}}, "form")
-		require.NoError(t, err)
-		assert.Equal(t, []int{1, 2, 3}, s.Slice)
-	})
-
-	t.Run("array with default", func(t *testing.T) {
-		var s struct {
-			Array [1]int `form:"array,default=5"`
-		}
-
-		// field not present
-		err := mappingByPtr(&s, formSource{}, "form")
-		require.NoError(t, err)
-		assert.Equal(t, [1]int{5}, s.Array)
-
-		// field present but empty
-		err = mappingByPtr(&s, formSource{"array": {}}, "form")
-		require.NoError(t, err)
-		assert.Equal(t, [1]int{5}, s.Array)
-	})
-
-	t.Run("slice without default", func(t *testing.T) {
-		var s struct {
-			Slice []int `form:"slice"`
-		}
-
-		// field present but empty
-		err := mappingByPtr(&s, formSource{"slice": {}}, "form")
-		require.NoError(t, err)
-		assert.Equal(t, []int(nil), s.Slice)
-	})
-
-	t.Run("array without default", func(t *testing.T) {
-		var s struct {
-			Array [1]int `form:"array"`
-		}
-
-		// field present but empty
-		err := mappingByPtr(&s, formSource{"array": {}}, "form")
-		require.NoError(t, err)
-		assert.Equal(t, [1]int{0}, s.Array)
-	})
-
-	t.Run("slice with collection format", func(t *testing.T) {
-		var s struct {
-			SliceMulti []int `form:"slice_multi,default=1;2;3" collection_format:"multi"`
-			SliceCsv   []int `form:"slice_csv,default=1;2;3" collection_format:"csv"`
-		}
-
-		// field not present
-		err := mappingByPtr(&s, formSource{}, "form")
-		require.NoError(t, err)
-		assert.Equal(t, []int{1, 2, 3}, s.SliceMulti)
-		assert.Equal(t, []int{1, 2, 3}, s.SliceCsv)
-
-		// field present but empty
-		err = mappingByPtr(&s, formSource{"slice_multi": {}, "slice_csv": {}}, "form")
-		require.NoError(t, err)
-		assert.Equal(t, []int{1, 2, 3}, s.SliceMulti)
-		assert.Equal(t, []int{1, 2, 3}, s.SliceCsv)
-	})
-}

context.go

@@ -10,7 +10,6 @@ import (
 	"io"
 	"io/fs"
 	"log"
-	"maps"
 	"math"
 	"mime/multipart"
 	"net"
@@ -131,8 +130,11 @@ func (c *Context) Copy() *Context {
 	cp.fullPath = c.fullPath
 
 	cKeys := c.Keys
+	cp.Keys = make(map[any]any, len(cKeys))
 	c.mu.RLock()
-	cp.Keys = maps.Clone(cKeys)
+	for k, v := range cKeys {
+		cp.Keys[k] = v
+	}
 	c.mu.RUnlock()
 
 	cParams := c.Params
@@ -270,7 +272,7 @@ func (c *Context) Error(err error) *Error {
 /************************************/
 
 // Set is used to store a new key/value pair exclusively for this context.
-// It also lazy initializes c.Keys if it was not used previously.
+// It also lazy initializes  c.Keys if it was not used previously.
 func (c *Context) Set(key any, value any) {
 	c.mu.Lock()
 	defer c.mu.Unlock()
@@ -306,175 +308,165 @@ func getTyped[T any](c *Context, key any) (res T) {
 }
 
 // GetString returns the value associated with the key as a string.
-func (c *Context) GetString(key any) string {
+func (c *Context) GetString(key any) (s string) {
 	return getTyped[string](c, key)
 }
 
 // GetBool returns the value associated with the key as a boolean.
-func (c *Context) GetBool(key any) bool {
+func (c *Context) GetBool(key any) (b bool) {
 	return getTyped[bool](c, key)
 }
 
 // GetInt returns the value associated with the key as an integer.
-func (c *Context) GetInt(key any) int {
+func (c *Context) GetInt(key any) (i int) {
 	return getTyped[int](c, key)
 }
 
 // GetInt8 returns the value associated with the key as an integer 8.
-func (c *Context) GetInt8(key any) int8 {
+func (c *Context) GetInt8(key any) (i8 int8) {
 	return getTyped[int8](c, key)
 }
 
 // GetInt16 returns the value associated with the key as an integer 16.
-func (c *Context) GetInt16(key any) int16 {
+func (c *Context) GetInt16(key any) (i16 int16) {
 	return getTyped[int16](c, key)
 }
 
 // GetInt32 returns the value associated with the key as an integer 32.
-func (c *Context) GetInt32(key any) int32 {
+func (c *Context) GetInt32(key any) (i32 int32) {
 	return getTyped[int32](c, key)
 }
 
 // GetInt64 returns the value associated with the key as an integer 64.
-func (c *Context) GetInt64(key any) int64 {
+func (c *Context) GetInt64(key any) (i64 int64) {
 	return getTyped[int64](c, key)
 }
 
 // GetUint returns the value associated with the key as an unsigned integer.
-func (c *Context) GetUint(key any) uint {
+func (c *Context) GetUint(key any) (ui uint) {
 	return getTyped[uint](c, key)
 }
 
 // GetUint8 returns the value associated with the key as an unsigned integer 8.
-func (c *Context) GetUint8(key any) uint8 {
+func (c *Context) GetUint8(key any) (ui8 uint8) {
 	return getTyped[uint8](c, key)
 }
 
 // GetUint16 returns the value associated with the key as an unsigned integer 16.
-func (c *Context) GetUint16(key any) uint16 {
+func (c *Context) GetUint16(key any) (ui16 uint16) {
 	return getTyped[uint16](c, key)
 }
 
 // GetUint32 returns the value associated with the key as an unsigned integer 32.
-func (c *Context) GetUint32(key any) uint32 {
+func (c *Context) GetUint32(key any) (ui32 uint32) {
 	return getTyped[uint32](c, key)
 }
 
 // GetUint64 returns the value associated with the key as an unsigned integer 64.
-func (c *Context) GetUint64(key any) uint64 {
+func (c *Context) GetUint64(key any) (ui64 uint64) {
 	return getTyped[uint64](c, key)
 }
 
