Merge branch 'master' into master

2025-10-19 15:57:48 +08:00 · 2019-11-25 12:08:28 +08:00 · 2019-11-25 12:08:28 +08:00 · c3865267b5
commit c3865267b5
parent 1855d76d70 3737520f17
123 changed files with 2562 additions and 3623 deletions
--- a/.github/ISSUE_TEMPLATE.md
+++ b/.github/ISSUE_TEMPLATE.md
@ -3,11 +3,47 @@
  - Please provide source code and commit sha if you found a bug.
  - Review existing issues and provide feedback or react to them.

+## Description
+
+<!-- Description of a problem -->
+
+## How to reproduce
+
+<!-- The smallest possible code example to show the problem that can be compiled, like -->
+```
+package main
+
+import (
+	"github.com/gin-gonic/gin"
+)
+
+func main() {
+	g := gin.Default()
+	g.GET("/hello/:name", func(c *gin.Context) {
+		c.String(200, "Hello %s", c.Param("name"))
+	})
+	g.Run(":9000")
+}
+```
+
+## Expectations
+
+<!-- Your expectation result of 'curl' command, like -->
+```
+$ curl http://localhost:8201/hello/world
+Hello world
+```
+
+## Actual result
+
+<!-- Actual result showing the problem -->
+```
+$ curl -i http://localhost:8201/hello/world
+<YOUR RESULT>
+```
+
+## Environment
+
 - go version:
 - gin version (or commit ref):
 - operating system:
-
-## Description
-
-## Screenshots
-
--- a/.travis.yml
+++ b/.travis.yml
@ -1,14 +1,4 @@
 language: go
-sudo: false
-go:
-  - 1.6.x
-  - 1.7.x
-  - 1.8.x
-  - 1.9.x
-  - 1.10.x
-  - 1.11.x
-  - 1.12.x
-  - master

 matrix:
  fast_finish: true
@ -17,6 +7,8 @@ matrix:
    env: GO111MODULE=on
  - go: 1.12.x
    env: GO111MODULE=on
+  - go: 1.13.x
+  - go: master

 git:
  depth: 10
@ -34,7 +26,6 @@ go_import_path: github.com/gin-gonic/gin
 script:
  - make vet
  - make fmt-check
-  - make embedmd
  - make misspell-check
  - make test

--- a/CHANGELOG.md
+++ b/CHANGELOG.md
@ -1,6 +1,96 @@
-# CHANGELOG
+### Gin v1.5.0

-### Gin 1.3.0
+- [FIX] Use DefaultWriter and DefaultErrorWriter for debug messages [#1891](https://github.com/gin-gonic/gin/pull/1891)
+- [NEW] Now you can parse the inline lowercase start structure [#1893](https://github.com/gin-gonic/gin/pull/1893)
+- [FIX] Some code improvements [#1909](https://github.com/gin-gonic/gin/pull/1909)
+- [FIX] Use encode replace json marshal increase json encoder speed [#1546](https://github.com/gin-gonic/gin/pull/1546)
+- [NEW] Hold matched route full path in the Context [#1826](https://github.com/gin-gonic/gin/pull/1826)
+- [FIX] Fix context.Params race condition on Copy() [#1841](https://github.com/gin-gonic/gin/pull/1841)
+- [NEW] Add context param query cache [#1450](https://github.com/gin-gonic/gin/pull/1450)
+- [FIX] Improve GetQueryMap performance [#1918](https://github.com/gin-gonic/gin/pull/1918)
+- [FIX] Improve get post data [#1920](https://github.com/gin-gonic/gin/pull/1920)
+- [FIX] Use context instead of x/net/context [#1922](https://github.com/gin-gonic/gin/pull/1922)
+- [FIX] Attempt to fix PostForm cache bug [#1931](https://github.com/gin-gonic/gin/pull/1931)
+- [NEW] Add support of multipart multi files [#1949](https://github.com/gin-gonic/gin/pull/1949)
+- [NEW] Support bind http header param [#1957](https://github.com/gin-gonic/gin/pull/1957)
+- [FIX] Drop support for go1.8 and go1.9 [#1933](https://github.com/gin-gonic/gin/pull/1933)
+- [FIX] Bugfix for the FullPath feature [#1919](https://github.com/gin-gonic/gin/pull/1919)
+- [FIX] Gin1.5 bytes.Buffer to strings.Builder [#1939](https://github.com/gin-gonic/gin/pull/1939)
+- [FIX] Upgrade github.com/ugorji/go/codec [#1969](https://github.com/gin-gonic/gin/pull/1969)
+- [NEW] Support bind unix time [#1980](https://github.com/gin-gonic/gin/pull/1980)
+- [FIX] Simplify code [#2004](https://github.com/gin-gonic/gin/pull/2004)
+- [NEW] Support negative Content-Length in DataFromReader [#1981](https://github.com/gin-gonic/gin/pull/1981)
+- [FIX] Identify terminal on a RISC-V architecture for auto-colored logs [#2019](https://github.com/gin-gonic/gin/pull/2019)
+- [BREAKING] `Context.JSONP()` now expects a semicolon (`;`) at the end [#2007](https://github.com/gin-gonic/gin/pull/2007)
+- [BREAKING] Upgrade default `binding.Validator` to v9 (see [its changelog](https://github.com/go-playground/validator/releases/tag/v9.0.0)) [#1015](https://github.com/gin-gonic/gin/pull/1015)
+- [NEW] Add `DisallowUnknownFields()` in `Context.BindJSON()` [#2028](https://github.com/gin-gonic/gin/pull/2028)
+- [NEW] Use specific `net.Listener` with `Engine.RunListener()` [#2023](https://github.com/gin-gonic/gin/pull/2023)
+- [FIX] Fix some typo [#2079](https://github.com/gin-gonic/gin/pull/2079) [#2080](https://github.com/gin-gonic/gin/pull/2080)
+- [FIX] Relocate binding body tests [#2086](https://github.com/gin-gonic/gin/pull/2086)
+- [FIX] Use Writer in Context.Status [#1606](https://github.com/gin-gonic/gin/pull/1606)
+- [FIX] `Engine.RunUnix()` now returns the error if it can't change the file mode [#2093](https://github.com/gin-gonic/gin/pull/2093)
+- [FIX] `RouterGroup.StaticFS()` leaked files. Now it closes them. [#2118](https://github.com/gin-gonic/gin/pull/2118)
+- [FIX] `Context.Request.FormFile` leaked file. Now it closes it. [#2114](https://github.com/gin-gonic/gin/pull/2114)
+- [FIX] Ignore walking on `form:"-"` mapping [#1943](https://github.com/gin-gonic/gin/pull/1943)
+
+### Gin v1.4.0
+
+- [NEW] Support for [Go Modules](https://github.com/golang/go/wiki/Modules)  [#1569](https://github.com/gin-gonic/gin/pull/1569)
+- [NEW] Refactor of form mapping multipart request [#1829](https://github.com/gin-gonic/gin/pull/1829)
+- [FIX] Truncate Latency precision in long running request [#1830](https://github.com/gin-gonic/gin/pull/1830)
+- [FIX] IsTerm flag should not be affected by DisableConsoleColor method. [#1802](https://github.com/gin-gonic/gin/pull/1802)
+- [NEW] Supporting file binding [#1264](https://github.com/gin-gonic/gin/pull/1264)
+- [NEW] Add support for mapping arrays [#1797](https://github.com/gin-gonic/gin/pull/1797)
+- [FIX] Readme updates [#1793](https://github.com/gin-gonic/gin/pull/1793) [#1788](https://github.com/gin-gonic/gin/pull/1788) [1789](https://github.com/gin-gonic/gin/pull/1789)
+- [FIX] StaticFS: Fixed Logging two log lines on 404.  [#1805](https://github.com/gin-gonic/gin/pull/1805), [#1804](https://github.com/gin-gonic/gin/pull/1804)
+- [NEW] Make context.Keys available as LogFormatterParams [#1779](https://github.com/gin-gonic/gin/pull/1779)
+- [NEW] Use internal/json for Marshal/Unmarshal [#1791](https://github.com/gin-gonic/gin/pull/1791)
+- [NEW] Support mapping time.Duration [#1794](https://github.com/gin-gonic/gin/pull/1794)
+- [NEW] Refactor form mappings [#1749](https://github.com/gin-gonic/gin/pull/1749)
+- [NEW] Added flag to context.Stream indicates if client disconnected in middle of stream [#1252](https://github.com/gin-gonic/gin/pull/1252)
+- [FIX] Moved [examples](https://github.com/gin-gonic/examples) to stand alone Repo [#1775](https://github.com/gin-gonic/gin/pull/1775)
+- [NEW] Extend context.File to allow for the content-disposition attachments via a new method context.Attachment [#1260](https://github.com/gin-gonic/gin/pull/1260)
+- [FIX] Support HTTP content negotiation wildcards [#1112](https://github.com/gin-gonic/gin/pull/1112)
+- [NEW] Add prefix from X-Forwarded-Prefix in redirectTrailingSlash [#1238](https://github.com/gin-gonic/gin/pull/1238)
+- [FIX] context.Copy() race condition [#1020](https://github.com/gin-gonic/gin/pull/1020)
+- [NEW] Add context.HandlerNames() [#1729](https://github.com/gin-gonic/gin/pull/1729)
+- [FIX] Change color methods to public in the defaultLogger. [#1771](https://github.com/gin-gonic/gin/pull/1771)
+- [FIX] Update writeHeaders method to use http.Header.Set [#1722](https://github.com/gin-gonic/gin/pull/1722)
+- [NEW] Add response size to LogFormatterParams [#1752](https://github.com/gin-gonic/gin/pull/1752)
+- [NEW] Allow ignoring field on form mapping [#1733](https://github.com/gin-gonic/gin/pull/1733)
+- [NEW] Add a function to force color in console output. [#1724](https://github.com/gin-gonic/gin/pull/1724)
+- [FIX] Context.Next() - recheck len of handlers on every iteration. [#1745](https://github.com/gin-gonic/gin/pull/1745)
+- [FIX] Fix all errcheck warnings [#1739](https://github.com/gin-gonic/gin/pull/1739) [#1653](https://github.com/gin-gonic/gin/pull/1653)
+- [NEW] context: inherits context cancellation and deadline from http.Request context for Go>=1.7 [#1690](https://github.com/gin-gonic/gin/pull/1690)
+- [NEW] Binding for URL Params [#1694](https://github.com/gin-gonic/gin/pull/1694)
+- [NEW] Add LoggerWithFormatter method [#1677](https://github.com/gin-gonic/gin/pull/1677)
+- [FIX] CI testing updates [#1671](https://github.com/gin-gonic/gin/pull/1671) [#1670](https://github.com/gin-gonic/gin/pull/1670) [#1682](https://github.com/gin-gonic/gin/pull/1682) [#1669](https://github.com/gin-gonic/gin/pull/1669)
+- [FIX] StaticFS(): Send 404 when path does not exist [#1663](https://github.com/gin-gonic/gin/pull/1663)
+- [FIX] Handle nil body for JSON binding [#1638](https://github.com/gin-gonic/gin/pull/1638)
+- [FIX] Support bind uri param [#1612](https://github.com/gin-gonic/gin/pull/1612)
+- [FIX] recovery: fix issue with syscall import on google app engine [#1640](https://github.com/gin-gonic/gin/pull/1640)
+- [FIX] Make sure the debug log contains line breaks [#1650](https://github.com/gin-gonic/gin/pull/1650)
+- [FIX] Panic stack trace being printed during recovery of broken pipe [#1089](https://github.com/gin-gonic/gin/pull/1089) [#1259](https://github.com/gin-gonic/gin/pull/1259)
+- [NEW] RunFd method to run http.Server through a file descriptor [#1609](https://github.com/gin-gonic/gin/pull/1609)
+- [NEW] Yaml binding support [#1618](https://github.com/gin-gonic/gin/pull/1618)
+- [FIX] Pass MaxMultipartMemory when FormFile is called [#1600](https://github.com/gin-gonic/gin/pull/1600)
+- [FIX] LoadHTML* tests [#1559](https://github.com/gin-gonic/gin/pull/1559)
+- [FIX] Removed use of sync.pool from HandleContext [#1565](https://github.com/gin-gonic/gin/pull/1565)
+- [FIX] Format output log to os.Stderr [#1571](https://github.com/gin-gonic/gin/pull/1571)
+- [FIX] Make logger use a yellow background and a darkgray text for legibility [#1570](https://github.com/gin-gonic/gin/pull/1570)
+- [FIX] Remove sensitive request information from panic log. [#1370](https://github.com/gin-gonic/gin/pull/1370)
+- [FIX] log.Println() does not print timestamp [#829](https://github.com/gin-gonic/gin/pull/829) [#1560](https://github.com/gin-gonic/gin/pull/1560)
+- [NEW] Add PureJSON renderer [#694](https://github.com/gin-gonic/gin/pull/694)
+- [FIX] Add missing copyright and update if/else [#1497](https://github.com/gin-gonic/gin/pull/1497)
+- [FIX] Update msgpack usage [#1498](https://github.com/gin-gonic/gin/pull/1498)
+- [FIX] Use protobuf on render [#1496](https://github.com/gin-gonic/gin/pull/1496)
+- [FIX] Add support for Protobuf format response [#1479](https://github.com/gin-gonic/gin/pull/1479)
+- [NEW] Set default time format in form binding [#1487](https://github.com/gin-gonic/gin/pull/1487)
+- [FIX] Add BindXML and ShouldBindXML [#1485](https://github.com/gin-gonic/gin/pull/1485)
+- [NEW] Upgrade dependency libraries [#1491](https://github.com/gin-gonic/gin/pull/1491)
+
+
+### Gin v1.3.0

 - [NEW] Add [`func (*Context) QueryMap`](https://godoc.org/github.com/gin-gonic/gin#Context.QueryMap), [`func (*Context) GetQueryMap`](https://godoc.org/github.com/gin-gonic/gin#Context.GetQueryMap), [`func (*Context) PostFormMap`](https://godoc.org/github.com/gin-gonic/gin#Context.PostFormMap) and [`func (*Context) GetPostFormMap`](https://godoc.org/github.com/gin-gonic/gin#Context.GetPostFormMap) to support `type map[string]string` as query string or form parameters, see [#1383](https://github.com/gin-gonic/gin/pull/1383)
 - [NEW] Add [`func (*Context) AsciiJSON`](https://godoc.org/github.com/gin-gonic/gin#Context.AsciiJSON), see [#1358](https://github.com/gin-gonic/gin/pull/1358)
@ -175,7 +265,7 @@
 - [PERFORMANCE] Improve context's memory locality, reduce CPU cache faults.
 - [NEW] Flexible rendering API
 - [NEW] Add Context.File()
- [NEW] Add shorcut RunTLS() for http.ListenAndServeTLS
+- [NEW] Add shortcut RunTLS() for http.ListenAndServeTLS
 - [FIX] Rename NotFound404() to NoRoute()
 - [FIX] Errors in context are purged
 - [FIX] Adds HEAD method in Static file serving
@ -198,7 +288,7 @@
 - [NEW] New Bind() and BindWith() methods for parsing request body.
 - [NEW] Add Content.Copy()
 - [NEW] Add context.LastError()
- [NEW] Add shorcut for OPTIONS HTTP method
+- [NEW] Add shortcut for OPTIONS HTTP method
 - [FIX] Tons of README fixes
 - [FIX] Header is written before body
 - [FIX] BasicAuth() and changes API a little bit
--- a/9
+++ b/9
@ -52,12 +52,6 @@ deps:
 	@hash govendor > /dev/null 2>&1; if [ $$? -ne 0 ]; then \
 		$(GO) get -u github.com/kardianos/govendor; \
 	fi
-	@hash embedmd > /dev/null 2>&1; if [ $$? -ne 0 ]; then \
-		$(GO) get -u github.com/campoy/embedmd; \
-	fi
-
-embedmd:
-	embedmd -d *.md

 .PHONY: lint
 lint:
@ -83,5 +77,4 @@ misspell:
 .PHONY: tools
 tools:
 	go install golang.org/x/lint/golint; \
-	go install github.com/client9/misspell/cmd/misspell; \
-	go install github.com/campoy/embedmd;
+	go install github.com/client9/misspell/cmd/misspell;
--- a/README.md
+++ b/README.md
@ -11,9 +11,8 @@
 [![Open Source Helpers](https://www.codetriage.com/gin-gonic/gin/badges/users.svg)](https://www.codetriage.com/gin-gonic/gin)
 [![Release](https://img.shields.io/github/release/gin-gonic/gin.svg?style=flat-square)](https://github.com/gin-gonic/gin/releases)

-Gin is a web framework written in Go (Golang). It features a martini-like API with much better performance, up to 40 times faster thanks to [httprouter](https://github.com/julienschmidt/httprouter). If you need performance and good productivity, you will love Gin.
+Gin is a web framework written in Go (Golang). It features a martini-like API with performance that is up to 40 times faster thanks to [httprouter](https://github.com/julienschmidt/httprouter). If you need performance and good productivity, you will love Gin.

-![Gin console logger](https://gin-gonic.github.io/gin/other/console.png)

 ## Contents

@ -41,6 +40,7 @@ Gin is a web framework written in Go (Golang). It features a martini-like API wi
    - [Only Bind Query String](#only-bind-query-string)
    - [Bind Query String or Post Data](#bind-query-string-or-post-data)
    - [Bind Uri](#bind-uri)
+    - [Bind Header](#bind-header)
    - [Bind HTML checkboxes](#bind-html-checkboxes)
    - [Multipart/Urlencoded binding](#multiparturlencoded-binding)
    - [XML, JSON, YAML and ProtoBuf rendering](#xml-json-yaml-and-protobuf-rendering)
@ -70,7 +70,7 @@ Gin is a web framework written in Go (Golang). It features a martini-like API wi

 To install Gin package, you need to install Go and set your Go workspace first.

-1. Download and install it:
+1. The first need [Go](https://golang.org/) installed (**version 1.11+ is required**), then you can use the below Go command to install Gin.

 ```sh
 $ go get -u github.com/gin-gonic/gin
@ -101,6 +101,12 @@ $ go get github.com/kardianos/govendor
 $ mkdir -p $GOPATH/src/github.com/myusername/project && cd "$_"
 ```

+If you are on a Mac and you're installing Go 1.8 (released: Feb 2017) or later, GOPATH is automatically determined by the Go toolchain for you. It defaults to $HOME/go on macOS so you can create your project like this
+
+```sh
+$ mkdir -p $HOME/go/src/github.com/myusername/project && cd "$_"
+```
+
 3. Vendor init your project and add gin

 ```sh
@ -111,7 +117,7 @@ $ govendor fetch github.com/gin-gonic/gin@v1.3
 4. Copy a starting template inside your project

 ```sh
-$ curl https://raw.githubusercontent.com/gin-gonic/gin/master/examples/basic/main.go > main.go
+$ curl https://raw.githubusercontent.com/gin-gonic/examples/master/basic/main.go > main.go
 ```

 5. Run your project
@ -120,10 +126,6 @@ $ curl https://raw.githubusercontent.com/gin-gonic/gin/master/examples/basic/mai
 $ go run main.go
 ```

-## Prerequisite
-
-Now Gin requires Go 1.6 or later and Go 1.7 will be required soon.
-
 ## Quick start
 
 ```sh
@ -143,12 +145,12 @@ func main() {
 			"message": "pong",
 		})
 	})
-	r.Run() // listen and serve on 0.0.0.0:8080
+	r.Run() // listen and serve on 0.0.0.0:8080 (for windows "localhost:8080")
 }
 ```

 ```
-# run example.go and visit 0.0.0.0:8080/ping on browser
+# run example.go and visit 0.0.0.0:8080/ping (for windows "localhost:8080/ping") on browser
 $ go run example.go
 ```

@ -211,6 +213,8 @@ $ go build -tags=jsoniter .

 ## API Examples

+You can find a number of ready-to-run examples at [Gin examples repository](https://github.com/gin-gonic/examples).
+
 ### Using GET, POST, PUT, PATCH, DELETE and OPTIONS

 ```go
@ -255,6 +259,11 @@ func main() {
 		c.String(http.StatusOK, message)
 	})

+	// For each matched request Context will hold the route definition
+	router.POST("/user/:name/*action", func(c *gin.Context) {
+		c.FullPath() == "/user/:name/*action" // true
+	})
+
 	router.Run(":8080")
 }
 ```
@ -359,7 +368,7 @@ ids: map[b:hello a:1234], names: map[second:tianou first:thinkerou]

 #### Single file

-References issue [#774](https://github.com/gin-gonic/gin/issues/774) and detail [example code](examples/upload-file/single).
+References issue [#774](https://github.com/gin-gonic/gin/issues/774) and detail [example code](https://github.com/gin-gonic/examples/tree/master/upload-file/single).

 `file.Filename` **SHOULD NOT** be trusted. See [`Content-Disposition` on MDN](https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/HTTP/Headers/Content-Disposition#Directives) and [#1693](https://github.com/gin-gonic/gin/issues/1693)

@ -394,7 +403,7 @@ curl -X POST http://localhost:8080/upload \

 #### Multiple files

-See the detail [example code](examples/upload-file/multiple).
+See the detail [example code](https://github.com/gin-gonic/examples/tree/master/upload-file/multiple).

 ```go
 func main() {
@ -619,10 +628,10 @@ Note that you need to set the corresponding binding tag on all fields you want t

 Also, Gin provides two sets of methods for binding:
 - **Type** - Must bind
-  - **Methods** - `Bind`, `BindJSON`, `BindXML`, `BindQuery`, `BindYAML`
+  - **Methods** - `Bind`, `BindJSON`, `BindXML`, `BindQuery`, `BindYAML`, `BindHeader`
  - **Behavior** - These methods use `MustBindWith` under the hood. If there is a binding error, the request is aborted with `c.AbortWithError(400, err).SetType(ErrorTypeBind)`. This sets the response status code to 400 and the `Content-Type` header is set to `text/plain; charset=utf-8`. Note that if you try to set the response code after this, it will result in a warning `[GIN-debug] [WARNING] Headers were already written. Wanted to override status code 400 with 422`. If you wish to have greater control over the behavior, consider using the `ShouldBind` equivalent method.
 - **Type** - Should bind
-  - **Methods** - `ShouldBind`, `ShouldBindJSON`, `ShouldBindXML`, `ShouldBindQuery`, `ShouldBindYAML`
+  - **Methods** - `ShouldBind`, `ShouldBindJSON`, `ShouldBindXML`, `ShouldBindQuery`, `ShouldBindYAML`, `ShouldBindHeader`
  - **Behavior** - These methods use `ShouldBindWith` under the hood. If there is a binding error, the error is returned and it is the developer's responsibility to handle the request and error appropriately.

 When using the Bind-method, Gin tries to infer the binder depending on the Content-Type header. If you are sure what you are binding, you can use `MustBindWith` or `ShouldBindWith`.
@ -726,9 +735,8 @@ When running the above example using the above the `curl` command, it returns er

 ### Custom Validators

-It is also possible to register custom validators. See the [example code](examples/custom-validation/server.go).
+It is also possible to register custom validators. See the [example code](https://github.com/gin-gonic/examples/tree/master/custom-validation/server.go).

-[embedmd]:# (examples/custom-validation/server.go go)
 ```go
 package main

@ -754,7 +762,7 @@ func bookableDate(
 ) bool {
 	if date, ok := field.Interface().(time.Time); ok {
 		today := time.Now()
-		if today.Year() > date.Year() || today.YearDay() > date.YearDay() {
+		if today.After(date) {
 			return false
 		}
 	}
@ -791,7 +799,7 @@ $ curl "localhost:8085/bookable?check_in=2018-03-08&check_out=2018-03-09"
 ```

 [Struct level validations](https://github.com/go-playground/validator/releases/tag/v8.7) can also be registered this way.
-See the [struct-lvl-validation example](examples/struct-lvl-validations) to learn more.
+See the [struct-lvl-validation example](https://github.com/gin-gonic/examples/tree/master/struct-lvl-validations) to learn more.

 ### Only Bind Query String

@ -847,6 +855,8 @@ type Person struct {
        Name       string    `form:"name"`
        Address    string    `form:"address"`
        Birthday   time.Time `form:"birthday" time_format:"2006-01-02" time_utc:"1"`
+        CreateTime time.Time `form:"createTime" time_format:"unixNano"`
+        UnixTime   time.Time `form:"unixTime" time_format:"unix"`
 }

 func main() {
@ -864,6 +874,8 @@ func startPage(c *gin.Context) {
                log.Println(person.Name)
                log.Println(person.Address)
                log.Println(person.Birthday)
+                log.Println(person.CreateTime)
+                log.Println(person.UnixTime)
        }

 	c.String(200, "Success")
@ -872,7 +884,7 @@ func startPage(c *gin.Context) {

 Test it with:
 ```sh
-$ curl -X GET "localhost:8085/testing?name=appleboy&address=xyz&birthday=1992-03-15"
+$ curl -X GET "localhost:8085/testing?name=appleboy&address=xyz&birthday=1992-03-15&createTime=1562400033000000123&unixTime=1562400033"
 ```

 ### Bind Uri
@ -909,6 +921,43 @@ $ curl -v localhost:8088/thinkerou/987fbc97-4bed-5078-9f07-9141ba07c9f3
 $ curl -v localhost:8088/thinkerou/not-uuid
 ```

+### Bind Header
+
+```go
+package main
+
+import (
+	"fmt"
+	"github.com/gin-gonic/gin"
+)
+
+type testHeader struct {
+	Rate   int    `header:"Rate"`
+	Domain string `header:"Domain"`
+}
+
+func main() {
+	r := gin.Default()
+	r.GET("/", func(c *gin.Context) {
+		h := testHeader{}
+
+		if err := c.ShouldBindHeader(&h); err != nil {
+			c.JSON(200, err)
+		}
+
+		fmt.Printf("%#v\n", h)
+		c.JSON(200, gin.H{"Rate": h.Rate, "Domain": h.Domain})
+	})
+
+	r.Run()
+
+// client
+// curl -H "rate:300" -H "domain:music" 127.0.0.1:8080/
+// output
+// {"Domain":"music","Rate":300}
+}
+```
+
 ### Bind HTML checkboxes

 See the [detail information](https://github.com/gin-gonic/gin/issues/129#issuecomment-124260092)
@ -958,32 +1007,36 @@ result:
 ### Multipart/Urlencoded binding

 ```go
-package main
+type ProfileForm struct {
+	Name   string                `form:"name" binding:"required"`
+	Avatar *multipart.FileHeader `form:"avatar" binding:"required"`

-import (
-	"github.com/gin-gonic/gin"
-)
-
-type LoginForm struct {
-	User     string `form:"user" binding:"required"`
-	Password string `form:"password" binding:"required"`
+	// or for multiple files
+	// Avatars []*multipart.FileHeader `form:"avatar" binding:"required"`
 }

 func main() {
 	router := gin.Default()
-	router.POST("/login", func(c *gin.Context) {
+	router.POST("/profile", func(c *gin.Context) {
 		// you can bind multipart form with explicit binding declaration:
 		// c.ShouldBindWith(&form, binding.Form)
 		// or you can simply use autobinding with ShouldBind method:
-		var form LoginForm
+		var form ProfileForm
 		// in this case proper binding will be automatically selected
-		if c.ShouldBind(&form) == nil {
-			if form.User == "user" && form.Password == "password" {
-				c.JSON(200, gin.H{"status": "you are logged in"})
-			} else {
-				c.JSON(401, gin.H{"status": "unauthorized"})
+		if err := c.ShouldBind(&form); err != nil {
+			c.String(http.StatusBadRequest, "bad request")
+			return
 		}
+
+		err := c.SaveUploadedFile(form.Avatar, form.Avatar.Filename)
+		if err != nil {
+			c.String(http.StatusInternalServerError, "unknown error")
+			return
 		}
+
+		// db.Save(&form)
+
+		c.String(http.StatusOK, "ok")
 	})
 	router.Run(":8080")
 }
@ -991,7 +1044,7 @@ func main() {

 Test it with:
 ```sh
-$ curl -v --form user=user --form password=password http://localhost:8080/login
+$ curl -X POST -v --form name=user --form "avatar=@./avatar.png" http://localhost:8080/profile
 ```

 ### XML, JSON, YAML and ProtoBuf rendering
@ -1076,8 +1129,8 @@ Using JSONP to request data from a server  in a different domain. Add callback t
 func main() {
 	r := gin.Default()

-	r.GET("/JSONP?callback=x", func(c *gin.Context) {
-		data := map[string]interface{}{
+	r.GET("/JSONP", func(c *gin.Context) {
+		data := gin.H{
 			"foo": "bar",
 		}
 		
@ -1088,19 +1141,22 @@ func main() {

 	// Listen and serve on 0.0.0.0:8080
 	r.Run(":8080")
+
+        // client
+        // curl http://127.0.0.1:8080/JSONP?callback=x
 }
 ```

 #### AsciiJSON

-Using AsciiJSON to Generates ASCII-only JSON with escaped non-ASCII chracters.
+Using AsciiJSON to Generates ASCII-only JSON with escaped non-ASCII characters.

 ```go
 func main() {
 	r := gin.Default()

 	r.GET("/someJSON", func(c *gin.Context) {
-		data := map[string]interface{}{
+		data := gin.H{
 			"lang": "GO语言",
 			"tag":  "<br>",
 		}
@ -1281,7 +1337,7 @@ You may use custom delims

 #### Custom Template Funcs

-See the detail [example code](examples/template).
+See the detail [example code](https://github.com/gin-gonic/examples/tree/master/template).

 main.go

@ -1309,7 +1365,7 @@ func main() {
    router.LoadHTMLFiles("./testdata/template/raw.tmpl")

    router.GET("/raw", func(c *gin.Context) {
-        c.HTML(http.StatusOK, "raw.tmpl", map[string]interface{}{
+        c.HTML(http.StatusOK, "raw.tmpl", gin.H{
            "now": time.Date(2017, 07, 01, 0, 0, 0, 0, time.UTC),
        })
    })
@ -1501,7 +1557,6 @@ func main() {

 example for 1-line LetsEncrypt HTTPS servers.

-[embedmd]:# (examples/auto-tls/example1/main.go go)
 ```go
 package main

@ -1526,7 +1581,6 @@ func main() {

 example for custom autocert manager.

-[embedmd]:# (examples/auto-tls/example2/main.go go)
 ```go
 package main

@ -1560,7 +1614,6 @@ func main() {

 See the [question](https://github.com/gin-gonic/gin/issues/346) and try the following example:

-[embedmd]:# (examples/multiple-service/main.go go)
 ```go
 package main

@ -1625,11 +1678,19 @@ func main() {
 	}

 	g.Go(func() error {
-		return server01.ListenAndServe()
+		err := server01.ListenAndServe()
+		if err != nil && err != http.ErrServerClosed {
+			log.Fatal(err)
+		}
+		return err
 	})

 	g.Go(func() error {
-		return server02.ListenAndServe()
+		err := server02.ListenAndServe()
+		if err != nil && err != http.ErrServerClosed {
+			log.Fatal(err)
+		}
+		return err
 	})

 	if err := g.Wait(); err != nil {
@ -1658,9 +1719,8 @@ An alternative to endless:
 * [graceful](https://github.com/tylerb/graceful): Graceful is a Go package enabling graceful shutdown of an http.Handler server.
 * [grace](https://github.com/facebookgo/grace): Graceful restart & zero downtime deploy for Go servers.

-If you are using Go 1.8, you may not need to use this library! Consider using http.Server's built-in [Shutdown()](https://golang.org/pkg/net/http/#Server.Shutdown) method for graceful shutdowns. See the full [graceful-shutdown](./examples/graceful-shutdown) example with gin.
+If you are using Go 1.8, you may not need to use this library! Consider using http.Server's built-in [Shutdown()](https://golang.org/pkg/net/http/#Server.Shutdown) method for graceful shutdowns. See the full [graceful-shutdown](https://github.com/gin-gonic/examples/tree/master/graceful-shutdown) example with gin.

-[embedmd]:# (examples/graceful-shutdown/graceful-shutdown/server.go go)
 ```go
 // +build go1.8

@ -1700,9 +1760,9 @@ func main() {
 	// Wait for interrupt signal to gracefully shutdown the server with
 	// a timeout of 5 seconds.
 	quit := make(chan os.Signal)
-	// kill (no param) default send syscanll.SIGTERM
+	// kill (no param) default send syscall.SIGTERM
 	// kill -2 is syscall.SIGINT
-	// kill -9 is syscall. SIGKILL but can"t be catch, so don't need add it
+	// kill -9 is syscall.SIGKILL but can't be catch, so don't need add it
 	signal.Notify(quit, syscall.SIGINT, syscall.SIGTERM)
 	<-quit
 	log.Println("Shutdown Server ...")
@ -1747,6 +1807,7 @@ func main() {
 func loadTemplate() (*template.Template, error) {
 	t := template.New("")
 	for name, file := range Assets.Files {
+		defer file.Close()
 		if file.IsDir() || !strings.HasSuffix(name, ".tmpl") {
 			continue
 		}
@ -1763,7 +1824,7 @@ func loadTemplate() (*template.Template, error) {
 }
 ```

-See a complete example in the `examples/assets-in-binary` directory.
+See a complete example in the `https://github.com/gin-gonic/examples/tree/master/assets-in-binary` directory.

 ### Bind form-data request with custom struct

@ -1839,24 +1900,6 @@ $ curl "http://localhost:8080/getd?field_x=hello&field_d=world"
 {"d":"world","x":{"FieldX":"hello"}}
 ```

-**NOTE**: NOT support the follow style struct:
-
-```go
-type StructX struct {
-    X struct {} `form:"name_x"` // HERE have form
-}
-
-type StructY struct {
-    Y StructX `form:"name_y"` // HERE have form
-}
-
-type StructZ struct {
-    Z *StructZ `form:"name_z"` // HERE have form
-}
-```
-
-In a word, only support nested custom struct which have no `form` now.
-
 ### Try to bind body into different structs

 The normal methods for binding request body consumes `c.Request.Body` and they
@ -1919,7 +1962,6 @@ performance (See [#1341](https://github.com/gin-gonic/gin/pull/1341)).

 http.Pusher is supported only **go1.8+**. See the [golang blog](https://blog.golang.org/h2push) for detail information.

-[embedmd]:# (examples/http-pusher/main.go go)
 ```go
 package main

@ -2086,9 +2128,9 @@ func TestPingRoute(t *testing.T) {

 Awesome project lists using [Gin](https://github.com/gin-gonic/gin) web framework.

-* [drone](https://github.com/drone/drone): Drone is a Continuous Delivery platform built on Docker, written in Go.
 * [gorush](https://github.com/appleboy/gorush): A push notification server written in Go.
 * [fnproject](https://github.com/fnproject/fn): The container native, cloud agnostic serverless platform.
 * [photoprism](https://github.com/photoprism/photoprism): Personal photo management powered by Go and Google TensorFlow.
 * [krakend](https://github.com/devopsfaith/krakend): Ultra performant API Gateway with middlewares.
 * [picfit](https://github.com/thoas/picfit): An image resizing server written in Go.
+* [brigade](https://github.com/brigadecore/brigade): Event-based Scripting for Kubernetes.
--- a/auth.go
+++ b/auth.go
@ -5,7 +5,6 @@
 package gin

 import (
-	"crypto/subtle"
 	"encoding/base64"
 	"net/http"
 	"strconv"
@ -86,11 +85,3 @@ func authorizationHeader(user, password string) string {
 	base := user + ":" + password
 	return "Basic " + base64.StdEncoding.EncodeToString([]byte(base))
 }
-
-func secureCompare(given, actual string) bool {
-	if subtle.ConstantTimeEq(int32(len(given)), int32(len(actual))) == 1 {
-		return subtle.ConstantTimeCompare([]byte(given), []byte(actual)) == 1
-	}
-	// Securely compare actual to itself to keep constant time, but always return false.
-	return subtle.ConstantTimeCompare([]byte(actual), []byte(actual)) == 1 && false
-}
--- a/auth_test.go
+++ b/auth_test.go
@ -81,13 +81,6 @@ func TestBasicAuthAuthorizationHeader(t *testing.T) {
 	assert.Equal(t, "Basic YWRtaW46cGFzc3dvcmQ=", authorizationHeader("admin", "password"))
 }

-func TestBasicAuthSecureCompare(t *testing.T) {
-	assert.True(t, secureCompare("1234567890", "1234567890"))
-	assert.False(t, secureCompare("123456789", "1234567890"))
-	assert.False(t, secureCompare("12345678900", "1234567890"))
-	assert.False(t, secureCompare("1234567891", "1234567890"))
-}
-
 func TestBasicAuthSucceed(t *testing.T) {
 	accounts := Accounts{"admin": "password"}
 	router := New()
--- a/binding/binding.go
+++ b/binding/binding.go
@ -78,6 +78,7 @@ var (
 	MsgPack       = msgpackBinding{}
 	YAML          = yamlBinding{}
 	Uri           = uriBinding{}
+	Header        = headerBinding{}
 )

 // Default returns the appropriate Binding instance based on the HTTP method
@ -98,7 +99,9 @@ func Default(method, contentType string) Binding {
 		return MsgPack
 	case MIMEYAML:
 		return YAML
-	default: //case MIMEPOSTForm, MIMEMultipartPOSTForm:
+	case MIMEMultipartPOSTForm:
+		return FormMultipart
+	default: // case MIMEPOSTForm:
 		return Form
 	}
 }
--- a/binding/binding_body_test.go
+++ b/binding/binding_body_test.go
@ -1,72 +0,0 @@
-package binding
-
-import (
-	"bytes"
-	"io/ioutil"
-	"testing"
-
-	"github.com/gin-gonic/gin/testdata/protoexample"
-	"github.com/golang/protobuf/proto"
-	"github.com/stretchr/testify/assert"
-	"github.com/ugorji/go/codec"
-)
-
-func TestBindingBody(t *testing.T) {
-	for _, tt := range []struct {
-		name    string
-		binding BindingBody
-		body    string
-		want    string
-	}{
-		{
-			name:    "JSON binding",
-			binding: JSON,
-			body:    `{"foo":"FOO"}`,
-		},
-		{
-			name:    "XML binding",
-			binding: XML,
-			body: `<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
-<root>
-   <foo>FOO</foo>
-</root>`,
-		},
-		{
-			name:    "MsgPack binding",
-			binding: MsgPack,
-			body:    msgPackBody(t),
-		},
-		{
-			name:    "YAML binding",
-			binding: YAML,
-			body:    `foo: FOO`,
-		},
-	} {
-		t.Logf("testing: %s", tt.name)
-		req := requestWithBody("POST", "/", tt.body)
-		form := FooStruct{}
-		body, _ := ioutil.ReadAll(req.Body)
-		assert.NoError(t, tt.binding.BindBody(body, &form))
-		assert.Equal(t, FooStruct{"FOO"}, form)
-	}
-}
-
-func msgPackBody(t *testing.T) string {
-	test := FooStruct{"FOO"}
-	h := new(codec.MsgpackHandle)
-	buf := bytes.NewBuffer(nil)
-	assert.NoError(t, codec.NewEncoder(buf, h).Encode(test))
-	return buf.String()
-}
-
-func TestBindingBodyProto(t *testing.T) {
-	test := protoexample.Test{
-		Label: proto.String("FOO"),
-	}
-	data, _ := proto.Marshal(&test)
-	req := requestWithBody("POST", "/", string(data))
-	form := protoexample.Test{}
-	body, _ := ioutil.ReadAll(req.Body)
-	assert.NoError(t, ProtoBuf.BindBody(body, &form))
-	assert.Equal(t, test, form)
-}
--- a/binding/binding_test.go
+++ b/binding/binding_test.go
@ -8,10 +8,13 @@ import (
 	"bytes"
 	"encoding/json"
 	"errors"
+	"io"
 	"io/ioutil"
 	"mime/multipart"
 	"net/http"
+	"os"
 	"strconv"
+	"strings"
 	"testing"
 	"time"

@ -21,6 +24,16 @@ import (
 	"github.com/ugorji/go/codec"
 )

+type appkey struct {
+	Appkey string `json:"appkey" form:"appkey"`
+}
+
+type QueryTest struct {
+	Page int `json:"page" form:"page"`
+	Size int `json:"size" form:"size"`
+	appkey
+}
+
 type FooStruct struct {
 	Foo string `msgpack:"foo" json:"foo" form:"foo" xml:"foo" binding:"required"`
 }
@ -30,6 +43,18 @@ type FooBarStruct struct {
 	Bar string `msgpack:"bar" json:"bar" form:"bar" xml:"bar" binding:"required"`
 }

+type FooBarFileStruct struct {
+	FooBarStruct
+	File *multipart.FileHeader `form:"file" binding:"required"`
+}
+
+type FooBarFileFailStruct struct {
+	FooBarStruct
+	File *multipart.FileHeader `invalid_name:"file" binding:"required"`
+	// for unexport test
+	data *multipart.FileHeader `form:"data" binding:"required"`
+}
+
 type FooDefaultBarStruct struct {
 	FooStruct
 	Bar string `msgpack:"bar" json:"bar" form:"bar,default=hello" xml:"bar" binding:"required"`
@ -39,9 +64,20 @@ type FooStructUseNumber struct {
 	Foo interface{} `json:"foo" binding:"required"`
 }