 // GetFloat32 returns the value associated with the key as a float32.
-func (c *Context) GetFloat32(key any) float32 {
+func (c *Context) GetFloat32(key any) (f32 float32) {
 	return getTyped[float32](c, key)
 }
 
 // GetFloat64 returns the value associated with the key as a float64.
-func (c *Context) GetFloat64(key any) float64 {
+func (c *Context) GetFloat64(key any) (f64 float64) {
 	return getTyped[float64](c, key)
 }
 
 // GetTime returns the value associated with the key as time.
-func (c *Context) GetTime(key any) time.Time {
+func (c *Context) GetTime(key any) (t time.Time) {
 	return getTyped[time.Time](c, key)
 }
 
 // GetDuration returns the value associated with the key as a duration.
-func (c *Context) GetDuration(key any) time.Duration {
+func (c *Context) GetDuration(key any) (d time.Duration) {
 	return getTyped[time.Duration](c, key)
 }
 
 // GetIntSlice returns the value associated with the key as a slice of integers.
-func (c *Context) GetIntSlice(key any) []int {
+func (c *Context) GetIntSlice(key any) (is []int) {
 	return getTyped[[]int](c, key)
 }
 
 // GetInt8Slice returns the value associated with the key as a slice of int8 integers.
-func (c *Context) GetInt8Slice(key any) []int8 {
+func (c *Context) GetInt8Slice(key any) (i8s []int8) {
 	return getTyped[[]int8](c, key)
 }
 
 // GetInt16Slice returns the value associated with the key as a slice of int16 integers.
-func (c *Context) GetInt16Slice(key any) []int16 {
+func (c *Context) GetInt16Slice(key any) (i16s []int16) {
 	return getTyped[[]int16](c, key)
 }
 
 // GetInt32Slice returns the value associated with the key as a slice of int32 integers.
-func (c *Context) GetInt32Slice(key any) []int32 {
+func (c *Context) GetInt32Slice(key any) (i32s []int32) {
 	return getTyped[[]int32](c, key)
 }
 
 // GetInt64Slice returns the value associated with the key as a slice of int64 integers.
-func (c *Context) GetInt64Slice(key any) []int64 {
+func (c *Context) GetInt64Slice(key any) (i64s []int64) {
 	return getTyped[[]int64](c, key)
 }
 
 // GetUintSlice returns the value associated with the key as a slice of unsigned integers.
-func (c *Context) GetUintSlice(key any) []uint {
+func (c *Context) GetUintSlice(key any) (uis []uint) {
 	return getTyped[[]uint](c, key)
 }
 
 // GetUint8Slice returns the value associated with the key as a slice of uint8 integers.
-func (c *Context) GetUint8Slice(key any) []uint8 {
+func (c *Context) GetUint8Slice(key any) (ui8s []uint8) {
 	return getTyped[[]uint8](c, key)
 }
 
 // GetUint16Slice returns the value associated with the key as a slice of uint16 integers.
-func (c *Context) GetUint16Slice(key any) []uint16 {
+func (c *Context) GetUint16Slice(key any) (ui16s []uint16) {
 	return getTyped[[]uint16](c, key)
 }
 
 // GetUint32Slice returns the value associated with the key as a slice of uint32 integers.
-func (c *Context) GetUint32Slice(key any) []uint32 {
+func (c *Context) GetUint32Slice(key any) (ui32s []uint32) {
 	return getTyped[[]uint32](c, key)
 }
 
 // GetUint64Slice returns the value associated with the key as a slice of uint64 integers.
-func (c *Context) GetUint64Slice(key any) []uint64 {
+func (c *Context) GetUint64Slice(key any) (ui64s []uint64) {
 	return getTyped[[]uint64](c, key)
 }
 
 // GetFloat32Slice returns the value associated with the key as a slice of float32 numbers.
-func (c *Context) GetFloat32Slice(key any) []float32 {
+func (c *Context) GetFloat32Slice(key any) (f32s []float32) {
 	return getTyped[[]float32](c, key)
 }
 
 // GetFloat64Slice returns the value associated with the key as a slice of float64 numbers.
-func (c *Context) GetFloat64Slice(key any) []float64 {
+func (c *Context) GetFloat64Slice(key any) (f64s []float64) {
 	return getTyped[[]float64](c, key)
 }
 
 // GetStringSlice returns the value associated with the key as a slice of strings.
-func (c *Context) GetStringSlice(key any) []string {
+func (c *Context) GetStringSlice(key any) (ss []string) {
 	return getTyped[[]string](c, key)
 }
 
 // GetStringMap returns the value associated with the key as a map of interfaces.
-func (c *Context) GetStringMap(key any) map[string]any {
+func (c *Context) GetStringMap(key any) (sm map[string]any) {
 	return getTyped[map[string]any](c, key)
 }
 
 // GetStringMapString returns the value associated with the key as a map of strings.
-func (c *Context) GetStringMapString(key any) map[string]string {
+func (c *Context) GetStringMapString(key any) (sms map[string]string) {
 	return getTyped[map[string]string](c, key)
 }
 
 // GetStringMapStringSlice returns the value associated with the key as a map to a slice of strings.
-func (c *Context) GetStringMapStringSlice(key any) map[string][]string {
+func (c *Context) GetStringMapStringSlice(key any) (smss map[string][]string) {
 	return getTyped[map[string][]string](c, key)
 }
 
-// Delete deletes the key from the Context's Key map, if it exists.
-// This operation is safe to be used by concurrent go-routines
-func (c *Context) Delete(key any) {
-	c.mu.Lock()
-	defer c.mu.Unlock()
-	if c.Keys != nil {
-		delete(c.Keys, key)
-	}
-}
-
 /************************************/
 /************ INPUT DATA ************/
 /************************************/

context_test.go

@@ -404,19 +404,6 @@ func TestContextSetGetBool(t *testing.T) {
 	assert.True(t, c.GetBool("bool"))
 }
 
-func TestSetGetDelete(t *testing.T) {
-	c, _ := CreateTestContext(httptest.NewRecorder())
-	key := "example-key"
-	value := "example-value"
-	c.Set(key, value)
-	val, exists := c.Get(key)
-	assert.True(t, exists)
-	assert.Equal(t, val, value)
-	c.Delete(key)
-	_, exists = c.Get(key)
-	assert.False(t, exists)
-}
-
 func TestContextGetInt(t *testing.T) {
 	c, _ := CreateTestContext(httptest.NewRecorder())
 	c.Set("int", 1)
@@ -1246,7 +1233,7 @@ func TestContextRenderNoContentHTML(t *testing.T) {
 	assert.Equal(t, "text/html; charset=utf-8", w.Header().Get("Content-Type"))
 }
 
-// TestContextRenderXML tests that the response is serialized as XML
+// TestContextXML tests that the response is serialized as XML
 // and Content-Type is set to application/xml
 func TestContextRenderXML(t *testing.T) {
 	w := httptest.NewRecorder()
@@ -3333,7 +3320,7 @@ func TestContextSetCookieData(t *testing.T) {
 	assert.Contains(t, setCookie, "Max-Age=1")
 	assert.Contains(t, setCookie, "HttpOnly")
 	assert.Contains(t, setCookie, "Secure")
-	// SameSite=Lax might be omitted in Go 1.24+ as it's the default
+	// SameSite=Lax might be omitted in Go 1.23+ as it's the default
 	// assert.Contains(t, setCookie, "SameSite=Lax")
 
 	// Test that when Path is empty, "/" is automatically set
@@ -3354,7 +3341,7 @@ func TestContextSetCookieData(t *testing.T) {
 	assert.Contains(t, setCookie, "Max-Age=1")
 	assert.Contains(t, setCookie, "HttpOnly")
 	assert.Contains(t, setCookie, "Secure")
-	// SameSite=Lax might be omitted in Go 1.24+ as it's the default
+	// SameSite=Lax might be omitted in Go 1.23+ as it's the default
 	// assert.Contains(t, setCookie, "SameSite=Lax")
 
 	// Test additional cookie attributes (Expires)
@@ -3377,7 +3364,7 @@ func TestContextSetCookieData(t *testing.T) {
 	assert.Contains(t, setCookie, "Domain=localhost")
 	assert.Contains(t, setCookie, "HttpOnly")
 	assert.Contains(t, setCookie, "Secure")
-	// SameSite=Lax might be omitted in Go 1.24+ as it's the default
+	// SameSite=Lax might be omitted in Go 1.23+ as it's the default
 	// assert.Contains(t, setCookie, "SameSite=Lax")
 
 	// Test for Partitioned attribute (Go 1.18+)
@@ -3397,7 +3384,7 @@ func TestContextSetCookieData(t *testing.T) {
 	assert.Contains(t, setCookie, "Domain=localhost")
 	assert.Contains(t, setCookie, "HttpOnly")
 	assert.Contains(t, setCookie, "Secure")
-	// SameSite=Lax might be omitted in Go 1.24+ as it's the default
+	// SameSite=Lax might be omitted in Go 1.23+ as it's the default
 	// assert.Contains(t, setCookie, "SameSite=Lax")
 	// Not testing for Partitioned attribute as it may not be supported in all Go versions
 

debug.go

@@ -78,7 +78,7 @@ func getMinVer(v string) (uint64, error) {
 
 func debugPrintWARNINGDefault() {
 	if v, e := getMinVer(runtime.Version()); e == nil && v < ginSupportMinGoVer {
-		debugPrint(`[WARNING] Now Gin requires Go 1.24+.
+		debugPrint(`[WARNING] Now Gin requires Go 1.23+.
 
 `)
 	}

debug_test.go

@@ -106,7 +106,7 @@ func TestDebugPrintWARNINGDefault(t *testing.T) {
 	})
 	m, e := getMinVer(runtime.Version())
 	if e == nil && m < ginSupportMinGoVer {
-		assert.Equal(t, "[GIN-debug] [WARNING] Now Gin requires Go 1.24+.\n\n[GIN-debug] [WARNING] Creating an Engine instance with the Logger and Recovery middleware already attached.\n\n", re)
+		assert.Equal(t, "[GIN-debug] [WARNING] Now Gin requires Go 1.23+.\n\n[GIN-debug] [WARNING] Creating an Engine instance with the Logger and Recovery middleware already attached.\n\n", re)
 	} else {
 		assert.Equal(t, "[GIN-debug] [WARNING] Creating an Engine instance with the Logger and Recovery middleware already attached.\n\n", re)
 	}

ginS/gins.go

@@ -12,9 +12,17 @@ import (
 	"github.com/gin-gonic/gin"
 )
 
-var engine = sync.OnceValue(func() *gin.Engine {
+var (
-	return gin.Default()
+	once           sync.Once
-})
+	internalEngine *gin.Engine
+)
+
+func engine() *gin.Engine {
+	once.Do(func() {
+		internalEngine = gin.Default()
+	})
+	return internalEngine
+}
 
 // LoadHTMLGlob is a wrapper for Engine.LoadHTMLGlob.
 func LoadHTMLGlob(pattern string) {

go.mod

@@ -1,30 +1,29 @@
 module github.com/gin-gonic/gin
 
-go 1.24.0
+go 1.23.0
 
 require (
-	github.com/bytedance/sonic v1.14.2
+	github.com/bytedance/sonic v1.14.0
 	github.com/gin-contrib/sse v1.1.0
-	github.com/go-playground/validator/v10 v10.28.0
+	github.com/go-playground/validator/v10 v10.27.0
 	github.com/goccy/go-json v0.10.2
 	github.com/goccy/go-yaml v1.18.0
 	github.com/json-iterator/go v1.1.12
 	github.com/mattn/go-isatty v0.0.20
 	github.com/modern-go/reflect2 v1.0.2
 	github.com/pelletier/go-toml/v2 v2.2.4
-	github.com/quic-go/quic-go v0.55.0
+	github.com/quic-go/quic-go v0.54.0
 	github.com/stretchr/testify v1.11.1
-	github.com/ugorji/go/codec v1.3.1
+	github.com/ugorji/go/codec v1.3.0
-	golang.org/x/net v0.46.0
+	golang.org/x/net v0.42.0
-	google.golang.org/protobuf v1.36.10
+	google.golang.org/protobuf v1.36.9
 )
 