+type FooStructDisallowUnknownFields struct {
+	Foo interface{} `json:"foo" binding:"required"`
+}
+
 type FooBarStructForTimeType struct {
 	TimeFoo    time.Time `form:"time_foo" time_format:"2006-01-02" time_utc:"1" time_location:"Asia/Chongqing"`
 	TimeBar    time.Time `form:"time_bar" time_format:"2006-01-02" time_utc:"1"`
+	CreateTime time.Time `form:"createTime" time_format:"unixNano"`
+	UnixTime   time.Time `form:"unixTime" time_format:"unix"`
+}
+
+type FooStructForTimeTypeNotUnixFormat struct {
+	CreateTime time.Time `form:"createTime" time_format:"unixNano"`
+	UnixTime   time.Time `form:"unixTime" time_format:"unix"`
 }

 type FooStructForTimeTypeNotFormat struct {
@ -57,7 +93,6 @@ type FooStructForTimeTypeFailLocation struct {
 }

 type FooStructForMapType struct {
-	// Unknown type: not support map
 	MapFoo map[string]interface{} `form:"map_foo"`
 }

@ -100,71 +135,6 @@ type FooStructForBoolType struct {
 	BoolFoo bool `form:"bool_foo"`
 }

-type FooBarStructForIntType struct {
-	IntFoo int `form:"int_foo"`
-	IntBar int `form:"int_bar" binding:"required"`
-}
-
-type FooBarStructForInt8Type struct {
-	Int8Foo int8 `form:"int8_foo"`
-	Int8Bar int8 `form:"int8_bar" binding:"required"`
-}
-
-type FooBarStructForInt16Type struct {
-	Int16Foo int16 `form:"int16_foo"`
-	Int16Bar int16 `form:"int16_bar" binding:"required"`
-}
-
-type FooBarStructForInt32Type struct {
-	Int32Foo int32 `form:"int32_foo"`
-	Int32Bar int32 `form:"int32_bar" binding:"required"`
-}
-
-type FooBarStructForInt64Type struct {
-	Int64Foo int64 `form:"int64_foo"`
-	Int64Bar int64 `form:"int64_bar" binding:"required"`
-}
-
-type FooBarStructForUintType struct {
-	UintFoo uint `form:"uint_foo"`
-	UintBar uint `form:"uint_bar" binding:"required"`
-}
-
-type FooBarStructForUint8Type struct {
-	Uint8Foo uint8 `form:"uint8_foo"`
-	Uint8Bar uint8 `form:"uint8_bar" binding:"required"`
-}
-
-type FooBarStructForUint16Type struct {
-	Uint16Foo uint16 `form:"uint16_foo"`
-	Uint16Bar uint16 `form:"uint16_bar" binding:"required"`
-}
-
-type FooBarStructForUint32Type struct {
-	Uint32Foo uint32 `form:"uint32_foo"`
-	Uint32Bar uint32 `form:"uint32_bar" binding:"required"`
-}
-
-type FooBarStructForUint64Type struct {
-	Uint64Foo uint64 `form:"uint64_foo"`
-	Uint64Bar uint64 `form:"uint64_bar" binding:"required"`
-}
-
-type FooBarStructForBoolType struct {
-	BoolFoo bool `form:"bool_foo"`
-	BoolBar bool `form:"bool_bar" binding:"required"`
-}
-
-type FooBarStructForFloat32Type struct {
-	Float32Foo float32 `form:"float32_foo"`
-	Float32Bar float32 `form:"float32_bar" binding:"required"`
-}
-
-type FooBarStructForFloat64Type struct {
-	Float64Foo float64 `form:"float64_foo"`
-	Float64Bar float64 `form:"float64_bar" binding:"required"`
-}
-
 type FooStructForStringPtrType struct {
 	PtrFoo *string `form:"ptr_foo"`
 	PtrBar *string `form:"ptr_bar" binding:"required"`
@ -187,8 +157,8 @@ func TestBindingDefault(t *testing.T) {
 	assert.Equal(t, Form, Default("POST", MIMEPOSTForm))
 	assert.Equal(t, Form, Default("PUT", MIMEPOSTForm))

-	assert.Equal(t, Form, Default("POST", MIMEMultipartPOSTForm))
-	assert.Equal(t, Form, Default("PUT", MIMEMultipartPOSTForm))
+	assert.Equal(t, FormMultipart, Default("POST", MIMEMultipartPOSTForm))
+	assert.Equal(t, FormMultipart, Default("PUT", MIMEMultipartPOSTForm))

 	assert.Equal(t, ProtoBuf, Default("POST", MIMEPROTOBUF))
 	assert.Equal(t, ProtoBuf, Default("PUT", MIMEPROTOBUF))
@ -228,6 +198,12 @@ func TestBindingJSONUseNumber2(t *testing.T) {
 		`{"foo": 123}`, `{"bar": "foo"}`)
 }

+func TestBindingJSONDisallowUnknownFields(t *testing.T) {
+	testBodyBindingDisallowUnknownFields(t, JSON,
+		"/", "/",
+		`{"foo": "bar"}`, `{"foo": "bar", "what": "this"}`)
+}
+
 func TestBindingForm(t *testing.T) {
 	testFormBinding(t, "POST",
 		"/", "/",
@ -240,6 +216,18 @@ func TestBindingForm2(t *testing.T) {
 		"", "")
 }

+func TestBindingFormEmbeddedStruct(t *testing.T) {
+	testFormBindingEmbeddedStruct(t, "POST",
+		"/", "/",
+		"page=1&size=2&appkey=test-appkey", "bar2=foo")
+}
+
+func TestBindingFormEmbeddedStruct2(t *testing.T) {
+	testFormBindingEmbeddedStruct(t, "GET",
+		"/?page=1&size=2&appkey=test-appkey", "/?bar2=foo",
+		"", "")
+}
+
 func TestBindingFormDefaultValue(t *testing.T) {
 	testFormBindingDefaultValue(t, "POST",
 		"/", "/",
@ -255,7 +243,10 @@ func TestBindingFormDefaultValue2(t *testing.T) {
 func TestBindingFormForTime(t *testing.T) {
 	testFormBindingForTime(t, "POST",
 		"/", "/",
-		"time_foo=2017-11-15&time_bar=", "bar2=foo")
+		"time_foo=2017-11-15&time_bar=&createTime=1562400033000000123&unixTime=1562400033", "bar2=foo")
+	testFormBindingForTimeNotUnixFormat(t, "POST",
+		"/", "/",
+		"time_foo=2017-11-15&createTime=bad&unixTime=bad", "bar2=foo")
 	testFormBindingForTimeNotFormat(t, "POST",
 		"/", "/",
 		"time_foo=2017-11-15", "bar2=foo")
@ -269,8 +260,11 @@ func TestBindingFormForTime(t *testing.T) {

 func TestBindingFormForTime2(t *testing.T) {
 	testFormBindingForTime(t, "GET",
-		"/?time_foo=2017-11-15&time_bar=", "/?bar2=foo",
+		"/?time_foo=2017-11-15&time_bar=&createTime=1562400033000000123&unixTime=1562400033", "/?bar2=foo",
 		"", "")
+	testFormBindingForTimeNotUnixFormat(t, "POST",
+		"/", "/",
+		"time_foo=2017-11-15&createTime=bad&unixTime=bad", "bar2=foo")
 	testFormBindingForTimeNotFormat(t, "GET",
 		"/?time_foo=2017-11-15", "/?bar2=foo",
 		"", "")
@ -303,7 +297,7 @@ func TestBindingFormInvalidName2(t *testing.T) {
 func TestBindingFormForType(t *testing.T) {
 	testFormBindingForType(t, "POST",
 		"/", "/",
-		"map_foo=", "bar2=1", "Map")
+		"map_foo={\"bar\":123}", "map_foo=1", "Map")

 	testFormBindingForType(t, "POST",
 		"/", "/",
@ -321,110 +315,6 @@ func TestBindingFormForType(t *testing.T) {
 		"/?slice_map_foo=1&slice_map_foo=2", "/?bar2=1&bar2=2",
 		"", "", "SliceMap")

-	testFormBindingForType(t, "POST",
-		"/", "/",
-		"int_foo=&int_bar=-12", "bar2=-123", "Int")
-
-	testFormBindingForType(t, "GET",
-		"/?int_foo=&int_bar=-12", "/?bar2=-123",
-		"", "", "Int")
-
-	testFormBindingForType(t, "POST",
-		"/", "/",
-		"int8_foo=&int8_bar=-12", "bar2=-123", "Int8")
-
-	testFormBindingForType(t, "GET",
-		"/?int8_foo=&int8_bar=-12", "/?bar2=-123",
-		"", "", "Int8")
-
-	testFormBindingForType(t, "POST",
-		"/", "/",
-		"int16_foo=&int16_bar=-12", "bar2=-123", "Int16")
-
-	testFormBindingForType(t, "GET",
-		"/?int16_foo=&int16_bar=-12", "/?bar2=-123",
-		"", "", "Int16")
-
-	testFormBindingForType(t, "POST",
-		"/", "/",
-		"int32_foo=&int32_bar=-12", "bar2=-123", "Int32")
-
-	testFormBindingForType(t, "GET",
-		"/?int32_foo=&int32_bar=-12", "/?bar2=-123",
-		"", "", "Int32")
-
-	testFormBindingForType(t, "POST",
-		"/", "/",
-		"int64_foo=&int64_bar=-12", "bar2=-123", "Int64")
-
-	testFormBindingForType(t, "GET",
-		"/?int64_foo=&int64_bar=-12", "/?bar2=-123",
-		"", "", "Int64")
-
-	testFormBindingForType(t, "POST",
-		"/", "/",
-		"uint_foo=&uint_bar=12", "bar2=123", "Uint")
-
-	testFormBindingForType(t, "GET",
-		"/?uint_foo=&uint_bar=12", "/?bar2=123",
-		"", "", "Uint")
-
-	testFormBindingForType(t, "POST",
-		"/", "/",
-		"uint8_foo=&uint8_bar=12", "bar2=123", "Uint8")
-
-	testFormBindingForType(t, "GET",
-		"/?uint8_foo=&uint8_bar=12", "/?bar2=123",
-		"", "", "Uint8")
-
-	testFormBindingForType(t, "POST",
-		"/", "/",
-		"uint16_foo=&uint16_bar=12", "bar2=123", "Uint16")
-
-	testFormBindingForType(t, "GET",
-		"/?uint16_foo=&uint16_bar=12", "/?bar2=123",
-		"", "", "Uint16")
-
-	testFormBindingForType(t, "POST",
-		"/", "/",
-		"uint32_foo=&uint32_bar=12", "bar2=123", "Uint32")
-
-	testFormBindingForType(t, "GET",
-		"/?uint32_foo=&uint32_bar=12", "/?bar2=123",
-		"", "", "Uint32")
-
-	testFormBindingForType(t, "POST",
-		"/", "/",
-		"uint64_foo=&uint64_bar=12", "bar2=123", "Uint64")
-
-	testFormBindingForType(t, "GET",
-		"/?uint64_foo=&uint64_bar=12", "/?bar2=123",
-		"", "", "Uint64")
-
-	testFormBindingForType(t, "POST",
-		"/", "/",
-		"bool_foo=&bool_bar=true", "bar2=true", "Bool")
-
-	testFormBindingForType(t, "GET",
-		"/?bool_foo=&bool_bar=true", "/?bar2=true",
-		"", "", "Bool")
-
-	testFormBindingForType(t, "POST",
-		"/", "/",
-		"float32_foo=&float32_bar=-12.34", "bar2=12.3", "Float32")
-
-	testFormBindingForType(t, "GET",
-		"/?float32_foo=&float32_bar=-12.34", "/?bar2=12.3",
-		"", "", "Float32")
-
-	testFormBindingForType(t, "POST",
-		"/", "/",
-		"float64_foo=&float64_bar=-12.34", "bar2=12.3", "Float64")
-
-	testFormBindingForType(t, "GET",
-		"/?float64_foo=&float64_bar=-12.34", "/?bar2=12.3",
-		"", "", "Float64")
-
 	testFormBindingForType(t, "POST",
 		"/", "/",
 		"ptr_bar=test", "bar2=test", "Ptr")
@ -508,24 +398,84 @@ func TestBindingYAMLFail(t *testing.T) {
 		`foo:\nbar`, `bar: foo`)
 }

-func createFormPostRequest() *http.Request {
-	req, _ := http.NewRequest("POST", "/?foo=getfoo&bar=getbar", bytes.NewBufferString("foo=bar&bar=foo"))
+func createFormPostRequest(t *testing.T) *http.Request {
+	req, err := http.NewRequest("POST", "/?foo=getfoo&bar=getbar", bytes.NewBufferString("foo=bar&bar=foo"))
+	assert.NoError(t, err)
 	req.Header.Set("Content-Type", MIMEPOSTForm)
 	return req
 }

-func createDefaultFormPostRequest() *http.Request {
-	req, _ := http.NewRequest("POST", "/?foo=getfoo&bar=getbar", bytes.NewBufferString("foo=bar"))
+func createDefaultFormPostRequest(t *testing.T) *http.Request {
+	req, err := http.NewRequest("POST", "/?foo=getfoo&bar=getbar", bytes.NewBufferString("foo=bar"))
+	assert.NoError(t, err)
 	req.Header.Set("Content-Type", MIMEPOSTForm)
 	return req
 }

-func createFormPostRequestFail() *http.Request {
-	req, _ := http.NewRequest("POST", "/?map_foo=getfoo", bytes.NewBufferString("map_foo=bar"))
+func createFormPostRequestForMap(t *testing.T) *http.Request {
+	req, err := http.NewRequest("POST", "/?map_foo=getfoo", bytes.NewBufferString("map_foo={\"bar\":123}"))
+	assert.NoError(t, err)
 	req.Header.Set("Content-Type", MIMEPOSTForm)
 	return req
 }

+func createFormPostRequestForMapFail(t *testing.T) *http.Request {
+	req, err := http.NewRequest("POST", "/?map_foo=getfoo", bytes.NewBufferString("map_foo=hello"))
+	assert.NoError(t, err)
+	req.Header.Set("Content-Type", MIMEPOSTForm)
+	return req
+}
+
+func createFormFilesMultipartRequest(t *testing.T) *http.Request {
+	boundary := "--testboundary"
+	body := new(bytes.Buffer)
+	mw := multipart.NewWriter(body)
+	defer mw.Close()
+
+	assert.NoError(t, mw.SetBoundary(boundary))
+	assert.NoError(t, mw.WriteField("foo", "bar"))
+	assert.NoError(t, mw.WriteField("bar", "foo"))
+
+	f, err := os.Open("form.go")
+	assert.NoError(t, err)
+	defer f.Close()
+	fw, err1 := mw.CreateFormFile("file", "form.go")
+	assert.NoError(t, err1)
+	_, err = io.Copy(fw, f)
+	assert.NoError(t, err)
+
+	req, err2 := http.NewRequest("POST", "/?foo=getfoo&bar=getbar", body)
+	assert.NoError(t, err2)
+	req.Header.Set("Content-Type", MIMEMultipartPOSTForm+"; boundary="+boundary)
+
+	return req
+}
+
+func createFormFilesMultipartRequestFail(t *testing.T) *http.Request {
+	boundary := "--testboundary"
+	body := new(bytes.Buffer)
+	mw := multipart.NewWriter(body)
+	defer mw.Close()
+
+	assert.NoError(t, mw.SetBoundary(boundary))
+	assert.NoError(t, mw.WriteField("foo", "bar"))
+	assert.NoError(t, mw.WriteField("bar", "foo"))
+
+	f, err := os.Open("form.go")
+	assert.NoError(t, err)
+	defer f.Close()
+	fw, err1 := mw.CreateFormFile("file_foo", "form_foo.go")
+	assert.NoError(t, err1)
+	_, err = io.Copy(fw, f)
+	assert.NoError(t, err)
+
+	req, err2 := http.NewRequest("POST", "/?foo=getfoo&bar=getbar", body)
+	assert.NoError(t, err2)
+	req.Header.Set("Content-Type", MIMEMultipartPOSTForm+"; boundary="+boundary)
+
+	return req
+}
+
 func createFormMultipartRequest(t *testing.T) *http.Request {
 	boundary := "--testboundary"
 	body := new(bytes.Buffer)
@ -535,26 +485,42 @@ func createFormMultipartRequest(t *testing.T) *http.Request {
 	assert.NoError(t, mw.SetBoundary(boundary))
 	assert.NoError(t, mw.WriteField("foo", "bar"))
 	assert.NoError(t, mw.WriteField("bar", "foo"))
-	req, _ := http.NewRequest("POST", "/?foo=getfoo&bar=getbar", body)
+	req, err := http.NewRequest("POST", "/?foo=getfoo&bar=getbar", body)
+	assert.NoError(t, err)
 	req.Header.Set("Content-Type", MIMEMultipartPOSTForm+"; boundary="+boundary)
 	return req
 }

-func createFormMultipartRequestFail(t *testing.T) *http.Request {
+func createFormMultipartRequestForMap(t *testing.T) *http.Request {
 	boundary := "--testboundary"
 	body := new(bytes.Buffer)
 	mw := multipart.NewWriter(body)
 	defer mw.Close()

 	assert.NoError(t, mw.SetBoundary(boundary))
-	assert.NoError(t, mw.WriteField("map_foo", "bar"))
-	req, _ := http.NewRequest("POST", "/?map_foo=getfoo", body)
+	assert.NoError(t, mw.WriteField("map_foo", "{\"bar\":123, \"name\":\"thinkerou\", \"pai\": 3.14}"))
+	req, err := http.NewRequest("POST", "/?map_foo=getfoo", body)
+	assert.NoError(t, err)
+	req.Header.Set("Content-Type", MIMEMultipartPOSTForm+"; boundary="+boundary)
+	return req
+}
+
+func createFormMultipartRequestForMapFail(t *testing.T) *http.Request {
+	boundary := "--testboundary"
+	body := new(bytes.Buffer)
+	mw := multipart.NewWriter(body)
+	defer mw.Close()
+
+	assert.NoError(t, mw.SetBoundary(boundary))
+	assert.NoError(t, mw.WriteField("map_foo", "3.14"))
+	req, err := http.NewRequest("POST", "/?map_foo=getfoo", body)
+	assert.NoError(t, err)
 	req.Header.Set("Content-Type", MIMEMultipartPOSTForm+"; boundary="+boundary)
 	return req
 }

 func TestBindingFormPost(t *testing.T) {
-	req := createFormPostRequest()
+	req := createFormPostRequest(t)
 	var obj FooBarStruct
 	assert.NoError(t, FormPost.Bind(req, &obj))

@ -564,7 +530,7 @@ func TestBindingFormPost(t *testing.T) {
 }

 func TestBindingDefaultValueFormPost(t *testing.T) {
-	req := createDefaultFormPostRequest()
+	req := createDefaultFormPostRequest(t)
 	var obj FooDefaultBarStruct
 	assert.NoError(t, FormPost.Bind(req, &obj))

@ -572,10 +538,47 @@ func TestBindingDefaultValueFormPost(t *testing.T) {
 	assert.Equal(t, "hello", obj.Bar)
 }

-func TestBindingFormPostFail(t *testing.T) {
-	req := createFormPostRequestFail()
+func TestBindingFormPostForMap(t *testing.T) {
+	req := createFormPostRequestForMap(t)
 	var obj FooStructForMapType
 	err := FormPost.Bind(req, &obj)
+	assert.NoError(t, err)
+	assert.Equal(t, float64(123), obj.MapFoo["bar"].(float64))
+}
+
+func TestBindingFormPostForMapFail(t *testing.T) {
+	req := createFormPostRequestForMapFail(t)
+	var obj FooStructForMapType
+	err := FormPost.Bind(req, &obj)
+	assert.Error(t, err)
+}
+
+func TestBindingFormFilesMultipart(t *testing.T) {
+	req := createFormFilesMultipartRequest(t)
+	var obj FooBarFileStruct
+	err := FormMultipart.Bind(req, &obj)
+	assert.NoError(t, err)
+
+	// file from os
+	f, _ := os.Open("form.go")
+	defer f.Close()
+	fileActual, _ := ioutil.ReadAll(f)
+
+	// file from multipart
+	mf, _ := obj.File.Open()
+	defer mf.Close()
+	fileExpect, _ := ioutil.ReadAll(mf)
+
+	assert.Equal(t, FormMultipart.Name(), "multipart/form-data")
+	assert.Equal(t, obj.Foo, "bar")
+	assert.Equal(t, obj.Bar, "foo")
+	assert.Equal(t, fileExpect, fileActual)
+}
+
+func TestBindingFormFilesMultipartFail(t *testing.T) {
+	req := createFormFilesMultipartRequestFail(t)
+	var obj FooBarFileFailStruct
+	err := FormMultipart.Bind(req, &obj)
 	assert.Error(t, err)
 }

@ -589,8 +592,18 @@ func TestBindingFormMultipart(t *testing.T) {
 	assert.Equal(t, "foo", obj.Bar)
 }

-func TestBindingFormMultipartFail(t *testing.T) {
-	req := createFormMultipartRequestFail(t)
+func TestBindingFormMultipartForMap(t *testing.T) {
+	req := createFormMultipartRequestForMap(t)
+	var obj FooStructForMapType
+	err := FormMultipart.Bind(req, &obj)
+	assert.NoError(t, err)
+	assert.Equal(t, float64(123), obj.MapFoo["bar"].(float64))
+	assert.Equal(t, "thinkerou", obj.MapFoo["name"].(string))
+	assert.Equal(t, float64(3.14), obj.MapFoo["pai"].(float64))
+}
+
+func TestBindingFormMultipartForMapFail(t *testing.T) {
+	req := createFormMultipartRequestForMapFail(t)
 	var obj FooStructForMapType
 	err := FormMultipart.Bind(req, &obj)
 	assert.Error(t, err)
@ -658,9 +671,9 @@ func TestValidationDisabled(t *testing.T) {
 	assert.NoError(t, err)
 }

-func TestExistsSucceeds(t *testing.T) {
+func TestRequiredSucceeds(t *testing.T) {
 	type HogeStruct struct {
-		Hoge *int `json:"hoge" binding:"exists"`
+		Hoge *int `json:"hoge" binding:"required"`
 	}

 	var obj HogeStruct
@ -669,9 +682,9 @@ func TestExistsSucceeds(t *testing.T) {
 	assert.NoError(t, err)
 }

-func TestExistsFails(t *testing.T) {
+func TestRequiredFails(t *testing.T) {
 	type HogeStruct struct {
-		Hoge *int `json:"foo" binding:"exists"`
+		Hoge *int `json:"foo" binding:"required"`
 	}

 	var obj HogeStruct
@ -680,6 +693,31 @@ func TestExistsFails(t *testing.T) {
 	assert.Error(t, err)
 }

+func TestHeaderBinding(t *testing.T) {
+	h := Header
+	assert.Equal(t, "header", h.Name())
+
+	type tHeader struct {
+		Limit int `header:"limit"`
+	}
+
+	var theader tHeader
+	req := requestWithBody("GET", "/", "")
+	req.Header.Add("limit", "1000")
+	assert.NoError(t, h.Bind(req, &theader))
+	assert.Equal(t, 1000, theader.Limit)
+
+	req = requestWithBody("GET", "/", "")
+	req.Header.Add("fail", `{fail:fail}`)
+
+	type failStruct struct {
+		Fail map[string]interface{} `header:"fail"`
+	}
+
+	err := h.Bind(req, &failStruct{})
+	assert.Error(t, err)
+}
+
 func TestUriBinding(t *testing.T) {
 	b := Uri
 	assert.Equal(t, "uri", b.Name())
@ -723,6 +761,23 @@ func TestUriInnerBinding(t *testing.T) {
 	assert.Equal(t, tag.S.Age, expectedAge)
 }

+func testFormBindingEmbeddedStruct(t *testing.T, method, path, badPath, body, badBody string) {
+	b := Form
+	assert.Equal(t, "form", b.Name())
+
+	obj := QueryTest{}
+	req := requestWithBody(method, path, body)
+	if method == "POST" {
+		req.Header.Add("Content-Type", MIMEPOSTForm)
+	}
+	err := b.Bind(req, &obj)
+	assert.NoError(t, err)
+	assert.Equal(t, 1, obj.Page)
+	assert.Equal(t, 2, obj.Size)
+	assert.Equal(t, "test-appkey", obj.Appkey)
+
+}
+
 func testFormBinding(t *testing.T, method, path, badPath, body, badBody string) {
 	b := Form
 	assert.Equal(t, "form", b.Name())
@ -773,6 +828,17 @@ func TestFormBindingFail(t *testing.T) {
 	assert.Error(t, err)
 }

+func TestFormBindingMultipartFail(t *testing.T) {
+	obj := FooBarStruct{}
+	req, err := http.NewRequest("POST", "/", strings.NewReader("foo=bar"))
+	assert.NoError(t, err)
+	req.Header.Set("Content-Type", MIMEMultipartPOSTForm+";boundary=testboundary")
+	_, err = req.MultipartReader()
+	assert.NoError(t, err)
+	err = Form.Bind(req, &obj)
+	assert.Error(t, err)
+}
+
 func TestFormPostBindingFail(t *testing.T) {
 	b := FormPost
 	assert.Equal(t, "form-urlencoded", b.Name())
@ -809,6 +875,8 @@ func testFormBindingForTime(t *testing.T, method, path, badPath, body, badBody s
 	assert.Equal(t, "Asia/Chongqing", obj.TimeFoo.Location().String())
 	assert.Equal(t, int64(-62135596800), obj.TimeBar.Unix())
 	assert.Equal(t, "UTC", obj.TimeBar.Location().String())
+	assert.Equal(t, int64(1562400033000000123), obj.CreateTime.UnixNano())
+	assert.Equal(t, int64(1562400033), obj.UnixTime.Unix())

 	obj = FooBarStructForTimeType{}
 	req = requestWithBody(method, badPath, badBody)
@ -816,6 +884,24 @@ func testFormBindingForTime(t *testing.T, method, path, badPath, body, badBody s
 	assert.Error(t, err)
 }

+func testFormBindingForTimeNotUnixFormat(t *testing.T, method, path, badPath, body, badBody string) {
+	b := Form
+	assert.Equal(t, "form", b.Name())
+
+	obj := FooStructForTimeTypeNotUnixFormat{}
+	req := requestWithBody(method, path, body)
+	if method == "POST" {
+		req.Header.Add("Content-Type", MIMEPOSTForm)
+	}
+	err := b.Bind(req, &obj)
+	assert.Error(t, err)
+
+	obj = FooStructForTimeTypeNotUnixFormat{}
+	req = requestWithBody(method, badPath, badBody)
+	err = JSON.Bind(req, &obj)
+	assert.Error(t, err)
+}
+
 func testFormBindingForTimeNotFormat(t *testing.T, method, path, badPath, body, badBody string) {
 	b := Form
 	assert.Equal(t, "form", b.Name())
@ -931,149 +1017,6 @@ func testFormBindingForType(t *testing.T, method, path, badPath, body, badBody s
 		req.Header.Add("Content-Type", MIMEPOSTForm)
 	}
 	switch typ {
-	case "Int":
-		obj := FooBarStructForIntType{}
-		err := b.Bind(req, &obj)
-		assert.NoError(t, err)
-		assert.Equal(t, int(0), obj.IntFoo)
-		assert.Equal(t, int(-12), obj.IntBar)
-
-		obj = FooBarStructForIntType{}
-		req = requestWithBody(method, badPath, badBody)
-		err = JSON.Bind(req, &obj)
-		assert.Error(t, err)
-	case "Int8":
-		obj := FooBarStructForInt8Type{}
-		err := b.Bind(req, &obj)
-		assert.NoError(t, err)
-		assert.Equal(t, int8(0), obj.Int8Foo)
-		assert.Equal(t, int8(-12), obj.Int8Bar)
-
-		obj = FooBarStructForInt8Type{}
-		req = requestWithBody(method, badPath, badBody)
-		err = JSON.Bind(req, &obj)
-		assert.Error(t, err)
-	case "Int16":
-		obj := FooBarStructForInt16Type{}
-		err := b.Bind(req, &obj)
-		assert.NoError(t, err)
-		assert.Equal(t, int16(0), obj.Int16Foo)
-		assert.Equal(t, int16(-12), obj.Int16Bar)
-
-		obj = FooBarStructForInt16Type{}
-		req = requestWithBody(method, badPath, badBody)
-		err = JSON.Bind(req, &obj)
-		assert.Error(t, err)
-	case "Int32":
-		obj := FooBarStructForInt32Type{}
-		err := b.Bind(req, &obj)
-		assert.NoError(t, err)
-		assert.Equal(t, int32(0), obj.Int32Foo)
-		assert.Equal(t, int32(-12), obj.Int32Bar)
-
-		obj = FooBarStructForInt32Type{}
-		req = requestWithBody(method, badPath, badBody)
-		err = JSON.Bind(req, &obj)
-		assert.Error(t, err)
-	case "Int64":
-		obj := FooBarStructForInt64Type{}
-		err := b.Bind(req, &obj)
-		assert.NoError(t, err)
-		assert.Equal(t, int64(0), obj.Int64Foo)
-		assert.Equal(t, int64(-12), obj.Int64Bar)
-
-		obj = FooBarStructForInt64Type{}
-		req = requestWithBody(method, badPath, badBody)
-		err = JSON.Bind(req, &obj)
-		assert.Error(t, err)
-	case "Uint":
-		obj := FooBarStructForUintType{}
-		err := b.Bind(req, &obj)
-		assert.NoError(t, err)
-		assert.Equal(t, uint(0x0), obj.UintFoo)
-		assert.Equal(t, uint(0xc), obj.UintBar)
-
-		obj = FooBarStructForUintType{}
-		req = requestWithBody(method, badPath, badBody)
-		err = JSON.Bind(req, &obj)
-		assert.Error(t, err)
-	case "Uint8":
-		obj := FooBarStructForUint8Type{}
-		err := b.Bind(req, &obj)
-		assert.NoError(t, err)
-		assert.Equal(t, uint8(0x0), obj.Uint8Foo)
-		assert.Equal(t, uint8(0xc), obj.Uint8Bar)
-
-		obj = FooBarStructForUint8Type{}
-		req = requestWithBody(method, badPath, badBody)
-		err = JSON.Bind(req, &obj)
-		assert.Error(t, err)
-	case "Uint16":
-		obj := FooBarStructForUint16Type{}
-		err := b.Bind(req, &obj)
-		assert.NoError(t, err)
-		assert.Equal(t, uint16(0x0), obj.Uint16Foo)
-		assert.Equal(t, uint16(0xc), obj.Uint16Bar)
-
-		obj = FooBarStructForUint16Type{}
-		req = requestWithBody(method, badPath, badBody)
-		err = JSON.Bind(req, &obj)
-		assert.Error(t, err)
-	case "Uint32":
-		obj := FooBarStructForUint32Type{}
-		err := b.Bind(req, &obj)
-		assert.NoError(t, err)
-		assert.Equal(t, uint32(0x0), obj.Uint32Foo)
-		assert.Equal(t, uint32(0xc), obj.Uint32Bar)
-
-		obj = FooBarStructForUint32Type{}
-		req = requestWithBody(method, badPath, badBody)
-		err = JSON.Bind(req, &obj)
-		assert.Error(t, err)
-	case "Uint64":
-		obj := FooBarStructForUint64Type{}
-		err := b.Bind(req, &obj)
-		assert.NoError(t, err)
-		assert.Equal(t, uint64(0x0), obj.Uint64Foo)
-		assert.Equal(t, uint64(0xc), obj.Uint64Bar)
-
-		obj = FooBarStructForUint64Type{}
-		req = requestWithBody(method, badPath, badBody)
-		err = JSON.Bind(req, &obj)
-		assert.Error(t, err)
-	case "Float32":
-		obj := FooBarStructForFloat32Type{}
-		err := b.Bind(req, &obj)
-		assert.NoError(t, err)
-		assert.Equal(t, float32(0.0), obj.Float32Foo)
-		assert.Equal(t, float32(-12.34), obj.Float32Bar)
-
-		obj = FooBarStructForFloat32Type{}
-		req = requestWithBody(method, badPath, badBody)
-		err = JSON.Bind(req, &obj)
-		assert.Error(t, err)
-	case "Float64":
-		obj := FooBarStructForFloat64Type{}
-		err := b.Bind(req, &obj)
-		assert.NoError(t, err)
-		assert.Equal(t, float64(0.0), obj.Float64Foo)
-		assert.Equal(t, float64(-12.34), obj.Float64Bar)
-
-		obj = FooBarStructForFloat64Type{}
-		req = requestWithBody(method, badPath, badBody)
-		err = JSON.Bind(req, &obj)
-		assert.Error(t, err)
-	case "Bool":
-		obj := FooBarStructForBoolType{}
-		err := b.Bind(req, &obj)
-		assert.NoError(t, err)
-		assert.False(t, obj.BoolFoo)
-		assert.True(t, obj.BoolBar)
-
-		obj = FooBarStructForBoolType{}
-		req = requestWithBody(method, badPath, badBody)
-		err = JSON.Bind(req, &obj)
-		assert.Error(t, err)
 	case "Slice":
 		obj := FooStructForSliceType{}
 		err := b.Bind(req, &obj)
@ -1109,7 +1052,8 @@ func testFormBindingForType(t *testing.T, method, path, badPath, body, badBody s
 	case "Map":
 		obj := FooStructForMapType{}
 		err := b.Bind(req, &obj)
-		assert.Error(t, err)
+		assert.NoError(t, err)
+		assert.Equal(t, float64(123), obj.MapFoo["bar"].(float64))
 	case "SliceMap":
 		obj := FooStructForSliceMapType{}
 		err := b.Bind(req, &obj)
@ -1231,6 +1175,25 @@ func testBodyBindingUseNumber2(t *testing.T, b Binding, name, path, badPath, bod
 	assert.Error(t, err)
 }

+func testBodyBindingDisallowUnknownFields(t *testing.T, b Binding, path, badPath, body, badBody string) {
+	EnableDecoderDisallowUnknownFields = true
+	defer func() {
+		EnableDecoderDisallowUnknownFields = false
+	}()
+
+	obj := FooStructDisallowUnknownFields{}
+	req := requestWithBody("POST", path, body)
+	err := b.Bind(req, &obj)
+	assert.NoError(t, err)
+	assert.Equal(t, "bar", obj.Foo)
+
+	obj = FooStructDisallowUnknownFields{}
+	req = requestWithBody("POST", badPath, badBody)
+	err = JSON.Bind(req, &obj)
+	assert.Error(t, err)
+	assert.Contains(t, err.Error(), "what")
+}
+
 func testBodyBindingFail(t *testing.T, b Binding, name, path, badPath, body, badBody string) {
 	assert.Equal(t, name, b.Name())

@ -1308,12 +1271,3 @@ func requestWithBody(method, path, body string) (req *http.Request) {
 	req, _ = http.NewRequest(method, path, bytes.NewBufferString(body))
 	return
 }
-
-func TestCanSet(t *testing.T) {
-	type CanSetStruct struct {
-		lowerStart string `form:"lower"`
-	}
-
-	var c CanSetStruct
-	assert.Nil(t, mapForm(&c, nil))
-}
--- a/binding/default_validator.go
+++ b/binding/default_validator.go
@ -8,7 +8,7 @@ import (
 	"reflect"
 	"sync"

-	"gopkg.in/go-playground/validator.v8"
+	"gopkg.in/go-playground/validator.v9"
 )

 type defaultValidator struct {
@ -45,7 +45,7 @@ func (v *defaultValidator) Engine() interface{} {

 func (v *defaultValidator) lazyinit() {
 	v.once.Do(func() {
-		config := &validator.Config{TagName: "binding"}
-		v.validate = validator.New(config)
+		v.validate = validator.New()
+		v.validate.SetTagName("binding")
 	})
 }
--- a/binding/form.go
+++ b/binding/form.go
@ -4,7 +4,9 @@

 package binding

-import "net/http"
+import (
+	"net/http"
+)

 const defaultMemory = 32 * 1024 * 1024

@ -53,8 +55,9 @@ func (formMultipartBinding) Bind(req *http.Request, obj interface{}) error {
 	if err := req.ParseMultipartForm(defaultMemory); err != nil {
 		return err
 	}
-	if err := mapForm(obj, req.MultipartForm.Value); err != nil {
+	if err := mappingByPtr(obj, (*multipartRequest)(req), "form"); err != nil {
 		return err
 	}
+
 	return validate(obj)
 }
--- a/binding/form_mapping.go
+++ b/binding/form_mapping.go
@ -6,12 +6,17 @@ package binding

 import (
 	"errors"
+	"fmt"
 	"reflect"
 	"strconv"
 	"strings"
 	"time"
+
+	"github.com/gin-gonic/gin/internal/json"
 )

+var errUnknownType = errors.New("unknown type")
+
 func mapUri(ptr interface{}, m map[string][]string) error {
 	return mapFormByTag(ptr, m, "uri")
 }
@ -20,124 +25,194 @@ func mapForm(ptr interface{}, form map[string][]string) error {
 	return mapFormByTag(ptr, form, "form")
 }

+var emptyField = reflect.StructField{}
+
 func mapFormByTag(ptr interface{}, form map[string][]string, tag string) error {
-	typ := reflect.TypeOf(ptr).Elem()
-	val := reflect.ValueOf(ptr).Elem()
-	for i := 0; i < typ.NumField(); i++ {
-		typeField := typ.Field(i)
-		structField := val.Field(i)
-		if !structField.CanSet() {
-			continue
+	return mappingByPtr(ptr, formSource(form), tag)
 }

-		structFieldKind := structField.Kind()
-		inputFieldName := typeField.Tag.Get(tag)
-		inputFieldNameList := strings.Split(inputFieldName, ",")
-		inputFieldName = inputFieldNameList[0]
-		var defaultValue string
-		if len(inputFieldNameList) > 1 {
-			defaultList := strings.SplitN(inputFieldNameList[1], "=", 2)
-			if defaultList[0] == "default" {
-				defaultValue = defaultList[1]
+// setter tries to set value on a walking by fields of a struct
+type setter interface {
+	TrySet(value reflect.Value, field reflect.StructField, key string, opt setOptions) (isSetted bool, err error)
 }
-		}
-		if inputFieldName == "-" {
-			continue
-		}
-		if inputFieldName == "" {
-			inputFieldName = typeField.Name

-			// if "form" tag is nil, we inspect if the field is a struct or struct pointer.
-			// this would not make sense for JSON parsing but it does for a form
-			// since data is flatten
-			if structFieldKind == reflect.Ptr {
-				if !structField.Elem().IsValid() {
-					structField.Set(reflect.New(structField.Type().Elem()))
+type formSource map[string][]string
+
+var _ setter = formSource(nil)
+
+// TrySet tries to set a value by request's form source (like map[string][]string)
+func (form formSource) TrySet(value reflect.Value, field reflect.StructField, tagValue string, opt setOptions) (isSetted bool, err error) {
+	return setByForm(value, field, form, tagValue, opt)
 }
-				structField = structField.Elem()
-				structFieldKind = structField.Kind()
+
+func mappingByPtr(ptr interface{}, setter setter, tag string) error {
+	_, err := mapping(reflect.ValueOf(ptr), emptyField, setter, tag)
+	return err
 }
-			if structFieldKind == reflect.Struct {
-				err := mapFormByTag(structField.Addr().Interface(), form, tag)
+
+func mapping(value reflect.Value, field reflect.StructField, setter setter, tag string) (bool, error) {
+	if field.Tag.Get(tag) == "-" { // just ignoring this field
+		return false, nil
+	}
+
+	var vKind = value.Kind()
+
+	if vKind == reflect.Ptr {
+		var isNew bool
+		vPtr := value
+		if value.IsNil() {
+			isNew = true
+			vPtr = reflect.New(value.Type().Elem())
+		}
+		isSetted, err := mapping(vPtr.Elem(), field, setter, tag)
 		if err != nil {
-					return err
+			return false, err
 		}
-				continue
+		if isNew && isSetted {
+			value.Set(vPtr)
 		}
-		}
-		inputValue, exists := form[inputFieldName]
-
-		if !exists {
-			if defaultValue == "" {
-				continue
-			}
-			inputValue = make([]string, 1)
-			inputValue[0] = defaultValue
+		return isSetted, nil
 	}