 require (
-	github.com/bytedance/gopkg v0.1.3 // indirect
+	github.com/bytedance/sonic/loader v0.3.0 // indirect
-	github.com/bytedance/sonic/loader v0.4.0 // indirect
 	github.com/cloudwego/base64x v0.1.6 // indirect
 	github.com/davecgh/go-spew v1.1.1 // indirect
-	github.com/gabriel-vasile/mimetype v1.4.10 // indirect
+	github.com/gabriel-vasile/mimetype v1.4.8 // indirect
 	github.com/go-playground/locales v0.14.1 // indirect
 	github.com/go-playground/universal-translator v0.18.1 // indirect
 	github.com/klauspost/cpuid/v2 v2.3.0 // indirect
@@ -33,12 +32,13 @@ require (
 	github.com/pmezard/go-difflib v1.0.0 // indirect
 	github.com/quic-go/qpack v0.5.1 // indirect
 	github.com/twitchyliquid64/golang-asm v0.15.1 // indirect
+	go.uber.org/mock v0.5.0 // indirect
 	golang.org/x/arch v0.20.0 // indirect
-	golang.org/x/crypto v0.43.0 // indirect
+	golang.org/x/crypto v0.40.0 // indirect
-	golang.org/x/mod v0.28.0 // indirect
+	golang.org/x/mod v0.25.0 // indirect
-	golang.org/x/sync v0.17.0 // indirect
+	golang.org/x/sync v0.16.0 // indirect
-	golang.org/x/sys v0.37.0 // indirect
+	golang.org/x/sys v0.35.0 // indirect
-	golang.org/x/text v0.30.0 // indirect
+	golang.org/x/text v0.27.0 // indirect
-	golang.org/x/tools v0.37.0 // indirect
+	golang.org/x/tools v0.34.0 // indirect
 	gopkg.in/yaml.v3 v3.0.1 // indirect
 )