-		numElems := len(inputValue)
-		if structFieldKind == reflect.Slice && numElems > 0 {
-			sliceOf := structField.Type().Elem().Kind()
-			slice := reflect.MakeSlice(structField.Type(), numElems, numElems)
-			for i := 0; i < numElems; i++ {
-				if err := setWithProperType(sliceOf, inputValue[i], slice.Index(i)); err != nil {
-					return err
+	if vKind != reflect.Struct || !field.Anonymous {
+		ok, err := tryToSetValue(value, field, setter, tag)
+		if err != nil {
+			return false, err
 		}
+		if ok {
+			return true, nil
 		}
-			val.Field(i).Set(slice)
-			continue
-		}
-		if _, isTime := structField.Interface().(time.Time); isTime {
-			if err := setTimeField(inputValue[0], typeField, structField); err != nil {
-				return err
-			}
-			continue
-		}
-		if err := setWithProperType(typeField.Type.Kind(), inputValue[0], structField); err != nil {
-			return err
-		}
-	}
-	return nil
 	}

-func setWithProperType(valueKind reflect.Kind, val string, structField reflect.Value) error {
-	switch valueKind {
-	case reflect.Int:
-		return setIntField(val, 0, structField)
-	case reflect.Int8:
-		return setIntField(val, 8, structField)
-	case reflect.Int16:
-		return setIntField(val, 16, structField)
-	case reflect.Int32:
-		return setIntField(val, 32, structField)
-	case reflect.Int64:
-		return setIntField(val, 64, structField)
-	case reflect.Uint:
-		return setUintField(val, 0, structField)
-	case reflect.Uint8:
-		return setUintField(val, 8, structField)
-	case reflect.Uint16:
-		return setUintField(val, 16, structField)
-	case reflect.Uint32:
-		return setUintField(val, 32, structField)
-	case reflect.Uint64:
-		return setUintField(val, 64, structField)
-	case reflect.Bool:
-		return setBoolField(val, structField)
-	case reflect.Float32:
-		return setFloatField(val, 32, structField)
-	case reflect.Float64:
-		return setFloatField(val, 64, structField)
-	case reflect.String:
-		structField.SetString(val)
-	case reflect.Ptr:
-		if !structField.Elem().IsValid() {
-			structField.Set(reflect.New(structField.Type().Elem()))
+	if vKind == reflect.Struct {
+		tValue := value.Type()
+
+		var isSetted bool
+		for i := 0; i < value.NumField(); i++ {
+			sf := tValue.Field(i)
+			if sf.PkgPath != "" && !sf.Anonymous { // unexported
+				continue
 			}
-		structFieldElem := structField.Elem()
-		return setWithProperType(structFieldElem.Kind(), val, structFieldElem)
+			ok, err := mapping(value.Field(i), tValue.Field(i), setter, tag)
+			if err != nil {
+				return false, err
+			}
+			isSetted = isSetted || ok
+		}
+		return isSetted, nil
+	}
+	return false, nil
+}
+
+type setOptions struct {
+	isDefaultExists bool
+	defaultValue    string
+}
+
+func tryToSetValue(value reflect.Value, field reflect.StructField, setter setter, tag string) (bool, error) {
+	var tagValue string
+	var setOpt setOptions
+
+	tagValue = field.Tag.Get(tag)
+	tagValue, opts := head(tagValue, ",")
+
+	if tagValue == "" { // default value is FieldName
+		tagValue = field.Name
+	}
+	if tagValue == "" { // when field is "emptyField" variable
+		return false, nil
+	}
+
+	var opt string
+	for len(opts) > 0 {
+		opt, opts = head(opts, ",")
+
+		if k, v := head(opt, "="); k == "default" {
+			setOpt.isDefaultExists = true
+			setOpt.defaultValue = v
+		}
+	}
+
+	return setter.TrySet(value, field, tagValue, setOpt)
+}
+
+func setByForm(value reflect.Value, field reflect.StructField, form map[string][]string, tagValue string, opt setOptions) (isSetted bool, err error) {
+	vs, ok := form[tagValue]
+	if !ok && !opt.isDefaultExists {
+		return false, nil
+	}
+
+	switch value.Kind() {
+	case reflect.Slice:
+		if !ok {
+			vs = []string{opt.defaultValue}
+		}
+		return true, setSlice(vs, value, field)
+	case reflect.Array:
+		if !ok {
+			vs = []string{opt.defaultValue}
+		}
+		if len(vs) != value.Len() {
+			return false, fmt.Errorf("%q is not valid value for %s", vs, value.Type().String())
+		}
+		return true, setArray(vs, value, field)
 	default:
-		return errors.New("Unknown type")
+		var val string
+		if !ok {
+			val = opt.defaultValue
+		}
+
+		if len(vs) > 0 {
+			val = vs[0]
+		}
+		return true, setWithProperType(val, value, field)
+	}
+}
+
+func setWithProperType(val string, value reflect.Value, field reflect.StructField) error {
+	switch value.Kind() {
+	case reflect.Int:
+		return setIntField(val, 0, value)
+	case reflect.Int8:
+		return setIntField(val, 8, value)
+	case reflect.Int16:
+		return setIntField(val, 16, value)
+	case reflect.Int32:
+		return setIntField(val, 32, value)
+	case reflect.Int64:
+		switch value.Interface().(type) {
+		case time.Duration:
+			return setTimeDuration(val, value, field)
+		}
+		return setIntField(val, 64, value)
+	case reflect.Uint:
+		return setUintField(val, 0, value)
+	case reflect.Uint8:
+		return setUintField(val, 8, value)
+	case reflect.Uint16:
+		return setUintField(val, 16, value)
+	case reflect.Uint32:
+		return setUintField(val, 32, value)
+	case reflect.Uint64:
+		return setUintField(val, 64, value)
+	case reflect.Bool:
+		return setBoolField(val, value)
+	case reflect.Float32:
+		return setFloatField(val, 32, value)
+	case reflect.Float64:
+		return setFloatField(val, 64, value)
+	case reflect.String:
+		value.SetString(val)
+	case reflect.Struct:
+		switch value.Interface().(type) {
+		case time.Time:
+			return setTimeField(val, field, value)
+		}
+		return json.Unmarshal([]byte(val), value.Addr().Interface())
+	case reflect.Map:
+		return json.Unmarshal([]byte(val), value.Addr().Interface())
+	default:
+		return errUnknownType
 	}
 	return nil
 }
@ -192,6 +267,24 @@ func setTimeField(val string, structField reflect.StructField, value reflect.Val
 		timeFormat = time.RFC3339
 	}

+	switch tf := strings.ToLower(timeFormat); tf {
+	case "unix", "unixnano":
+		tv, err := strconv.ParseInt(val, 10, 0)
+		if err != nil {
+			return err
+		}
+
+		d := time.Duration(1)
+		if tf == "unixnano" {
+			d = time.Second
+		}
+
+		t := time.Unix(tv/int64(d), tv%int64(d))
+		value.Set(reflect.ValueOf(t))
+		return nil
+
+	}
+
 	if val == "" {
 		value.Set(reflect.ValueOf(time.Time{}))
 		return nil
@ -218,3 +311,40 @@ func setTimeField(val string, structField reflect.StructField, value reflect.Val
 	value.Set(reflect.ValueOf(t))
 	return nil
 }
+
+func setArray(vals []string, value reflect.Value, field reflect.StructField) error {
+	for i, s := range vals {
+		err := setWithProperType(s, value.Index(i), field)
+		if err != nil {
+			return err
+		}
+	}
+	return nil
+}
+
+func setSlice(vals []string, value reflect.Value, field reflect.StructField) error {
+	slice := reflect.MakeSlice(value.Type(), len(vals), len(vals))
+	err := setArray(vals, slice, field)
+	if err != nil {
+		return err
+	}
+	value.Set(slice)
+	return nil
+}
+
+func setTimeDuration(val string, value reflect.Value, field reflect.StructField) error {
+	d, err := time.ParseDuration(val)
+	if err != nil {
+		return err
+	}
+	value.Set(reflect.ValueOf(d))
+	return nil
+}
+
+func head(str, sep string) (head string, tail string) {
+	idx := strings.Index(str, sep)
+	if idx < 0 {
+		return str, ""
+	}
+	return str[:idx], str[idx+len(sep):]
+}
--- a/binding/form_mapping_benchmark_test.go
+++ b/binding/form_mapping_benchmark_test.go
@ -0,0 +1,67 @@
+// Copyright 2019 Gin Core Team.  All rights reserved.
+// Use of this source code is governed by a MIT style
+// license that can be found in the LICENSE file.
+
+package binding
+
+import (
+	"testing"
+	"time"
+
+	"github.com/stretchr/testify/assert"
+)
+
+var form = map[string][]string{
+	"name":      {"mike"},
+	"friends":   {"anna", "nicole"},
+	"id_number": {"12345678"},
+	"id_date":   {"2018-01-20"},
+}
+
+type structFull struct {
+	Name    string   `form:"name"`
+	Age     int      `form:"age,default=25"`
+	Friends []string `form:"friends"`
+	ID      *struct {
+		Number      string    `form:"id_number"`
+		DateOfIssue time.Time `form:"id_date" time_format:"2006-01-02" time_utc:"true"`
+	}
+	Nationality *string `form:"nationality"`
+}
+
+func BenchmarkMapFormFull(b *testing.B) {
+	var s structFull
+	for i := 0; i < b.N; i++ {
+		err := mapForm(&s, form)
+		if err != nil {
+			b.Fatalf("Error on a form mapping")
+		}
+	}
+	b.StopTimer()
+
+	t := b
+	assert.Equal(t, "mike", s.Name)
+	assert.Equal(t, 25, s.Age)
+	assert.Equal(t, []string{"anna", "nicole"}, s.Friends)
+	assert.Equal(t, "12345678", s.ID.Number)
+	assert.Equal(t, time.Date(2018, 1, 20, 0, 0, 0, 0, time.UTC), s.ID.DateOfIssue)
+	assert.Nil(t, s.Nationality)
+}
+
+type structName struct {
+	Name string `form:"name"`
+}
+
+func BenchmarkMapFormName(b *testing.B) {
+	var s structName
+	for i := 0; i < b.N; i++ {
+		err := mapForm(&s, form)
+		if err != nil {
+			b.Fatalf("Error on a form mapping")
+		}
+	}
+	b.StopTimer()
+
+	t := b
+	assert.Equal(t, "mike", s.Name)
+}
--- a/binding/form_mapping_test.go
+++ b/binding/form_mapping_test.go
@ -0,0 +1,281 @@
+// Copyright 2019 Gin Core Team. All rights reserved.
+// Use of this source code is governed by a MIT style
+// license that can be found in the LICENSE file.
+
+package binding
+
+import (
+	"reflect"
+	"testing"
+	"time"
+
+	"github.com/stretchr/testify/assert"
+)
+
+func TestMappingBaseTypes(t *testing.T) {
+	intPtr := func(i int) *int {
+		return &i
+	}
+	for _, tt := range []struct {
+		name   string
+		value  interface{}
+		form   string
+		expect interface{}
+	}{
+		{"base type", struct{ F int }{}, "9", int(9)},
+		{"base type", struct{ F int8 }{}, "9", int8(9)},
+		{"base type", struct{ F int16 }{}, "9", int16(9)},
+		{"base type", struct{ F int32 }{}, "9", int32(9)},
+		{"base type", struct{ F int64 }{}, "9", int64(9)},
+		{"base type", struct{ F uint }{}, "9", uint(9)},
+		{"base type", struct{ F uint8 }{}, "9", uint8(9)},
+		{"base type", struct{ F uint16 }{}, "9", uint16(9)},
+		{"base type", struct{ F uint32 }{}, "9", uint32(9)},
+		{"base type", struct{ F uint64 }{}, "9", uint64(9)},
+		{"base type", struct{ F bool }{}, "True", true},
+		{"base type", struct{ F float32 }{}, "9.1", float32(9.1)},
+		{"base type", struct{ F float64 }{}, "9.1", float64(9.1)},
+		{"base type", struct{ F string }{}, "test", string("test")},
+		{"base type", struct{ F *int }{}, "9", intPtr(9)},
+
+		// zero values
+		{"zero value", struct{ F int }{}, "", int(0)},
+		{"zero value", struct{ F uint }{}, "", uint(0)},
+		{"zero value", struct{ F bool }{}, "", false},
+		{"zero value", struct{ F float32 }{}, "", float32(0)},
+	} {
+		tp := reflect.TypeOf(tt.value)
+		testName := tt.name + ":" + tp.Field(0).Type.String()
+
+		val := reflect.New(reflect.TypeOf(tt.value))
+		val.Elem().Set(reflect.ValueOf(tt.value))
+
+		field := val.Elem().Type().Field(0)
+
+		_, err := mapping(val, emptyField, formSource{field.Name: {tt.form}}, "form")
+		assert.NoError(t, err, testName)
+
+		actual := val.Elem().Field(0).Interface()
+		assert.Equal(t, tt.expect, actual, testName)
+	}
+}
+
+func TestMappingDefault(t *testing.T) {
+	var s struct {
+		Int   int    `form:",default=9"`
+		Slice []int  `form:",default=9"`
+		Array [1]int `form:",default=9"`
+	}
+	err := mappingByPtr(&s, formSource{}, "form")
+	assert.NoError(t, err)
+
+	assert.Equal(t, 9, s.Int)
+	assert.Equal(t, []int{9}, s.Slice)
+	assert.Equal(t, [1]int{9}, s.Array)
+}
+
+func TestMappingSkipField(t *testing.T) {
+	var s struct {
+		A int
+	}
+	err := mappingByPtr(&s, formSource{}, "form")
+	assert.NoError(t, err)
+
+	assert.Equal(t, 0, s.A)
+}
+
+func TestMappingIgnoreField(t *testing.T) {
+	var s struct {
+		A int `form:"A"`
+		B int `form:"-"`
+	}
+	err := mappingByPtr(&s, formSource{"A": {"9"}, "B": {"9"}}, "form")
+	assert.NoError(t, err)
+
+	assert.Equal(t, 9, s.A)
+	assert.Equal(t, 0, s.B)
+}
+
+func TestMappingUnexportedField(t *testing.T) {
+	var s struct {
+		A int `form:"a"`
+		b int `form:"b"`
+	}
+	err := mappingByPtr(&s, formSource{"a": {"9"}, "b": {"9"}}, "form")
+	assert.NoError(t, err)
+
+	assert.Equal(t, 9, s.A)
+	assert.Equal(t, 0, s.b)
+}
+
+func TestMappingPrivateField(t *testing.T) {
+	var s struct {
+		f int `form:"field"`
+	}
+	err := mappingByPtr(&s, formSource{"field": {"6"}}, "form")
+	assert.NoError(t, err)
+	assert.Equal(t, int(0), s.f)
+}
+
+func TestMappingUnknownFieldType(t *testing.T) {
+	var s struct {
+		U uintptr
+	}
+
+	err := mappingByPtr(&s, formSource{"U": {"unknown"}}, "form")
+	assert.Error(t, err)
+	assert.Equal(t, errUnknownType, err)
+}
+
+func TestMappingURI(t *testing.T) {
+	var s struct {
+		F int `uri:"field"`
+	}
+	err := mapUri(&s, map[string][]string{"field": {"6"}})
+	assert.NoError(t, err)
+	assert.Equal(t, int(6), s.F)
+}
+
+func TestMappingForm(t *testing.T) {
+	var s struct {
+		F int `form:"field"`
+	}
+	err := mapForm(&s, map[string][]string{"field": {"6"}})
+	assert.NoError(t, err)
+	assert.Equal(t, int(6), s.F)
+}
+
+func TestMappingTime(t *testing.T) {
+	var s struct {
+		Time      time.Time
+		LocalTime time.Time `time_format:"2006-01-02"`
+		ZeroValue time.Time
+		CSTTime   time.Time `time_format:"2006-01-02" time_location:"Asia/Shanghai"`
+		UTCTime   time.Time `time_format:"2006-01-02" time_utc:"1"`
+	}
+
+	var err error
+	time.Local, err = time.LoadLocation("Europe/Berlin")
+	assert.NoError(t, err)
+
+	err = mapForm(&s, map[string][]string{
+		"Time":      {"2019-01-20T16:02:58Z"},
+		"LocalTime": {"2019-01-20"},
+		"ZeroValue": {},
+		"CSTTime":   {"2019-01-20"},
+		"UTCTime":   {"2019-01-20"},
+	})
+	assert.NoError(t, err)
+
+	assert.Equal(t, "2019-01-20 16:02:58 +0000 UTC", s.Time.String())
+	assert.Equal(t, "2019-01-20 00:00:00 +0100 CET", s.LocalTime.String())
+	assert.Equal(t, "2019-01-19 23:00:00 +0000 UTC", s.LocalTime.UTC().String())
+	assert.Equal(t, "0001-01-01 00:00:00 +0000 UTC", s.ZeroValue.String())
+	assert.Equal(t, "2019-01-20 00:00:00 +0800 CST", s.CSTTime.String())
+	assert.Equal(t, "2019-01-19 16:00:00 +0000 UTC", s.CSTTime.UTC().String())
+	assert.Equal(t, "2019-01-20 00:00:00 +0000 UTC", s.UTCTime.String())
+
+	// wrong location
+	var wrongLoc struct {
+		Time time.Time `time_location:"wrong"`
+	}
+	err = mapForm(&wrongLoc, map[string][]string{"Time": {"2019-01-20T16:02:58Z"}})
+	assert.Error(t, err)
+
+	// wrong time value
+	var wrongTime struct {
+		Time time.Time
+	}
+	err = mapForm(&wrongTime, map[string][]string{"Time": {"wrong"}})
+	assert.Error(t, err)
+}
+
+func TestMapiingTimeDuration(t *testing.T) {
+	var s struct {
+		D time.Duration
+	}
+
+	// ok
+	err := mappingByPtr(&s, formSource{"D": {"5s"}}, "form")
+	assert.NoError(t, err)
+	assert.Equal(t, 5*time.Second, s.D)
+
+	// error
+	err = mappingByPtr(&s, formSource{"D": {"wrong"}}, "form")
+	assert.Error(t, err)
+}
+
+func TestMappingSlice(t *testing.T) {
+	var s struct {
+		Slice []int `form:"slice,default=9"`
+	}
+
+	// default value
+	err := mappingByPtr(&s, formSource{}, "form")
+	assert.NoError(t, err)
+	assert.Equal(t, []int{9}, s.Slice)
+
+	// ok
+	err = mappingByPtr(&s, formSource{"slice": {"3", "4"}}, "form")
+	assert.NoError(t, err)
+	assert.Equal(t, []int{3, 4}, s.Slice)
+
+	// error
+	err = mappingByPtr(&s, formSource{"slice": {"wrong"}}, "form")
+	assert.Error(t, err)
+}
+
+func TestMappingArray(t *testing.T) {
+	var s struct {
+		Array [2]int `form:"array,default=9"`
+	}
+
+	// wrong default
+	err := mappingByPtr(&s, formSource{}, "form")
+	assert.Error(t, err)
+
+	// ok
+	err = mappingByPtr(&s, formSource{"array": {"3", "4"}}, "form")
+	assert.NoError(t, err)
+	assert.Equal(t, [2]int{3, 4}, s.Array)
+
+	// error - not enough vals
+	err = mappingByPtr(&s, formSource{"array": {"3"}}, "form")
+	assert.Error(t, err)
+
+	// error - wrong value
+	err = mappingByPtr(&s, formSource{"array": {"wrong"}}, "form")
+	assert.Error(t, err)
+}
+
+func TestMappingStructField(t *testing.T) {
+	var s struct {
+		J struct {
+			I int
+		}
+	}
+
+	err := mappingByPtr(&s, formSource{"J": {`{"I": 9}`}}, "form")
+	assert.NoError(t, err)
+	assert.Equal(t, 9, s.J.I)
+}
+
+func TestMappingMapField(t *testing.T) {
+	var s struct {
+		M map[string]int
+	}
+
+	err := mappingByPtr(&s, formSource{"M": {`{"one": 1}`}}, "form")
+	assert.NoError(t, err)
+	assert.Equal(t, map[string]int{"one": 1}, s.M)
+}
+
+func TestMappingIgnoredCircularRef(t *testing.T) {
+	type S struct {
+		S *S `form:"-"`
+	}
+	var s S
+
+	err := mappingByPtr(&s, formSource{}, "form")
+	assert.NoError(t, err)
+}
--- a/binding/header.go
+++ b/binding/header.go
@ -0,0 +1,34 @@
+package binding
+
+import (
+	"net/http"
+	"net/textproto"
+	"reflect"
+)
+
+type headerBinding struct{}
+
+func (headerBinding) Name() string {
+	return "header"
+}
+
+func (headerBinding) Bind(req *http.Request, obj interface{}) error {
+
+	if err := mapHeader(obj, req.Header); err != nil {
+		return err
+	}
+
+	return validate(obj)
+}
+
+func mapHeader(ptr interface{}, h map[string][]string) error {
+	return mappingByPtr(ptr, headerSource(h), "header")
+}
+
+type headerSource map[string][]string
+
+var _ setter = headerSource(nil)
+
+func (hs headerSource) TrySet(value reflect.Value, field reflect.StructField, tagValue string, opt setOptions) (isSetted bool, err error) {
+	return setByForm(value, field, hs, textproto.CanonicalMIMEHeaderKey(tagValue), opt)
+}
--- a/binding/json.go
+++ b/binding/json.go
@ -18,6 +18,12 @@ import (
 // interface{} as a Number instead of as a float64.
 var EnableDecoderUseNumber = false