go.sum

@@ -1,16 +1,14 @@
-github.com/bytedance/gopkg v0.1.3 h1:TPBSwH8RsouGCBcMBktLt1AymVo2TVsBVCY4b6TnZ/M=
+github.com/bytedance/sonic v1.14.0 h1:/OfKt8HFw0kh2rj8N0F6C/qPGRESq0BbaNZgcNXXzQQ=
-github.com/bytedance/gopkg v0.1.3/go.mod h1:576VvJ+eJgyCzdjS+c4+77QF3p7ubbtiKARP3TxducM=
+github.com/bytedance/sonic v1.14.0/go.mod h1:WoEbx8WTcFJfzCe0hbmyTGrfjt8PzNEBdxlNUO24NhA=
-github.com/bytedance/sonic v1.14.2 h1:k1twIoe97C1DtYUo+fZQy865IuHia4PR5RPiuGPPIIE=
+github.com/bytedance/sonic/loader v0.3.0 h1:dskwH8edlzNMctoruo8FPTJDF3vLtDT0sXZwvZJyqeA=
-github.com/bytedance/sonic v1.14.2/go.mod h1:T80iDELeHiHKSc0C9tubFygiuXoGzrkjKzX2quAx980=
+github.com/bytedance/sonic/loader v0.3.0/go.mod h1:N8A3vUdtUebEY2/VQC0MyhYeKUFosQU6FxH2JmUe6VI=
-github.com/bytedance/sonic/loader v0.4.0 h1:olZ7lEqcxtZygCK9EKYKADnpQoYkRQxaeY2NYzevs+o=
-github.com/bytedance/sonic/loader v0.4.0/go.mod h1:AR4NYCk5DdzZizZ5djGqQ92eEhCCcdf5x77udYiSJRo=
 github.com/cloudwego/base64x v0.1.6 h1:t11wG9AECkCDk5fMSoxmufanudBtJ+/HemLstXDLI2M=
 github.com/cloudwego/base64x v0.1.6/go.mod h1:OFcloc187FXDaYHvrNIjxSe8ncn0OOM8gEHfghB2IPU=
 github.com/davecgh/go-spew v1.1.0/go.mod h1:J7Y8YcW2NihsgmVo/mv3lAwl/skON4iLHjSsI+c5H38=
 github.com/davecgh/go-spew v1.1.1 h1:vj9j/u1bqnvCEfJOwUhtlOARqs3+rkHYY13jYWTU97c=
 github.com/davecgh/go-spew v1.1.1/go.mod h1:J7Y8YcW2NihsgmVo/mv3lAwl/skON4iLHjSsI+c5H38=
-github.com/gabriel-vasile/mimetype v1.4.10 h1:zyueNbySn/z8mJZHLt6IPw0KoZsiQNszIpU+bX4+ZK0=
+github.com/gabriel-vasile/mimetype v1.4.8 h1:FfZ3gj38NjllZIeJAmMhr+qKL8Wu+nOoI3GqacKw1NM=
-github.com/gabriel-vasile/mimetype v1.4.10/go.mod h1:d+9Oxyo1wTzWdyVUPMmXFvp4F9tea18J8ufA774AB3s=
+github.com/gabriel-vasile/mimetype v1.4.8/go.mod h1:ByKUIKGjh1ODkGM1asKUbQZOLGrPjydw3hYPU2YU9t8=
 github.com/gin-contrib/sse v1.1.0 h1:n0w2GMuUpWDVp7qSpvze6fAu9iRxJY4Hmj6AmBOU05w=
 github.com/gin-contrib/sse v1.1.0/go.mod h1:hxRZ5gVpWMT7Z0B0gSNYqqsSCNIJMjzvm6fqCz9vjwM=
 github.com/go-playground/assert/v2 v2.2.0 h1:JvknZsQTYeFEAhQwI4qEt9cyV5ONwRHC+lYKSsYSR8s=
@@ -19,8 +17,8 @@ github.com/go-playground/locales v0.14.1 h1:EWaQ/wswjilfKLTECiXz7Rh+3BjFhfDFKv/o
 github.com/go-playground/locales v0.14.1/go.mod h1:hxrqLVvrK65+Rwrd5Fc6F2O76J/NuW9t0sjnWqG1slY=
 github.com/go-playground/universal-translator v0.18.1 h1:Bcnm0ZwsGyWbCzImXv+pAJnYK9S473LQFuzCbDbfSFY=
 github.com/go-playground/universal-translator v0.18.1/go.mod h1:xekY+UJKNuX9WP91TpwSH2VMlDf28Uj24BCp08ZFTUY=
-github.com/go-playground/validator/v10 v10.28.0 h1:Q7ibns33JjyW48gHkuFT91qX48KG0ktULL6FgHdG688=
+github.com/go-playground/validator/v10 v10.27.0 h1:w8+XrWVMhGkxOaaowyKH35gFydVHOvC0/uWoy2Fzwn4=
-github.com/go-playground/validator/v10 v10.28.0/go.mod h1:GoI6I1SjPBh9p7ykNE/yj3fFYbyDOpwMn5KXd+m2hUU=
+github.com/go-playground/validator/v10 v10.27.0/go.mod h1:I5QpIEbmr8On7W0TktmJAumgzX4CA1XNl4ZmDuVHKKo=
 github.com/goccy/go-json v0.10.2 h1:CrxCmQqYDkv1z7lO7Wbh2HN93uovUHgrECaO5ZrCXAU=
 github.com/goccy/go-json v0.10.2/go.mod h1:6MelG93GURQebXPDq3khkgXZkazVtN9CRI+MGFi0w8I=
 github.com/goccy/go-yaml v1.18.0 h1:8W7wMFS12Pcas7KU+VVkaiCng+kG8QiFeFwzFb+rwuw=
@@ -46,44 +44,42 @@ github.com/pmezard/go-difflib v1.0.0 h1:4DBwDE0NGyQoBHbLQYPwSUPoCMWR5BEzIk/f1lZb
 github.com/pmezard/go-difflib v1.0.0/go.mod h1:iKH77koFhYxTK1pcRnkKkqfTogsbg7gZNVY4sRDYZ/4=
 github.com/quic-go/qpack v0.5.1 h1:giqksBPnT/HDtZ6VhtFKgoLOWmlyo9Ei6u9PqzIMbhI=
 github.com/quic-go/qpack v0.5.1/go.mod h1:+PC4XFrEskIVkcLzpEkbLqq1uCoxPhQuvK5rH1ZgaEg=
-github.com/quic-go/quic-go v0.55.0 h1:zccPQIqYCXDt5NmcEabyYvOnomjs8Tlwl7tISjJh9Mk=
+github.com/quic-go/quic-go v0.54.0 h1:6s1YB9QotYI6Ospeiguknbp2Znb/jZYjZLRXn9kMQBg=
-github.com/quic-go/quic-go v0.55.0/go.mod h1:DR51ilwU1uE164KuWXhinFcKWGlEjzys2l8zUl5Ss1U=
+github.com/quic-go/quic-go v0.54.0/go.mod h1:e68ZEaCdyviluZmy44P6Iey98v/Wfz6HCjQEm+l8zTY=
 github.com/stretchr/objx v0.1.0/go.mod h1:HFkY916IF+rwdDfMAkV7OtwuqBVzrE8GR6GFx+wExME=
 github.com/stretchr/objx v0.4.0/go.mod h1:YvHI0jy2hoMjB+UWwv71VJQ9isScKT/TqJzVSSt89Yw=
 github.com/stretchr/objx v0.5.0/go.mod h1:Yh+to48EsGEfYuaHDzXPcE3xhTkx73EhmCGUpEOglKo=
-github.com/stretchr/objx v0.5.2/go.mod h1:FRsXN1f5AsAjCGJKqEizvkpNtU+EGNCLh3NxZ/8L+MA=
 github.com/stretchr/testify v1.3.0/go.mod h1:M5WIy9Dh21IEIfnGCwXGc5bZfKNJtfHm1UVUgZn+9EI=
 github.com/stretchr/testify v1.7.1/go.mod h1:6Fq8oRcR53rry900zMqJjRRixrwX3KX962/h/Wwjteg=
 github.com/stretchr/testify v1.8.0/go.mod h1:yNjHg4UonilssWZ8iaSj1OCr/vHnekPRkoO+kdMU+MU=
-github.com/stretchr/testify v1.8.4/go.mod h1:sz/lmYIOXD/1dqDmKjjqLyZ2RngseejIcXlSw2iwfAo=
+github.com/stretchr/testify v1.8.1/go.mod h1:w2LPCIKwWwSfY2zedu0+kehJoqGctiVI29o6fzry7u4=
-github.com/stretchr/testify v1.10.0/go.mod h1:r2ic/lqez/lEtzL7wO/rwa5dbSLXVDPFyf8C91i36aY=
 github.com/stretchr/testify v1.11.1 h1:7s2iGBzp5EwR7/aIZr8ao5+dra3wiQyKjjFuvgVKu7U=
 github.com/stretchr/testify v1.11.1/go.mod h1:wZwfW3scLgRK+23gO65QZefKpKQRnfz6sD981Nm4B6U=
 github.com/twitchyliquid64/golang-asm v0.15.1 h1:SU5vSMR7hnwNxj24w34ZyCi/FmDZTkS4MhqMhdFk5YI=
 github.com/twitchyliquid64/golang-asm v0.15.1/go.mod h1:a1lVb/DtPvCB8fslRZhAngC2+aY1QWCk3Cedj/Gdt08=
-github.com/ugorji/go/codec v1.3.1 h1:waO7eEiFDwidsBN6agj1vJQ4AG7lh2yqXyOXqhgQuyY=
+github.com/ugorji/go/codec v1.3.0 h1:Qd2W2sQawAfG8XSvzwhBeoGq71zXOC/Q1E9y/wUcsUA=
-github.com/ugorji/go/codec v1.3.1/go.mod h1:pRBVtBSKl77K30Bv8R2P+cLSGaTtex6fsA2Wjqmfxj4=
+github.com/ugorji/go/codec v1.3.0/go.mod h1:pRBVtBSKl77K30Bv8R2P+cLSGaTtex6fsA2Wjqmfxj4=
-go.uber.org/mock v0.5.2 h1:LbtPTcP8A5k9WPXj54PPPbjcI4Y6lhyOZXn+VS7wNko=
+go.uber.org/mock v0.5.0 h1:KAMbZvZPyBPWgD14IrIQ38QCyjwpvVVV6K/bHl1IwQU=
-go.uber.org/mock v0.5.2/go.mod h1:wLlUxC2vVTPTaE3UD51E0BGOAElKrILxhVSDYQLld5o=
+go.uber.org/mock v0.5.0/go.mod h1:ge71pBPLYDk7QIi1LupWxdAykm7KIEFchiOqd6z7qMM=
 golang.org/x/arch v0.20.0 h1:dx1zTU0MAE98U+TQ8BLl7XsJbgze2WnNKF/8tGp/Q6c=
 golang.org/x/arch v0.20.0/go.mod h1:bdwinDaKcfZUGpH09BB7ZmOfhalA8lQdzl62l8gGWsk=
-golang.org/x/crypto v0.43.0 h1:dduJYIi3A3KOfdGOHX8AVZ/jGiyPa3IbBozJ5kNuE04=
+golang.org/x/crypto v0.40.0 h1:r4x+VvoG5Fm+eJcxMaY8CQM7Lb0l1lsmjGBQ6s8BfKM=
-golang.org/x/crypto v0.43.0/go.mod h1:BFbav4mRNlXJL4wNeejLpWxB7wMbc79PdRGhWKncxR0=
+golang.org/x/crypto v0.40.0/go.mod h1:Qr1vMER5WyS2dfPHAlsOj01wgLbsyWtFn/aY+5+ZdxY=
-golang.org/x/mod v0.28.0 h1:gQBtGhjxykdjY9YhZpSlZIsbnaE2+PgjfLWUQTnoZ1U=
+golang.org/x/mod v0.25.0 h1:n7a+ZbQKQA/Ysbyb0/6IbB1H/X41mKgbhfv7AfG/44w=
-golang.org/x/mod v0.28.0/go.mod h1:yfB/L0NOf/kmEbXjzCPOx1iK1fRutOydrCMsqRhEBxI=
+golang.org/x/mod v0.25.0/go.mod h1:IXM97Txy2VM4PJ3gI61r1YEk/gAj6zAHN3AdZt6S9Ww=
-golang.org/x/net v0.46.0 h1:giFlY12I07fugqwPuWJi68oOnpfqFnJIJzaIIm2JVV4=
+golang.org/x/net v0.42.0 h1:jzkYrhi3YQWD6MLBJcsklgQsoAcw89EcZbJw8Z614hs=
-golang.org/x/net v0.46.0/go.mod h1:Q9BGdFy1y4nkUwiLvT5qtyhAnEHgnQ/zd8PfU6nc210=
+golang.org/x/net v0.42.0/go.mod h1:FF1RA5d3u7nAYA4z2TkclSCKh68eSXtiFwcWQpPXdt8=
-golang.org/x/sync v0.17.0 h1:l60nONMj9l5drqw6jlhIELNv9I0A4OFgRsG9k2oT9Ug=
+golang.org/x/sync v0.16.0 h1:ycBJEhp9p4vXvUZNszeOq0kGTPghopOL8q0fq3vstxw=
-golang.org/x/sync v0.17.0/go.mod h1:9KTHXmSnoGruLpwFjVSX0lNNA75CykiMECbovNTZqGI=
+golang.org/x/sync v0.16.0/go.mod h1:1dzgHSNfp02xaA81J2MS99Qcpr2w7fw1gpm99rleRqA=
 golang.org/x/sys v0.6.0/go.mod h1:oPkhp1MJrh7nUepCBck5+mAzfO9JrbApNNgaTdGDITg=
-golang.org/x/sys v0.37.0 h1:fdNQudmxPjkdUTPnLn5mdQv7Zwvbvpaxqs831goi9kQ=
+golang.org/x/sys v0.35.0 h1:vz1N37gP5bs89s7He8XuIYXpyY0+QlsKmzipCbUtyxI=
-golang.org/x/sys v0.37.0/go.mod h1:OgkHotnGiDImocRcuBABYBEXf8A9a87e/uXjp9XT3ks=
+golang.org/x/sys v0.35.0/go.mod h1:BJP2sWEmIv4KK5OTEluFJCKSidICx8ciO85XgH3Ak8k=
-golang.org/x/text v0.30.0 h1:yznKA/E9zq54KzlzBEAWn1NXSQ8DIp/NYMy88xJjl4k=
+golang.org/x/text v0.27.0 h1:4fGWRpyh641NLlecmyl4LOe6yDdfaYNrGb2zdfo4JV4=
-golang.org/x/text v0.30.0/go.mod h1:yDdHFIX9t+tORqspjENWgzaCVXgk0yYnYuSZ8UzzBVM=
+golang.org/x/text v0.27.0/go.mod h1:1D28KMCvyooCX9hBiosv5Tz/+YLxj0j7XhWjpSUF7CU=
-golang.org/x/tools v0.37.0 h1:DVSRzp7FwePZW356yEAChSdNcQo6Nsp+fex1SUW09lE=
+golang.org/x/tools v0.34.0 h1:qIpSLOxeCYGg9TrcJokLBG4KFA6d795g0xkBkiESGlo=
-golang.org/x/tools v0.37.0/go.mod h1:MBN5QPQtLMHVdvsbtarmTNukZDdgwdwlO5qGacAzF0w=
+golang.org/x/tools v0.34.0/go.mod h1:pAP9OwEaY1CAW3HOmg3hLZC5Z0CCmzjAF2UQMSqNARg=
-google.golang.org/protobuf v1.36.10 h1:AYd7cD/uASjIL6Q9LiTjz8JLcrh/88q5UObnmY3aOOE=
+google.golang.org/protobuf v1.36.9 h1:w2gp2mA27hUeUzj9Ex9FBjsBm40zfaDtEWow293U7Iw=
-google.golang.org/protobuf v1.36.10/go.mod h1:HTf+CrKn2C3g5S8VImy6tdcUvCska2kB7j23XfzDpco=
+google.golang.org/protobuf v1.36.9/go.mod h1:fuxRtAxBytpl4zzqUh6/eyUujkJdNiuEkXntxiD/uRU=
 gopkg.in/check.v1 v0.0.0-20161208181325-20d25e280405 h1:yhCVgyC4o1eVCa2tZl7eS0r+SDo693bJlVdllGtEeKM=
 gopkg.in/check.v1 v0.0.0-20161208181325-20d25e280405/go.mod h1:Co6ibVJAznAaIkqp8huTwlJQCZ016jof/cbN4VW5Yz0=
 gopkg.in/yaml.v3 v3.0.0-20200313102051-9f266ea9e77c/go.mod h1:K4uyk7z7BCEPqu6E+C64Yfv1cQ7kz7rIZviUmN+EgEM=