+// EnableDecoderDisallowUnknownFields is used to call the DisallowUnknownFields method
+// on the JSON Decoder instance. DisallowUnknownFields causes the Decoder to
+// return an error when the destination is a struct and the input contains object
+// keys which do not match any non-ignored, exported fields in the destination.
+var EnableDecoderDisallowUnknownFields = false
+
 type jsonBinding struct{}

 func (jsonBinding) Name() string {
@ -40,6 +46,9 @@ func decodeJSON(r io.Reader, obj interface{}) error {
 	if EnableDecoderUseNumber {
 		decoder.UseNumber()
 	}
+	if EnableDecoderDisallowUnknownFields {
+		decoder.DisallowUnknownFields()
+	}
 	if err := decoder.Decode(obj); err != nil {
 		return err
 	}
--- a/binding/json_test.go
+++ b/binding/json_test.go
@ -0,0 +1,21 @@
+// Copyright 2019 Gin Core Team. All rights reserved.
+// Use of this source code is governed by a MIT style
+// license that can be found in the LICENSE file.
+
+package binding
+
+import (
+	"testing"
+
+	"github.com/stretchr/testify/assert"
+	"github.com/stretchr/testify/require"
+)
+
+func TestJSONBindingBindBody(t *testing.T) {
+	var s struct {
+		Foo string `json:"foo"`
+	}
+	err := jsonBinding{}.BindBody([]byte(`{"foo": "FOO"}`), &s)
+	require.NoError(t, err)
+	assert.Equal(t, "FOO", s.Foo)
+}
--- a/binding/msgpack_test.go
+++ b/binding/msgpack_test.go
@ -0,0 +1,32 @@
+// Copyright 2019 Gin Core Team. All rights reserved.
+// Use of this source code is governed by a MIT style
+// license that can be found in the LICENSE file.
+
+package binding
+
+import (
+	"bytes"
+	"testing"
+
+	"github.com/stretchr/testify/assert"
+	"github.com/stretchr/testify/require"
+	"github.com/ugorji/go/codec"
+)
+
+func TestMsgpackBindingBindBody(t *testing.T) {
+	type teststruct struct {
+		Foo string `msgpack:"foo"`
+	}
+	var s teststruct
+	err := msgpackBinding{}.BindBody(msgpackBody(t, teststruct{"FOO"}), &s)
+	require.NoError(t, err)
+	assert.Equal(t, "FOO", s.Foo)
+}
+
+func msgpackBody(t *testing.T, obj interface{}) []byte {
+	var bs bytes.Buffer
+	h := &codec.MsgpackHandle{}
+	err := codec.NewEncoder(&bs, h).Encode(obj)
+	require.NoError(t, err)
+	return bs.Bytes()
+}
--- a/binding/multipart_form_mapping.go
+++ b/binding/multipart_form_mapping.go
@ -0,0 +1,66 @@
+// Copyright 2019 Gin Core Team.  All rights reserved.
+// Use of this source code is governed by a MIT style
+// license that can be found in the LICENSE file.
+
+package binding
+
+import (
+	"errors"
+	"mime/multipart"
+	"net/http"
+	"reflect"
+)
+
+type multipartRequest http.Request
+
+var _ setter = (*multipartRequest)(nil)
+
+// TrySet tries to set a value by the multipart request with the binding a form file
+func (r *multipartRequest) TrySet(value reflect.Value, field reflect.StructField, key string, opt setOptions) (isSetted bool, err error) {
+	if files := r.MultipartForm.File[key]; len(files) != 0 {
+		return setByMultipartFormFile(value, field, files)
+	}
+
+	return setByForm(value, field, r.MultipartForm.Value, key, opt)
+}
+
+func setByMultipartFormFile(value reflect.Value, field reflect.StructField, files []*multipart.FileHeader) (isSetted bool, err error) {
+	switch value.Kind() {
+	case reflect.Ptr:
+		switch value.Interface().(type) {
+		case *multipart.FileHeader:
+			value.Set(reflect.ValueOf(files[0]))
+			return true, nil
+		}
+	case reflect.Struct:
+		switch value.Interface().(type) {
+		case multipart.FileHeader:
+			value.Set(reflect.ValueOf(*files[0]))
+			return true, nil
+		}
+	case reflect.Slice:
+		slice := reflect.MakeSlice(value.Type(), len(files), len(files))
+		isSetted, err = setArrayOfMultipartFormFiles(slice, field, files)
+		if err != nil || !isSetted {
+			return isSetted, err
+		}
+		value.Set(slice)
+		return true, nil
+	case reflect.Array:
+		return setArrayOfMultipartFormFiles(value, field, files)
+	}
+	return false, errors.New("unsupported field type for multipart.FileHeader")
+}
+
+func setArrayOfMultipartFormFiles(value reflect.Value, field reflect.StructField, files []*multipart.FileHeader) (isSetted bool, err error) {
+	if value.Len() != len(files) {
+		return false, errors.New("unsupported len of array for []*multipart.FileHeader")
+	}
+	for i := range files {
+		setted, err := setByMultipartFormFile(value.Index(i), field, files[i:i+1])
+		if err != nil || !setted {
+			return setted, err
+		}
+	}
+	return true, nil
+}
--- a/binding/multipart_form_mapping_test.go
+++ b/binding/multipart_form_mapping_test.go
@ -0,0 +1,138 @@
+// Copyright 2019 Gin Core Team.  All rights reserved.
+// Use of this source code is governed by a MIT style
+// license that can be found in the LICENSE file.
+
+package binding
+
+import (
+	"bytes"
+	"io/ioutil"
+	"mime/multipart"
+	"net/http"
+	"testing"
+
+	"github.com/stretchr/testify/assert"
+)
+
+func TestFormMultipartBindingBindOneFile(t *testing.T) {
+	var s struct {
+		FileValue   multipart.FileHeader     `form:"file"`
+		FilePtr     *multipart.FileHeader    `form:"file"`
+		SliceValues []multipart.FileHeader   `form:"file"`
+		SlicePtrs   []*multipart.FileHeader  `form:"file"`
+		ArrayValues [1]multipart.FileHeader  `form:"file"`
+		ArrayPtrs   [1]*multipart.FileHeader `form:"file"`
+	}
+	file := testFile{"file", "file1", []byte("hello")}
+
+	req := createRequestMultipartFiles(t, file)
+	err := FormMultipart.Bind(req, &s)
+	assert.NoError(t, err)
+
+	assertMultipartFileHeader(t, &s.FileValue, file)
+	assertMultipartFileHeader(t, s.FilePtr, file)
+	assert.Len(t, s.SliceValues, 1)
+	assertMultipartFileHeader(t, &s.SliceValues[0], file)
+	assert.Len(t, s.SlicePtrs, 1)
+	assertMultipartFileHeader(t, s.SlicePtrs[0], file)
+	assertMultipartFileHeader(t, &s.ArrayValues[0], file)
+	assertMultipartFileHeader(t, s.ArrayPtrs[0], file)
+}
+
+func TestFormMultipartBindingBindTwoFiles(t *testing.T) {
+	var s struct {
+		SliceValues []multipart.FileHeader   `form:"file"`
+		SlicePtrs   []*multipart.FileHeader  `form:"file"`
+		ArrayValues [2]multipart.FileHeader  `form:"file"`
+		ArrayPtrs   [2]*multipart.FileHeader `form:"file"`
+	}
+	files := []testFile{
+		{"file", "file1", []byte("hello")},
+		{"file", "file2", []byte("world")},
+	}
+
+	req := createRequestMultipartFiles(t, files...)
+	err := FormMultipart.Bind(req, &s)
+	assert.NoError(t, err)
+
+	assert.Len(t, s.SliceValues, len(files))
+	assert.Len(t, s.SlicePtrs, len(files))
+	assert.Len(t, s.ArrayValues, len(files))
+	assert.Len(t, s.ArrayPtrs, len(files))
+
+	for i, file := range files {
+		assertMultipartFileHeader(t, &s.SliceValues[i], file)
+		assertMultipartFileHeader(t, s.SlicePtrs[i], file)
+		assertMultipartFileHeader(t, &s.ArrayValues[i], file)
+		assertMultipartFileHeader(t, s.ArrayPtrs[i], file)
+	}
+}
+
+func TestFormMultipartBindingBindError(t *testing.T) {
+	files := []testFile{
+		{"file", "file1", []byte("hello")},
+		{"file", "file2", []byte("world")},
+	}
+
+	for _, tt := range []struct {
+		name string
+		s    interface{}
+	}{
+		{"wrong type", &struct {
+			Files int `form:"file"`
+		}{}},
+		{"wrong array size", &struct {
+			Files [1]*multipart.FileHeader `form:"file"`
+		}{}},
+		{"wrong slice type", &struct {
+			Files []int `form:"file"`
+		}{}},
+	} {
+		req := createRequestMultipartFiles(t, files...)
+		err := FormMultipart.Bind(req, tt.s)
+		assert.Error(t, err)
+	}
+}
+
+type testFile struct {
+	Fieldname string
+	Filename  string
+	Content   []byte
+}
+
+func createRequestMultipartFiles(t *testing.T, files ...testFile) *http.Request {
+	var body bytes.Buffer
+
+	mw := multipart.NewWriter(&body)
+	for _, file := range files {
+		fw, err := mw.CreateFormFile(file.Fieldname, file.Filename)
+		assert.NoError(t, err)
+
+		n, err := fw.Write(file.Content)
+		assert.NoError(t, err)
+		assert.Equal(t, len(file.Content), n)
+	}
+	err := mw.Close()
+	assert.NoError(t, err)
+
+	req, err := http.NewRequest("POST", "/", &body)
+	assert.NoError(t, err)
+
+	req.Header.Set("Content-Type", MIMEMultipartPOSTForm+"; boundary="+mw.Boundary())
+	return req
+}
+
+func assertMultipartFileHeader(t *testing.T, fh *multipart.FileHeader, file testFile) {
+	assert.Equal(t, file.Filename, fh.Filename)
+	// assert.Equal(t, int64(len(file.Content)), fh.Size) // fh.Size does not exist on go1.8
+
+	fl, err := fh.Open()
+	assert.NoError(t, err)
+
+	body, err := ioutil.ReadAll(fl)
+	assert.NoError(t, err)
+	assert.Equal(t, string(file.Content), string(body))
+
+	err = fl.Close()
+	assert.NoError(t, err)
+}
--- a/binding/validate_test.go
+++ b/binding/validate_test.go
@ -6,12 +6,11 @@ package binding

 import (
 	"bytes"
-	"reflect"
 	"testing"
 	"time"

 	"github.com/stretchr/testify/assert"
-	"gopkg.in/go-playground/validator.v8"
+	"gopkg.in/go-playground/validator.v9"
 )

 type testInterface interface {
@ -200,15 +199,8 @@ type structCustomValidation struct {
 	Integer int `binding:"notone"`
 }

-// notOne is a custom validator meant to be used with `validator.v8` library.
-// The method signature for `v9` is significantly different and this function
-// would need to be changed for tests to pass after upgrade.
-// See https://github.com/gin-gonic/gin/pull/1015.
-func notOne(
-	v *validator.Validate, topStruct reflect.Value, currentStructOrField reflect.Value,
-	field reflect.Value, fieldType reflect.Type, fieldKind reflect.Kind, param string,
-) bool {
-	if val, ok := field.Interface().(int); ok {
+func notOne(f1 validator.FieldLevel) bool {
+	if val, ok := f1.Field().Interface().(int); ok {
 		return val != 1
 	}
 	return false
--- a/binding/xml_test.go
+++ b/binding/xml_test.go
@ -0,0 +1,25 @@
+// Copyright 2019 Gin Core Team. All rights reserved.
+// Use of this source code is governed by a MIT style
+// license that can be found in the LICENSE file.
+
+package binding
+
+import (
+	"testing"
+
+	"github.com/stretchr/testify/assert"
+	"github.com/stretchr/testify/require"
+)
+
+func TestXMLBindingBindBody(t *testing.T) {
+	var s struct {
+		Foo string `xml:"foo"`
+	}
+	xmlBody := `<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
+<root>
+   <foo>FOO</foo>
+</root>`
+	err := xmlBinding{}.BindBody([]byte(xmlBody), &s)
+	require.NoError(t, err)
+	assert.Equal(t, "FOO", s.Foo)
+}
--- a/binding/yaml_test.go
+++ b/binding/yaml_test.go
@ -0,0 +1,21 @@
+// Copyright 2019 Gin Core Team. All rights reserved.
+// Use of this source code is governed by a MIT style
+// license that can be found in the LICENSE file.
+
+package binding
+
+import (
+	"testing"
+
+	"github.com/stretchr/testify/assert"
+	"github.com/stretchr/testify/require"
+)
+
+func TestYAMLBindingBindBody(t *testing.T) {
+	var s struct {
+		Foo string `yaml:"foo"`
+	}
+	err := yamlBinding{}.BindBody([]byte("foo: FOO"), &s)
+	require.NoError(t, err)
+	assert.Equal(t, "FOO", s.Foo)
+}
--- a/context.go
+++ b/context.go
@ -6,6 +6,7 @@ package gin

 import (
 	"errors"
+	"fmt"
 	"io"
 	"io/ioutil"
 	"math"
@ -47,6 +48,7 @@ type Context struct {
 	Params   Params
 	handlers HandlersChain
 	index    int8
+	fullPath string

 	engine *Engine

@ -58,6 +60,13 @@ type Context struct {

 	// Accepted defines a list of manually accepted formats for content negotiation.
 	Accepted []string
+
+	// queryCache use url.ParseQuery cached the param query result from c.Request.URL.Query()
+	queryCache url.Values
+
+	// formCache use url.ParseQuery cached PostForm contains the parsed form data from POST, PATCH,
+	// or PUT body parameters.
+	formCache url.Values
 }

 /************************************/
@ -69,9 +78,12 @@ func (c *Context) reset() {
 	c.Params = c.Params[0:0]
 	c.handlers = nil
 	c.index = -1
+	c.fullPath = ""
 	c.Keys = nil
 	c.Errors = c.Errors[0:0]
 	c.Accepted = nil
+	c.queryCache = nil
+	c.formCache = nil
 }

 // Copy returns a copy of the current context that can be safely used outside the request's scope.
@ -86,6 +98,9 @@ func (c *Context) Copy() *Context {
 	for k, v := range c.Keys {
 		cp.Keys[k] = v
 	}
+	paramCopy := make([]Param, len(cp.Params))
+	copy(paramCopy, cp.Params)
+	cp.Params = paramCopy
 	return &cp
 }

@ -110,6 +125,15 @@ func (c *Context) Handler() HandlerFunc {
 	return c.handlers.Last()
 }

+// FullPath returns a matched route full path. For not found routes
+// returns an empty string.
+//     router.GET("/user/:id", func(c *gin.Context) {
+//         c.FullPath() == "/user/:id" // true
+//     })
+func (c *Context) FullPath() string {
+	return c.fullPath
+}
+
 /************************************/
 /*********** FLOW CONTROL ***********/
 /************************************/
@ -367,10 +391,17 @@ func (c *Context) QueryArray(key string) []string {
 	return values
 }

+func (c *Context) getQueryCache() {
+	if c.queryCache == nil {
+		c.queryCache = c.Request.URL.Query()
+	}
+}
+
 // GetQueryArray returns a slice of strings for a given query key, plus
 // a boolean value whether at least one value exists for the given key.
 func (c *Context) GetQueryArray(key string) ([]string, bool) {
-	if values, ok := c.Request.URL.Query()[key]; ok && len(values) > 0 {
+	c.getQueryCache()
+	if values, ok := c.queryCache[key]; ok && len(values) > 0 {
 		return values, true
 	}
 	return []string{}, false
@ -385,7 +416,8 @@ func (c *Context) QueryMap(key string) map[string]string {
 // GetQueryMap returns a map for a given query key, plus a boolean value
 // whether at least one value exists for the given key.
 func (c *Context) GetQueryMap(key string) (map[string]string, bool) {
-	return c.get(c.Request.URL.Query(), key)
+	c.getQueryCache()
+	return c.get(c.queryCache, key)
 }

 // PostForm returns the specified key from a POST urlencoded form or multipart form
@ -426,22 +458,25 @@ func (c *Context) PostFormArray(key string) []string {
 	return values
 }

-// GetPostFormArray returns a slice of strings for a given form key, plus
-// a boolean value whether at least one value exists for the given key.
-func (c *Context) GetPostFormArray(key string) ([]string, bool) {
+func (c *Context) getFormCache() {
+	if c.formCache == nil {
+		c.formCache = make(url.Values)
 		req := c.Request
 		if err := req.ParseMultipartForm(c.engine.MaxMultipartMemory); err != nil {
 			if err != http.ErrNotMultipart {
 				debugPrint("error on parse multipart form array: %v", err)
 			}
 		}
-	if values := req.PostForm[key]; len(values) > 0 {
-		return values, true
+		c.formCache = req.PostForm
 	}
-	if req.MultipartForm != nil && req.MultipartForm.File != nil {
-		if values := req.MultipartForm.Value[key]; len(values) > 0 {
-			return values, true
 }
+
+// GetPostFormArray returns a slice of strings for a given form key, plus
+// a boolean value whether at least one value exists for the given key.
+func (c *Context) GetPostFormArray(key string) ([]string, bool) {
+	c.getFormCache()
+	if values := c.formCache[key]; len(values) > 0 {
+		return values, true
 	}
 	return []string{}, false
 }
@ -455,19 +490,8 @@ func (c *Context) PostFormMap(key string) map[string]string {
 // GetPostFormMap returns a map for a given form key, plus a boolean value
 // whether at least one value exists for the given key.
 func (c *Context) GetPostFormMap(key string) (map[string]string, bool) {
-	req := c.Request
-	if err := req.ParseMultipartForm(c.engine.MaxMultipartMemory); err != nil {
-		if err != http.ErrNotMultipart {
-			debugPrint("error on parse multipart form map: %v", err)
-		}
-	}
-	dicts, exist := c.get(req.PostForm, key)
-
-	if !exist && req.MultipartForm != nil && req.MultipartForm.File != nil {
-		dicts, exist = c.get(req.MultipartForm.Value, key)
-	}
-
-	return dicts, exist
+	c.getFormCache()
+	return c.get(c.formCache, key)
 }

 // get is an internal method and returns a map which satisfy conditions.
@ -492,7 +516,11 @@ func (c *Context) FormFile(name string) (*multipart.FileHeader, error) {
 			return nil, err
 		}
 	}
-	_, fh, err := c.Request.FormFile(name)
+	f, fh, err := c.Request.FormFile(name)
+	if err != nil {
+		return nil, err
+	}
+	f.Close()
 	return fh, err
 }

@ -553,6 +581,11 @@ func (c *Context) BindYAML(obj interface{}) error {
 	return c.MustBindWith(obj, binding.YAML)
 }

+// BindHeader is a shortcut for c.MustBindWith(obj, binding.Header).
+func (c *Context) BindHeader(obj interface{}) error {
+	return c.MustBindWith(obj, binding.Header)
+}
+
 // BindUri binds the passed struct pointer using binding.Uri.
 // It will abort the request with HTTP 400 if any error occurs.
 func (c *Context) BindUri(obj interface{}) error {
@ -607,6 +640,11 @@ func (c *Context) ShouldBindYAML(obj interface{}) error {
 	return c.ShouldBindWith(obj, binding.YAML)
 }

+// ShouldBindHeader is a shortcut for c.ShouldBindWith(obj, binding.Header).
+func (c *Context) ShouldBindHeader(obj interface{}) error {
+	return c.ShouldBindWith(obj, binding.Header)
+}
+
 // ShouldBindUri binds the passed struct pointer using the specified binding engine.
 func (c *Context) ShouldBindUri(obj interface{}) error {
 	m := make(map[string][]string)
@ -681,7 +719,7 @@ func (c *Context) ContentType() string {
 // handshake is being initiated by the client.
 func (c *Context) IsWebsocket() bool {
 	if strings.Contains(strings.ToLower(c.requestHeader("Connection")), "upgrade") &&
-		strings.ToLower(c.requestHeader("Upgrade")) == "websocket" {
+		strings.EqualFold(c.requestHeader("Upgrade"), "websocket") {
 		return true
 	}
 	return false
@ -710,7 +748,7 @@ func bodyAllowedForStatus(status int) bool {