internal/bytesconv/bytesconv_test.go

@@ -81,25 +81,25 @@ func TestStringToBytes(t *testing.T) {
 // go test -v -run=none -bench=^BenchmarkBytesConv -benchmem=true
 
 func BenchmarkBytesConvBytesToStrRaw(b *testing.B) {
-	for b.Loop() {
+	for i := 0; i < b.N; i++ {
 		rawBytesToStr(testBytes)
 	}
 }
 
 func BenchmarkBytesConvBytesToStr(b *testing.B) {
-	for b.Loop() {
+	for i := 0; i < b.N; i++ {
 		BytesToString(testBytes)
 	}
 }
 
 func BenchmarkBytesConvStrToBytesRaw(b *testing.B) {
-	for b.Loop() {
+	for i := 0; i < b.N; i++ {
 		rawStrToBytes(testString)
 	}
 }
 
 func BenchmarkBytesConvStrToBytes(b *testing.B) {
-	for b.Loop() {
+	for i := 0; i < b.N; i++ {
 		StringToBytes(testString)
 	}
 }

logger.go

@@ -103,27 +103,6 @@ func (p *LogFormatterParams) StatusCodeColor() string {
 	}
 }
 
-// LatencyColor is the ANSI color for latency
-func (p *LogFormatterParams) LatencyColor() string {
-	latency := p.Latency
-	switch {
-	case latency < time.Millisecond*100:
-		return white
-	case latency < time.Millisecond*200:
-		return green
-	case latency < time.Millisecond*300:
-		return cyan
-	case latency < time.Millisecond*500:
-		return blue
-	case latency < time.Second:
-		return yellow
-	case latency < time.Second*2:
-		return magenta
-	default:
-		return red
-	}
-}
-
 // MethodColor is the ANSI color for appropriately logging http method to a terminal.
 func (p *LogFormatterParams) MethodColor() string {
 	method := p.Method
@@ -160,27 +139,20 @@ func (p *LogFormatterParams) IsOutputColor() bool {
 
 // defaultLogFormatter is the default log format function Logger middleware uses.
 var defaultLogFormatter = func(param LogFormatterParams) string {
-	var statusColor, methodColor, resetColor, latencyColor string
+	var statusColor, methodColor, resetColor string
 	if param.IsOutputColor() {
 		statusColor = param.StatusCodeColor()
 		methodColor = param.MethodColor()
 		resetColor = param.ResetColor()
-		latencyColor = param.LatencyColor()
 	}
 
-	switch {
+	if param.Latency > time.Minute {
-	case param.Latency > time.Minute:
+		param.Latency = param.Latency.Truncate(time.Second)
-		param.Latency = param.Latency.Truncate(time.Second * 10)
-	case param.Latency > time.Second:
-		param.Latency = param.Latency.Truncate(time.Millisecond * 10)
-	case param.Latency > time.Millisecond:
-		param.Latency = param.Latency.Truncate(time.Microsecond * 10)
 	}
-
+	return fmt.Sprintf("[GIN] %v |%s %3d %s| %13v | %15s |%s %-7s %s %#v\n%s",
-	return fmt.Sprintf("[GIN] %v |%s %3d %s|%s %8v %s| %15s |%s %-7s %s %#v\n%s",
 		param.TimeStamp.Format("2006/01/02 - 15:04:05"),
 		statusColor, param.StatusCode, resetColor,
-		latencyColor, param.Latency, resetColor,
+		param.Latency,
 		param.ClientIP,
 		methodColor, param.Method, resetColor,
 		param.Path,

logger_test.go

@@ -39,7 +39,7 @@ func TestLogger(t *testing.T) {
 
 	// I wrote these first (extending the above) but then realized they are more
 	// like integration tests because they test the whole logging process rather
-	// than individual functions. I'm not sure where these should go.
+	// than individual functions.  Im not sure where these should go.
 	buffer.Reset()
 	PerformRequest(router, http.MethodPost, "/example")
 	assert.Contains(t, buffer.String(), "200")
@@ -103,7 +103,7 @@ func TestLoggerWithConfig(t *testing.T) {
 
 	// I wrote these first (extending the above) but then realized they are more
 	// like integration tests because they test the whole logging process rather
-	// than individual functions. I'm not sure where these should go.
+	// than individual functions.  Im not sure where these should go.
 	buffer.Reset()
 	PerformRequest(router, http.MethodPost, "/example")
 	assert.Contains(t, buffer.String(), "200")
@@ -277,11 +277,11 @@ func TestDefaultLogFormatter(t *testing.T) {
 		isTerm:       false,
 	}
 
-	assert.Equal(t, "[GIN] 2018/12/07 - 09:11:42 | 200 |       5s |     20.20.20.20 | GET      \"/\"\n", defaultLogFormatter(termFalseParam))
+	assert.Equal(t, "[GIN] 2018/12/07 - 09:11:42 | 200 |            5s |     20.20.20.20 | GET      \"/\"\n", defaultLogFormatter(termFalseParam))
-	assert.Equal(t, "[GIN] 2018/12/07 - 09:11:42 | 200 | 2743h29m0s |     20.20.20.20 | GET      \"/\"\n", defaultLogFormatter(termFalseLongDurationParam))
+	assert.Equal(t, "[GIN] 2018/12/07 - 09:11:42 | 200 |    2743h29m3s |     20.20.20.20 | GET      \"/\"\n", defaultLogFormatter(termFalseLongDurationParam))
 
-	assert.Equal(t, "[GIN] 2018/12/07 - 09:11:42 |\x1b[97;42m 200 \x1b[0m|\x1b[97;41m       5s \x1b[0m|     20.20.20.20 |\x1b[97;44m GET     \x1b[0m \"/\"\n", defaultLogFormatter(termTrueParam))
+	assert.Equal(t, "[GIN] 2018/12/07 - 09:11:42 |\x1b[97;42m 200 \x1b[0m|            5s |     20.20.20.20 |\x1b[97;44m GET     \x1b[0m \"/\"\n", defaultLogFormatter(termTrueParam))
-	assert.Equal(t, "[GIN] 2018/12/07 - 09:11:42 |\x1b[97;42m 200 \x1b[0m|\x1b[97;41m 2743h29m0s \x1b[0m|     20.20.20.20 |\x1b[97;44m GET     \x1b[0m \"/\"\n", defaultLogFormatter(termTrueLongDurationParam))
+	assert.Equal(t, "[GIN] 2018/12/07 - 09:11:42 |\x1b[97;42m 200 \x1b[0m|    2743h29m3s |     20.20.20.20 |\x1b[97;44m GET     \x1b[0m \"/\"\n", defaultLogFormatter(termTrueLongDurationParam))
 }
 
 func TestColorForMethod(t *testing.T) {
@@ -317,23 +317,6 @@ func TestColorForStatus(t *testing.T) {
 	assert.Equal(t, red, colorForStatus(2), "other things should be red")
 }
 