 // Status sets the HTTP response code.
 func (c *Context) Status(code int) {
-	c.writermem.WriteHeader(code)
+	c.Writer.WriteHeader(code)
 }

 // Header is a intelligent shortcut for c.Writer.Header().Set(key, value).
@ -828,6 +866,12 @@ func (c *Context) AsciiJSON(code int, obj interface{}) {
 	c.Render(code, render.AsciiJSON{Data: obj})
 }

+// PureJSON serializes the given struct as JSON into the response body.
+// PureJSON, unlike JSON, does not replace special html characters with their unicode entities.
+func (c *Context) PureJSON(code int, obj interface{}) {
+	c.Render(code, render.PureJSON{Data: obj})
+}
+
 // XML serializes the given struct as XML into the response body.
 // It also sets the Content-Type as "application/xml".
 func (c *Context) XML(code int, obj interface{}) {
@ -881,6 +925,13 @@ func (c *Context) File(filepath string) {
 	http.ServeFile(c.Writer, c.Request, filepath)
 }

+// FileAttachment writes the specified file into the body stream in an efficient way
+// On the client side, the file will typically be downloaded with the given filename
+func (c *Context) FileAttachment(filepath, filename string) {
+	c.Writer.Header().Set("content-disposition", fmt.Sprintf("attachment; filename=\"%s\"", filename))
+	http.ServeFile(c.Writer, c.Request, filepath)
+}
+
 // SSEvent writes a Server-Sent Event into the body stream.
 func (c *Context) SSEvent(name string, message interface{}) {
 	c.Render(-1, sse.Event{
@ -889,19 +940,20 @@ func (c *Context) SSEvent(name string, message interface{}) {
 	})
 }

-// Stream sends a streaming response.
-func (c *Context) Stream(step func(w io.Writer) bool) {
+// Stream sends a streaming response and returns a boolean
+// indicates "Is client disconnected in middle of stream"
+func (c *Context) Stream(step func(w io.Writer) bool) bool {
 	w := c.Writer
 	clientGone := w.CloseNotify()
 	for {
 		select {
 		case <-clientGone:
-			return
+			return true
 		default:
 			keepOpen := step(w)
 			w.Flush()
 			if !keepOpen {
-				return
+				return false
 			}
 		}
 	}
@ -953,7 +1005,18 @@ func (c *Context) NegotiateFormat(offered ...string) string {
 	}
 	for _, accepted := range c.Accepted {
 		for _, offert := range offered {
-			if accepted == offert {
+			// According to RFC 2616 and RFC 2396, non-ASCII characters are not allowed in headers,
+			// therefore we can just iterate over the string without casting it into []rune
+			i := 0
+			for ; i < len(accepted); i++ {
+				if accepted[i] == '*' || offert[i] == '*' {
+					return offert
+				}
+				if accepted[i] != offert[i] {
+					break
+				}
+			}
+			if i == len(accepted) {
 				return offert
 			}
 		}
--- a/context_17.go
+++ b/context_17.go
@ -1,17 +0,0 @@
-// Copyright 2018 Gin Core Team.  All rights reserved.
-// Use of this source code is governed by a MIT style
-// license that can be found in the LICENSE file.
-
-// +build go1.7
-
-package gin
-
-import (
-	"github.com/gin-gonic/gin/render"
-)
-
-// PureJSON serializes the given struct as JSON into the response body.
-// PureJSON, unlike JSON, does not replace special html characters with their unicode entities.
-func (c *Context) PureJSON(code int, obj interface{}) {
-	c.Render(code, render.PureJSON{Data: obj})
-}
--- a/context_17_test.go
+++ b/context_17_test.go
@ -1,27 +0,0 @@
-// Copyright 2018 Gin Core Team.  All rights reserved.
-// Use of this source code is governed by a MIT style
-// license that can be found in the LICENSE file.
-
-// +build go1.7
-
-package gin
-
-import (
-	"net/http"
-	"net/http/httptest"
-	"testing"
-
-	"github.com/stretchr/testify/assert"
-)
-
-// Tests that the response is serialized as JSON
-// and Content-Type is set to application/json
-// and special HTML characters are preserved
-func TestContextRenderPureJSON(t *testing.T) {
-	w := httptest.NewRecorder()
-	c, _ := CreateTestContext(w)
-	c.PureJSON(http.StatusCreated, H{"foo": "bar", "html": "<b>"})
-	assert.Equal(t, http.StatusCreated, w.Code)
-	assert.Equal(t, "{\"foo\":\"bar\",\"html\":\"<b>\"}\n", w.Body.String())
-	assert.Equal(t, "application/json; charset=utf-8", w.Header().Get("Content-Type"))
-}
--- a/context_test.go
+++ b/context_test.go
@ -6,6 +6,7 @@ package gin

 import (
 	"bytes"
+	"context"
 	"errors"
 	"fmt"
 	"html/template"
@ -13,8 +14,10 @@ import (
 	"mime/multipart"
 	"net/http"
 	"net/http/httptest"
+	"os"
 	"reflect"
 	"strings"
+	"sync"
 	"testing"
 	"time"

@ -22,7 +25,6 @@ import (
 	"github.com/gin-gonic/gin/binding"
 	"github.com/golang/protobuf/proto"
 	"github.com/stretchr/testify/assert"
-	"golang.org/x/net/context"

 	testdata "github.com/gin-gonic/gin/testdata/protoexample"
 )
@ -622,8 +624,7 @@ func TestContextGetCookie(t *testing.T) {
 }

 func TestContextBodyAllowedForStatus(t *testing.T) {
-	// todo(thinkerou): go1.6 not support StatusProcessing
-	assert.False(t, false, bodyAllowedForStatus(102))
+	assert.False(t, false, bodyAllowedForStatus(http.StatusProcessing))
 	assert.False(t, false, bodyAllowedForStatus(http.StatusNoContent))
 	assert.False(t, false, bodyAllowedForStatus(http.StatusNotModified))
 	assert.True(t, true, bodyAllowedForStatus(http.StatusInternalServerError))
@ -661,7 +662,7 @@ func TestContextRenderJSON(t *testing.T) {
 	c.JSON(http.StatusCreated, H{"foo": "bar", "html": "<b>"})

 	assert.Equal(t, http.StatusCreated, w.Code)
-	assert.Equal(t, "{\"foo\":\"bar\",\"html\":\"\\u003cb\\u003e\"}", w.Body.String())
+	assert.Equal(t, "{\"foo\":\"bar\",\"html\":\"\\u003cb\\u003e\"}\n", w.Body.String())
 	assert.Equal(t, "application/json; charset=utf-8", w.Header().Get("Content-Type"))
 }

@ -675,7 +676,7 @@ func TestContextRenderJSONP(t *testing.T) {
 	c.JSONP(http.StatusCreated, H{"foo": "bar"})

 	assert.Equal(t, http.StatusCreated, w.Code)
-	assert.Equal(t, "x({\"foo\":\"bar\"})", w.Body.String())
+	assert.Equal(t, "x({\"foo\":\"bar\"});", w.Body.String())
 	assert.Equal(t, "application/javascript; charset=utf-8", w.Header().Get("Content-Type"))
 }

@ -689,7 +690,7 @@ func TestContextRenderJSONPWithoutCallback(t *testing.T) {
 	c.JSONP(http.StatusCreated, H{"foo": "bar"})

 	assert.Equal(t, http.StatusCreated, w.Code)
-	assert.Equal(t, "{\"foo\":\"bar\"}", w.Body.String())
+	assert.Equal(t, "{\"foo\":\"bar\"}\n", w.Body.String())
 	assert.Equal(t, "application/json; charset=utf-8", w.Header().Get("Content-Type"))
 }

@ -715,7 +716,7 @@ func TestContextRenderAPIJSON(t *testing.T) {
 	c.JSON(http.StatusCreated, H{"foo": "bar"})

 	assert.Equal(t, http.StatusCreated, w.Code)
-	assert.Equal(t, "{\"foo\":\"bar\"}", w.Body.String())
+	assert.Equal(t, "{\"foo\":\"bar\"}\n", w.Body.String())
 	assert.Equal(t, "application/vnd.api+json", w.Header().Get("Content-Type"))
 }

@ -794,6 +795,18 @@ func TestContextRenderNoContentAsciiJSON(t *testing.T) {
 	assert.Equal(t, "application/json", w.Header().Get("Content-Type"))
 }

+// Tests that the response is serialized as JSON
+// and Content-Type is set to application/json
+// and special HTML characters are preserved
+func TestContextRenderPureJSON(t *testing.T) {
+	w := httptest.NewRecorder()
+	c, _ := CreateTestContext(w)
+	c.PureJSON(http.StatusCreated, H{"foo": "bar", "html": "<b>"})
+	assert.Equal(t, http.StatusCreated, w.Code)
+	assert.Equal(t, "{\"foo\":\"bar\",\"html\":\"<b>\"}\n", w.Body.String())
+	assert.Equal(t, "application/json; charset=utf-8", w.Header().Get("Content-Type"))
+}
+
 // Tests that the response executes the templates
 // and responds with Content-Type set to text/html
 func TestContextRenderHTML(t *testing.T) {
@ -979,6 +992,19 @@ func TestContextRenderFile(t *testing.T) {
 	assert.Equal(t, "text/plain; charset=utf-8", w.Header().Get("Content-Type"))
 }

+func TestContextRenderAttachment(t *testing.T) {
+	w := httptest.NewRecorder()
+	c, _ := CreateTestContext(w)
+	newFilename := "new_filename.go"
+
+	c.Request, _ = http.NewRequest("GET", "/", nil)
+	c.FileAttachment("./gin.go", newFilename)
+
+	assert.Equal(t, 200, w.Code)
+	assert.Contains(t, w.Body.String(), "func New() *Engine {")
+	assert.Equal(t, fmt.Sprintf("attachment; filename=\"%s\"", newFilename), w.HeaderMap.Get("Content-Disposition"))
+}
+
 // TestContextRenderYAML tests that the response is serialized as YAML
 // and Content-Type is set to application/x-yaml
 func TestContextRenderYAML(t *testing.T) {
@ -1079,9 +1105,7 @@ func TestContextRenderRedirectAll(t *testing.T) {
 	assert.Panics(t, func() { c.Redirect(299, "/resource") })
 	assert.Panics(t, func() { c.Redirect(309, "/resource") })
 	assert.NotPanics(t, func() { c.Redirect(http.StatusMultipleChoices, "/resource") })
-	// todo(thinkerou): go1.6 not support StatusPermanentRedirect(308)
-	// when we upgrade go version we can use http.StatusPermanentRedirect
-	assert.NotPanics(t, func() { c.Redirect(308, "/resource") })
+	assert.NotPanics(t, func() { c.Redirect(http.StatusPermanentRedirect, "/resource") })
 }

 func TestContextNegotiationWithJSON(t *testing.T) {
@ -1095,7 +1119,7 @@ func TestContextNegotiationWithJSON(t *testing.T) {
 	})

 	assert.Equal(t, http.StatusOK, w.Code)
-	assert.Equal(t, "{\"foo\":\"bar\"}", w.Body.String())
+	assert.Equal(t, "{\"foo\":\"bar\"}\n", w.Body.String())
 	assert.Equal(t, "application/json; charset=utf-8", w.Header().Get("Content-Type"))
 }

@ -1158,17 +1182,41 @@ func TestContextNegotiationFormat(t *testing.T) {
 func TestContextNegotiationFormatWithAccept(t *testing.T) {
 	c, _ := CreateTestContext(httptest.NewRecorder())
 	c.Request, _ = http.NewRequest("POST", "/", nil)
-	c.Request.Header.Add("Accept", "text/html,application/xhtml+xml,application/xml;q=0.9,*/*;q=0.8")
+	c.Request.Header.Add("Accept", "text/html,application/xhtml+xml,application/xml;q=0.9;q=0.8")

 	assert.Equal(t, MIMEXML, c.NegotiateFormat(MIMEJSON, MIMEXML))
 	assert.Equal(t, MIMEHTML, c.NegotiateFormat(MIMEXML, MIMEHTML))
 	assert.Empty(t, c.NegotiateFormat(MIMEJSON))
 }

+func TestContextNegotiationFormatWithWildcardAccept(t *testing.T) {
+	c, _ := CreateTestContext(httptest.NewRecorder())
+	c.Request, _ = http.NewRequest("POST", "/", nil)
+	c.Request.Header.Add("Accept", "*/*")
+
+	assert.Equal(t, c.NegotiateFormat("*/*"), "*/*")
+	assert.Equal(t, c.NegotiateFormat("text/*"), "text/*")
+	assert.Equal(t, c.NegotiateFormat("application/*"), "application/*")
+	assert.Equal(t, c.NegotiateFormat(MIMEJSON), MIMEJSON)
+	assert.Equal(t, c.NegotiateFormat(MIMEXML), MIMEXML)
+	assert.Equal(t, c.NegotiateFormat(MIMEHTML), MIMEHTML)
+
+	c, _ = CreateTestContext(httptest.NewRecorder())
+	c.Request, _ = http.NewRequest("POST", "/", nil)
+	c.Request.Header.Add("Accept", "text/*")
+
+	assert.Equal(t, c.NegotiateFormat("*/*"), "*/*")
+	assert.Equal(t, c.NegotiateFormat("text/*"), "text/*")
+	assert.Equal(t, c.NegotiateFormat("application/*"), "")
+	assert.Equal(t, c.NegotiateFormat(MIMEJSON), "")
+	assert.Equal(t, c.NegotiateFormat(MIMEXML), "")
+	assert.Equal(t, c.NegotiateFormat(MIMEHTML), MIMEHTML)
+}
+
 func TestContextNegotiationFormatCustom(t *testing.T) {
 	c, _ := CreateTestContext(httptest.NewRecorder())
 	c.Request, _ = http.NewRequest("POST", "/", nil)
-	c.Request.Header.Add("Accept", "text/html,application/xhtml+xml,application/xml;q=0.9,*/*;q=0.8")
+	c.Request.Header.Add("Accept", "text/html,application/xhtml+xml,application/xml;q=0.9;q=0.8")

 	c.Accepted = nil
 	c.SetAccepted(MIMEJSON, MIMEXML)
@ -1235,29 +1283,31 @@ func TestContextAbortWithStatusJSON(t *testing.T) {
 	_, err := buf.ReadFrom(w.Body)
 	assert.NoError(t, err)
 	jsonStringBody := buf.String()
-	assert.Equal(t, fmt.Sprint(`{"foo":"fooValue","bar":"barValue"}`), jsonStringBody)
+	assert.Equal(t, fmt.Sprint("{\"foo\":\"fooValue\",\"bar\":\"barValue\"}\n"), jsonStringBody)
 }

 func TestContextError(t *testing.T) {
 	c, _ := CreateTestContext(httptest.NewRecorder())
 	assert.Empty(t, c.Errors)

-	c.Error(errors.New("first error")) // nolint: errcheck
+	firstErr := errors.New("first error")
+	c.Error(firstErr) // nolint: errcheck
 	assert.Len(t, c.Errors, 1)
 	assert.Equal(t, "Error #01: first error\n", c.Errors.String())

+	secondErr := errors.New("second error")
 	c.Error(&Error{ // nolint: errcheck
-		Err:  errors.New("second error"),
+		Err:  secondErr,
 		Meta: "some data 2",
 		Type: ErrorTypePublic,
 	})
 	assert.Len(t, c.Errors, 2)

-	assert.Equal(t, errors.New("first error"), c.Errors[0].Err)
+	assert.Equal(t, firstErr, c.Errors[0].Err)
 	assert.Nil(t, c.Errors[0].Meta)
 	assert.Equal(t, ErrorTypePrivate, c.Errors[0].Type)

-	assert.Equal(t, errors.New("second error"), c.Errors[1].Err)
+	assert.Equal(t, secondErr, c.Errors[1].Err)
 	assert.Equal(t, "some data 2", c.Errors[1].Meta)
 	assert.Equal(t, ErrorTypePublic, c.Errors[1].Type)

@ -1386,6 +1436,28 @@ func TestContextBindWithXML(t *testing.T) {
 	assert.Equal(t, 0, w.Body.Len())
 }

+func TestContextBindHeader(t *testing.T) {
+	w := httptest.NewRecorder()
+	c, _ := CreateTestContext(w)
+
+	c.Request, _ = http.NewRequest("POST", "/", nil)
+	c.Request.Header.Add("rate", "8000")
+	c.Request.Header.Add("domain", "music")
+	c.Request.Header.Add("limit", "1000")
+
+	var testHeader struct {
+		Rate   int    `header:"Rate"`
+		Domain string `header:"Domain"`
+		Limit  int    `header:"limit"`
+	}
+
+	assert.NoError(t, c.BindHeader(&testHeader))
+	assert.Equal(t, 8000, testHeader.Rate)
+	assert.Equal(t, "music", testHeader.Domain)
+	assert.Equal(t, 1000, testHeader.Limit)
+	assert.Equal(t, 0, w.Body.Len())
+}
+
 func TestContextBindWithQuery(t *testing.T) {
 	w := httptest.NewRecorder()
 	c, _ := CreateTestContext(w)
@ -1493,6 +1565,28 @@ func TestContextShouldBindWithXML(t *testing.T) {
 	assert.Equal(t, 0, w.Body.Len())
 }

+func TestContextShouldBindHeader(t *testing.T) {
+	w := httptest.NewRecorder()
+	c, _ := CreateTestContext(w)
+
+	c.Request, _ = http.NewRequest("POST", "/", nil)
+	c.Request.Header.Add("rate", "8000")
+	c.Request.Header.Add("domain", "music")
+	c.Request.Header.Add("limit", "1000")
+
+	var testHeader struct {
+		Rate   int    `header:"Rate"`
+		Domain string `header:"Domain"`
+		Limit  int    `header:"limit"`
+	}
+
+	assert.NoError(t, c.ShouldBindHeader(&testHeader))
+	assert.Equal(t, 8000, testHeader.Rate)
+	assert.Equal(t, "music", testHeader.Domain)
+	assert.Equal(t, 1000, testHeader.Limit)
+	assert.Equal(t, 0, w.Body.Len())
+}
+
 func TestContextShouldBindWithQuery(t *testing.T) {
 	w := httptest.NewRecorder()
 	c, _ := CreateTestContext(w)
@ -1705,6 +1799,23 @@ func TestContextRenderDataFromReader(t *testing.T) {
 	assert.Equal(t, extraHeaders["Content-Disposition"], w.Header().Get("Content-Disposition"))
 }

+func TestContextRenderDataFromReaderNoHeaders(t *testing.T) {
+	w := httptest.NewRecorder()
+	c, _ := CreateTestContext(w)
+
+	body := "#!PNG some raw data"
+	reader := strings.NewReader(body)
+	contentLength := int64(len(body))
+	contentType := "image/png"
+
+	c.DataFromReader(http.StatusOK, contentLength, contentType, reader, nil)
+
+	assert.Equal(t, http.StatusOK, w.Code)
+	assert.Equal(t, body, w.Body.String())
+	assert.Equal(t, contentType, w.Header().Get("Content-Type"))
+	assert.Equal(t, fmt.Sprintf("%d", contentLength), w.Header().Get("Content-Length"))
+}
+
 type TestResponseRecorder struct {
 	*httptest.ResponseRecorder
 	closeChannel chan bool
@ -1773,3 +1884,24 @@ func TestContextResetInHandler(t *testing.T) {
 		c.Next()
 	})
 }
+
+func TestRaceParamsContextCopy(t *testing.T) {
+	DefaultWriter = os.Stdout
+	router := Default()
+	nameGroup := router.Group("/:name")
+	var wg sync.WaitGroup
+	wg.Add(2)
+	{
+		nameGroup.GET("/api", func(c *Context) {
+			go func(c *Context, param string) {
+				defer wg.Done()
+				// First assert must be executed after the second request
+				time.Sleep(50 * time.Millisecond)
+				assert.Equal(t, c.Param("name"), param)
+			}(c.Copy(), c.Param("name"))
+		})
+	}
+	performRequest(router, "GET", "/name1/api")
+	performRequest(router, "GET", "/name2/api")
+	wg.Wait()
+}
--- a/debug.go
+++ b/debug.go
@ -5,16 +5,14 @@
 package gin

 import (
-	"bytes"
 	"fmt"
 	"html/template"
-	"os"
 	"runtime"
 	"strconv"
 	"strings"
 )

-const ginSupportMinGoVer = 6
+const ginSupportMinGoVer = 10

 // IsDebugging returns true if the framework is running in debug mode.
 // Use SetMode(gin.ReleaseMode) to disable debug mode.
@ -39,7 +37,7 @@ func debugPrintRoute(httpMethod, absolutePath string, handlers HandlersChain) {

 func debugPrintLoadTemplate(tmpl *template.Template) {
 	if IsDebugging() {
-		var buf bytes.Buffer
+		var buf strings.Builder
 		for _, tmpl := range tmpl.Templates() {
 			buf.WriteString("\t- ")
 			buf.WriteString(tmpl.Name())
@ -54,7 +52,7 @@ func debugPrint(format string, values ...interface{}) {
 		if !strings.HasSuffix(format, "\n") {
 			format += "\n"
 		}
-		fmt.Fprintf(os.Stderr, "[GIN-debug] "+format, values...)
+		fmt.Fprintf(DefaultWriter, "[GIN-debug] "+format, values...)
 	}
 }

@ -69,7 +67,7 @@ func getMinVer(v string) (uint64, error) {

 func debugPrintWARNINGDefault() {
 	if v, e := getMinVer(runtime.Version()); e == nil && v <= ginSupportMinGoVer {
-		debugPrint(`[WARNING] Now Gin requires Go 1.6 or later and Go 1.7 will be required soon.
+		debugPrint(`[WARNING] Now Gin requires Go 1.11 or later and Go 1.12 will be required soon.