-func TestColorForLatency(t *testing.T) {
-	colorForLantency := func(latency time.Duration) string {
-		p := LogFormatterParams{
-			Latency: latency,
-		}
-		return p.LatencyColor()
-	}
-
-	assert.Equal(t, white, colorForLantency(time.Duration(0)), "0 should be white")
-	assert.Equal(t, white, colorForLantency(time.Millisecond*20), "20ms should be white")
-	assert.Equal(t, green, colorForLantency(time.Millisecond*150), "150ms should be green")
-	assert.Equal(t, cyan, colorForLantency(time.Millisecond*250), "250ms should be cyan")
-	assert.Equal(t, yellow, colorForLantency(time.Millisecond*600), "600ms should be yellow")
-	assert.Equal(t, magenta, colorForLantency(time.Millisecond*1500), "1.5s should be magenta")
-	assert.Equal(t, red, colorForLantency(time.Second*3), "other things should be red")
-}
-
 func TestResetColor(t *testing.T) {
 	p := LogFormatterParams{}
 	assert.Equal(t, string([]byte{27, 91, 48, 109}), p.ResetColor())

response_writer.go

@@ -17,7 +17,7 @@ const (
 	defaultStatus = http.StatusOK
 )
 
-var errHijackAlreadyWritten = errors.New("gin: response body already written")
+var errHijackAlreadyWritten = errors.New("gin: response already written")
 
 // ResponseWriter ...
 type ResponseWriter interface {
@@ -109,9 +109,7 @@ func (w *responseWriter) Written() bool {
 
 // Hijack implements the http.Hijacker interface.
 func (w *responseWriter) Hijack() (net.Conn, *bufio.ReadWriter, error) {
-	// Allow hijacking before any data is written (size == -1) or after headers are written (size == 0),
+	if w.Written() {
-	// but not after body data is written (size > 0). For compatibility with websocket libraries (e.g., github.com/coder/websocket)
-	if w.size > 0 {
 		return nil, nil, errHijackAlreadyWritten
 	}
 	if w.size < 0 {

response_writer_test.go

@@ -194,64 +194,6 @@ func TestResponseWriterHijackAfterWrite(t *testing.T) {
 	}
 }
 
-// Test: WebSocket compatibility - allow hijack after WriteHeaderNow(), but block after body data.
-func TestResponseWriterHijackAfterWriteHeaderNow(t *testing.T) {
-	tests := []struct {
-		name                      string
-		action                    func(w ResponseWriter) error
-		expectWrittenBeforeHijack bool
-		expectHijackSuccess       bool
-		expectWrittenAfterHijack  bool
-		expectError               error
-	}{
-		{
-			name: "hijack after WriteHeaderNow only should succeed (websocket pattern)",
-			action: func(w ResponseWriter) error {
-				w.WriteHeaderNow() // Simulate websocket.Accept() behavior
-				return nil
-			},
-			expectWrittenBeforeHijack: true,
-			expectHijackSuccess:       true, // NEW BEHAVIOR: allow hijack after just header write
-			expectWrittenAfterHijack:  true,
-			expectError:               nil,
-		},
-		{
-			name: "hijack after WriteHeaderNow + Write should fail",
-			action: func(w ResponseWriter) error {
-				w.WriteHeaderNow()
-				_, err := w.Write([]byte("test"))
-				return err
-			},
-			expectWrittenBeforeHijack: true,
-			expectHijackSuccess:       false,
-			expectWrittenAfterHijack:  true,
-			expectError:               errHijackAlreadyWritten,
-		},
-	}
-	for _, tc := range tests {
-		t.Run(tc.name, func(t *testing.T) {
-			hijacker := &mockHijacker{ResponseRecorder: httptest.NewRecorder()}
-			writer := &responseWriter{}
-			writer.reset(hijacker)
-			w := ResponseWriter(writer)
-
-			require.NoError(t, tc.action(w), "unexpected error during pre-hijack action")
-
-			assert.Equal(t, tc.expectWrittenBeforeHijack, w.Written(), "unexpected w.Written() state before hijack")
-
-			_, _, hijackErr := w.Hijack()
-
-			if tc.expectError == nil {
-				require.NoError(t, hijackErr, "expected hijack to succeed")
-			} else {
-				require.ErrorIs(t, hijackErr, tc.expectError, "unexpected error from Hijack()")
-			}
-			assert.Equal(t, tc.expectHijackSuccess, hijacker.hijacked, "unexpected hijacker.hijacked state")
-			assert.Equal(t, tc.expectWrittenAfterHijack, w.Written(), "unexpected w.Written() state after hijack")
-		})
-	}
-}
-
 func TestResponseWriterFlush(t *testing.T) {
 	testServer := httptest.NewServer(http.HandlerFunc(func(w http.ResponseWriter, r *http.Request) {
 		writer := &responseWriter{}

tree.go

@@ -5,6 +5,7 @@
 package gin
 
 import (
+	"bytes"
 	"net/url"
 	"strings"
 	"unicode"
@@ -13,6 +14,12 @@ import (
 	"github.com/gin-gonic/gin/internal/bytesconv"
 )
 
+var (
+	strColon = []byte(":")
+	strStar  = []byte("*")
+	strSlash = []byte("/")
+)
+
 // Param is a single URL parameter, consisting of a key and a value.
 type Param struct {
 	Key   string
@@ -78,13 +85,16 @@ func (n *node) addChild(child *node) {
 }
 
 func countParams(path string) uint16 {
-	colons := strings.Count(path, ":")
+	var n uint16
-	stars := strings.Count(path, "*")
+	s := bytesconv.StringToBytes(path)
-	return uint16(colons + stars)
+	n += uint16(bytes.Count(s, strColon))
+	n += uint16(bytes.Count(s, strStar))
+	return n
 }
 
 func countSections(path string) uint16 {
-	return uint16(strings.Count(path, "/"))
+	s := bytesconv.StringToBytes(path)
+	return uint16(bytes.Count(s, strSlash))
 }
 
 type nodeType uint8