 `)
 	}
@ -98,6 +96,8 @@ at initialization. ie. before any route is registered or the router is listening

 func debugPrintError(err error) {
 	if err != nil {
-		debugPrint("[ERROR] %v\n", err)
+		if IsDebugging() {
+			fmt.Fprintf(DefaultErrorWriter, "[GIN-debug] [ERROR] %v\n", err)
+		}
 	}
 }
--- a/debug_test.go
+++ b/debug_test.go
@ -91,7 +91,7 @@ func TestDebugPrintWARNINGDefault(t *testing.T) {
 	})
 	m, e := getMinVer(runtime.Version())
 	if e == nil && m <= ginSupportMinGoVer {
-		assert.Equal(t, "[GIN-debug] [WARNING] Now Gin requires Go 1.6 or later and Go 1.7 will be required soon.\n\n[GIN-debug] [WARNING] Creating an Engine instance with the Logger and Recovery middleware already attached.\n\n", re)
+		assert.Equal(t, "[GIN-debug] [WARNING] Now Gin requires Go 1.11 or later and Go 1.12 will be required soon.\n\n[GIN-debug] [WARNING] Creating an Engine instance with the Logger and Recovery middleware already attached.\n\n", re)
 	} else {
 		assert.Equal(t, "[GIN-debug] [WARNING] Creating an Engine instance with the Logger and Recovery middleware already attached.\n\n", re)
 	}
@ -111,15 +111,15 @@ func captureOutput(t *testing.T, f func()) string {
 	if err != nil {
 		panic(err)
 	}
-	stdout := os.Stdout
-	stderr := os.Stderr
+	defaultWriter := DefaultWriter
+	defaultErrorWriter := DefaultErrorWriter
 	defer func() {
-		os.Stdout = stdout
-		os.Stderr = stderr
+		DefaultWriter = defaultWriter
+		DefaultErrorWriter = defaultErrorWriter
 		log.SetOutput(os.Stderr)
 	}()
-	os.Stdout = writer
-	os.Stderr = writer
+	DefaultWriter = writer
+	DefaultErrorWriter = writer
 	log.SetOutput(writer)
 	out := make(chan string)
 	wg := new(sync.WaitGroup)
--- a/doc.go
+++ b/doc.go
@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 /*
 Package gin implements a HTTP web framework called gin.

-See https://gin-gonic.github.io/gin/ for more information about gin.
+See https://gin-gonic.com/ for more information about gin.
 */
 package gin // import "github.com/gin-gonic/gin"
--- a/docs/how-to-build-an-effective-middleware.md
+++ b/docs/how-to-build-an-effective-middleware.md
@ -1,137 +0,0 @@
-# How to build one effective middleware?
-
-## Consitituent part
-
-The middleware has two parts:
-
-  - part one is what is executed once, when you initialize your middleware. That's where you set up all the global objects, logicals etc. Everything that happens one per application lifetime.
-
-  - part two is what executes on every request. For example, a database middleware you simply inject your "global" database object into the context. Once it's inside the context, you can retrieve it from within other middlewares and your handler function.
-
-```go
-func funcName(params string) gin.HandlerFunc {
-    // <---
-    // This is part one
-    // --->
-    // The follow code is an example
-    if err := check(params); err != nil {
-        panic(err)
-    }
-
-    return func(c *gin.Context) {
-        // <---
-        // This is part two
-        // --->
-        // The follow code is an example
-        c.Set("TestVar", params)
-        c.Next()    
-    }
-}
-```
-
-## Execution process
-
-Firstly, we have the follow example code:
-
-```go
-func main() {
-	router := gin.Default()
-
-	router.Use(globalMiddleware())
-
-	router.GET("/rest/n/api/*some", mid1(), mid2(), handler)
-
-	router.Run()
-}
-
-func globalMiddleware() gin.HandlerFunc {
-	fmt.Println("globalMiddleware...1")
-
-	return func(c *gin.Context) {
-		fmt.Println("globalMiddleware...2")
-		c.Next()
-		fmt.Println("globalMiddleware...3")
-	}
-}
-
-func handler(c *gin.Context) {
-	fmt.Println("exec handler.")
-}
-
-func mid1() gin.HandlerFunc {
-	fmt.Println("mid1...1")
-
-	return func(c *gin.Context) {
-
-		fmt.Println("mid1...2")
-		c.Next()
-		fmt.Println("mid1...3")
-	}
-}
-
-func mid2() gin.HandlerFunc {
-	fmt.Println("mid2...1")
-
-	return func(c *gin.Context) {
-		fmt.Println("mid2...2")
-		c.Next()
-		fmt.Println("mid2...3")
-	}
-}
-```
-
-According to [Consitituent part](#consitituent-part) said, when we run the gin process, **part one** will execute firstly and will print the follow information:
-
-```go
-globalMiddleware...1
-mid1...1
-mid2...1
-```
-
-And init order are:
-
-```go
-globalMiddleware...1
-    |
-    v
-mid1...1
-    |
-    v
-mid2...1
-```
-
-When we curl one request `curl -v localhost:8080/rest/n/api/some`, **part two** will execute their middleware and output the following information:
-
-```go
-globalMiddleware...2
-mid1...2
-mid2...2
-exec handler.
-mid2...3
-mid1...3
-globalMiddleware...3
-```
-
-In other words, run order are:
-
-```go
-globalMiddleware...2
-    |
-    v
-mid1...2
-    |
-    v
-mid2...2
-    |
-    v
-exec handler.
-    |
-    v
-mid2...3
-    |
-    v
-mid1...3
-    |
-    v
-globalMiddleware...3
-```
--- a/errors.go
+++ b/errors.go
@ -5,9 +5,9 @@
 package gin

 import (
-	"bytes"
 	"fmt"
 	"reflect"
+	"strings"

 	"github.com/gin-gonic/gin/internal/json"
 )
@ -53,7 +53,7 @@ func (msg *Error) SetMeta(data interface{}) *Error {
 	return msg
 }

-// JSON creates a properly formated JSON
+// JSON creates a properly formatted JSON
 func (msg *Error) JSON() interface{} {
 	json := H{}
 	if msg.Meta != nil {
@ -158,7 +158,7 @@ func (a errorMsgs) String() string {
 	if len(a) == 0 {
 		return ""
 	}
-	var buffer bytes.Buffer
+	var buffer strings.Builder
 	for i, msg := range a {
 		fmt.Fprintf(&buffer, "Error #%02d: %s\n", i+1, msg.Err)
 		if msg.Meta != nil {
--- a/examples/README.md
+++ b/examples/README.md
@ -0,0 +1,3 @@
+# Gin Examples
+
+⚠️  **NOTICE:** All gin examples have been moved as standalone repository to [here](https://github.com/gin-gonic/examples).
--- a/examples/app-engine/README.md
+++ b/examples/app-engine/README.md
@ -1,8 +0,0 @@
-# Guide to run Gin under App Engine LOCAL Development Server
-
-1. Download, install and setup Go in your computer. (That includes setting your `$GOPATH`.)
-2. Download SDK for your platform from [here](https://cloud.google.com/appengine/docs/standard/go/download): `https://cloud.google.com/appengine/docs/standard/go/download`
-3. Download Gin source code using: `$ go get github.com/gin-gonic/gin`
-4. Navigate to examples folder: `$ cd $GOPATH/src/github.com/gin-gonic/gin/examples/app-engine/`
-5. Run it: `$ dev_appserver.py .` (notice that you have to run this script by Python2)
-
--- a/examples/app-engine/app.yaml
+++ b/examples/app-engine/app.yaml
@ -1,8 +0,0 @@
-application: hello
-version: 1
-runtime: go
-api_version: go1
-
-handlers:
- url: /.*
-  script: _go_app
--- a/examples/app-engine/hello.go
+++ b/examples/app-engine/hello.go
@ -1,24 +0,0 @@
-package hello
-
-import (
-	"net/http"
-
-	"github.com/gin-gonic/gin"
-)
-
-// This function's name is a must. App Engine uses it to drive the requests properly.
-func init() {
-	// Starts a new Gin instance with no middle-ware
-	r := gin.New()
-
-	// Define your handlers
-	r.GET("/", func(c *gin.Context) {
-		c.String(http.StatusOK, "Hello World!")
-	})
-	r.GET("/ping", func(c *gin.Context) {
-		c.String(http.StatusOK, "pong")
-	})
-
-	// Handle all requests using net/http
-	http.Handle("/", r)
-}
--- a/examples/assets-in-binary/README.md
+++ b/examples/assets-in-binary/README.md
@ -1,33 +0,0 @@
-# Building a single binary containing templates
-
-This is a complete example to create a single binary with the
-[gin-gonic/gin][gin] Web Server with HTML templates.
-
-[gin]: https://github.com/gin-gonic/gin
-
-## How to use
-
-### Prepare Packages
-
-```
-go get github.com/gin-gonic/gin
-go get github.com/jessevdk/go-assets-builder
-```
-
-### Generate assets.go
-
-```
-go-assets-builder html -o assets.go
-```
-
-### Build the server
-
-```
-go build -o assets-in-binary
-```
-
-### Run
-
-```
-./assets-in-binary
-```
--- a/examples/assets-in-binary/assets.go
+++ b/examples/assets-in-binary/assets.go
@ -1,34 +0,0 @@
-package main
-
-import (
-	"time"
-
-	"github.com/jessevdk/go-assets"
-)
-
-var _Assetsbfa8d115ce0617d89507412d5393a462f8e9b003 = "<!doctype html>\n<body>\n  <p>Can you see this? → {{.Bar}}</p>\n</body>\n"
-var _Assets3737a75b5254ed1f6d588b40a3449721f9ea86c2 = "<!doctype html>\n<body>\n  <p>Hello, {{.Foo}}</p>\n</body>\n"
-
-// Assets returns go-assets FileSystem
-var Assets = assets.NewFileSystem(map[string][]string{"/": {"html"}, "/html": {"bar.tmpl", "index.tmpl"}}, map[string]*assets.File{
-	"/": {
-		Path:     "/",
-		FileMode: 0x800001ed,
-		Mtime:    time.Unix(1524365738, 1524365738517125470),
-		Data:     nil,
-	}, "/html": {
-		Path:     "/html",
-		FileMode: 0x800001ed,
-		Mtime:    time.Unix(1524365491, 1524365491289799093),
-		Data:     nil,
-	}, "/html/bar.tmpl": {
-		Path:     "/html/bar.tmpl",
-		FileMode: 0x1a4,
-		Mtime:    time.Unix(1524365491, 1524365491289611557),
-		Data:     []byte(_Assetsbfa8d115ce0617d89507412d5393a462f8e9b003),
-	}, "/html/index.tmpl": {
-		Path:     "/html/index.tmpl",
-		FileMode: 0x1a4,
-		Mtime:    time.Unix(1524365491, 1524365491289995821),
-		Data:     []byte(_Assets3737a75b5254ed1f6d588b40a3449721f9ea86c2),
-	}}, "")
--- a/examples/assets-in-binary/html/bar.tmpl
+++ b/examples/assets-in-binary/html/bar.tmpl
@ -1,4 +0,0 @@
-<!doctype html>
-<body>
-  <p>Can you see this? → {{.Bar}}</p>
-</body>
--- a/examples/assets-in-binary/html/index.tmpl
+++ b/examples/assets-in-binary/html/index.tmpl
@ -1,4 +0,0 @@
-<!doctype html>
-<body>
-  <p>Hello, {{.Foo}}</p>
-</body>
--- a/examples/assets-in-binary/main.go
+++ b/examples/assets-in-binary/main.go
@ -1,48 +0,0 @@
-package main
-
-import (
-	"html/template"
-	"io/ioutil"
-	"net/http"
-	"strings"
-
-	"github.com/gin-gonic/gin"
-)
-
-func main() {
-	r := gin.New()
-	t, err := loadTemplate()
-	if err != nil {
-		panic(err)
-	}
-	r.SetHTMLTemplate(t)
-	r.GET("/", func(c *gin.Context) {
-		c.HTML(http.StatusOK, "/html/index.tmpl", gin.H{
-			"Foo": "World",
-		})
-	})
-	r.GET("/bar", func(c *gin.Context) {
-		c.HTML(http.StatusOK, "/html/bar.tmpl", gin.H{
-			"Bar": "World",
-		})
-	})
-	r.Run(":8080")
-}
-
-func loadTemplate() (*template.Template, error) {
-	t := template.New("")
-	for name, file := range Assets.Files {
-		if file.IsDir() || !strings.HasSuffix(name, ".tmpl") {
-			continue
-		}
-		h, err := ioutil.ReadAll(file)
-		if err != nil {
-			return nil, err
-		}
-		t, err = t.New(name).Parse(string(h))
-		if err != nil {
-			return nil, err
-		}
-	}
-	return t, nil
-}
--- a/examples/auto-tls/example1/main.go
+++ b/examples/auto-tls/example1/main.go
@ -1,19 +0,0 @@
-package main
-
-import (
-	"log"
-
-	"github.com/gin-gonic/autotls"
-	"github.com/gin-gonic/gin"
-)
-
-func main() {
-	r := gin.Default()
-
-	// Ping handler
-	r.GET("/ping", func(c *gin.Context) {
-		c.String(200, "pong")
-	})
-
-	log.Fatal(autotls.Run(r, "example1.com", "example2.com"))
-}
--- a/examples/auto-tls/example2/main.go
+++ b/examples/auto-tls/example2/main.go
@ -1,26 +0,0 @@
-package main
-
-import (
-	"log"
-
-	"github.com/gin-gonic/autotls"
-	"github.com/gin-gonic/gin"
-	"golang.org/x/crypto/acme/autocert"
-)
-
-func main() {
-	r := gin.Default()
-
-	// Ping handler
-	r.GET("/ping", func(c *gin.Context) {
-		c.String(200, "pong")
-	})
-
-	m := autocert.Manager{
-		Prompt:     autocert.AcceptTOS,
-		HostPolicy: autocert.HostWhitelist("example1.com", "example2.com"),
-		Cache:      autocert.DirCache("/var/www/.cache"),
-	}
-
-	log.Fatal(autotls.RunWithManager(r, &m))
-}
--- a/examples/basic/main.go
+++ b/examples/basic/main.go
@ -1,65 +0,0 @@
-package main
-
-import (
-	"net/http"
-
-	"github.com/gin-gonic/gin"
-)
-
-var db = make(map[string]string)
-
-func setupRouter() *gin.Engine {
-	// Disable Console Color
-	// gin.DisableConsoleColor()
-	r := gin.Default()
-
-	// Ping test
-	r.GET("/ping", func(c *gin.Context) {
-		c.String(http.StatusOK, "pong")
-	})
-
-	// Get user value
-	r.GET("/user/:name", func(c *gin.Context) {
-		user := c.Params.ByName("name")
-		value, ok := db[user]
-		if ok {
-			c.JSON(http.StatusOK, gin.H{"user": user, "value": value})
-		} else {
-			c.JSON(http.StatusOK, gin.H{"user": user, "status": "no value"})
-		}
-	})
-
-	// Authorized group (uses gin.BasicAuth() middleware)
-	// Same than:
-	// authorized := r.Group("/")
-	// authorized.Use(gin.BasicAuth(gin.Credentials{
-	//	  "foo":  "bar",
-	//	  "manu": "123",
-	//}))
-	authorized := r.Group("/", gin.BasicAuth(gin.Accounts{
-		"foo":  "bar", // user:foo password:bar
-		"manu": "123", // user:manu password:123
-	}))
-
-	authorized.POST("admin", func(c *gin.Context) {
-		user := c.MustGet(gin.AuthUserKey).(string)
-
-		// Parse JSON
-		var json struct {
-			Value string `json:"value" binding:"required"`
-		}
-
-		if c.Bind(&json) == nil {
-			db[user] = json.Value
-			c.JSON(http.StatusOK, gin.H{"status": "ok"})
-		}
-	})
-
-	return r
-}
-
-func main() {
-	r := setupRouter()
-	// Listen and Server in 0.0.0.0:8080
-	r.Run(":8080")
-}
--- a/examples/basic/main_test.go
+++ b/examples/basic/main_test.go
@ -1,20 +0,0 @@
-package main
-
-import (
-	"net/http"
-	"net/http/httptest"
-	"testing"
-
-	"github.com/stretchr/testify/assert"
-)
-
-func TestPingRoute(t *testing.T) {
-	router := setupRouter()
-
-	w := httptest.NewRecorder()
-	req, _ := http.NewRequest("GET", "/ping", nil)
-	router.ServeHTTP(w, req)
-
-	assert.Equal(t, http.StatusOK, w.Code)
-	assert.Equal(t, "pong", w.Body.String())
-}
--- a/examples/custom-validation/server.go
+++ b/examples/custom-validation/server.go
@ -1,50 +0,0 @@
-package main
-
-import (
-	"net/http"
-	"reflect"
-	"time"
-
-	"github.com/gin-gonic/gin"
-	"github.com/gin-gonic/gin/binding"
-	"gopkg.in/go-playground/validator.v8"
-)
-
-// Booking contains binded and validated data.
-type Booking struct {
-	CheckIn  time.Time `form:"check_in" binding:"required,bookabledate" time_format:"2006-01-02"`
-	CheckOut time.Time `form:"check_out" binding:"required,gtfield=CheckIn" time_format:"2006-01-02"`
-}
-
-func bookableDate(
-	v *validator.Validate, topStruct reflect.Value, currentStructOrField reflect.Value,
-	field reflect.Value, fieldType reflect.Type, fieldKind reflect.Kind, param string,
-) bool {
-	if date, ok := field.Interface().(time.Time); ok {
-		today := time.Now()
-		if today.Year() > date.Year() || today.YearDay() > date.YearDay() {
-			return false
-		}
-	}
-	return true
-}
-
-func main() {
-	route := gin.Default()
-
-	if v, ok := binding.Validator.Engine().(*validator.Validate); ok {
-		v.RegisterValidation("bookabledate", bookableDate)
-	}
-
-	route.GET("/bookable", getBookable)
-	route.Run(":8085")
-}
-
-func getBookable(c *gin.Context) {
-	var b Booking
-	if err := c.ShouldBindWith(&b, binding.Query); err == nil {
-		c.JSON(http.StatusOK, gin.H{"message": "Booking dates are valid!"})
-	} else {
-		c.JSON(http.StatusBadRequest, gin.H{"error": err.Error()})
-	}
-}
--- a/examples/favicon/favicon.ico
+++ b/examples/favicon/favicon.ico
--- a/examples/favicon/main.go
+++ b/examples/favicon/main.go
@ -1,17 +0,0 @@
-package main
-
-import (
-	"net/http"
-
-	"github.com/gin-gonic/gin"
-	"github.com/thinkerou/favicon"
-)
-
-func main() {
-	app := gin.Default()
-	app.Use(favicon.New("./favicon.ico"))
-	app.GET("/ping", func(c *gin.Context) {
-		c.String(http.StatusOK, "Hello favicon.")
-	})
-	app.Run(":8080")
-}
--- a/examples/graceful-shutdown/close/server.go
+++ b/examples/graceful-shutdown/close/server.go
@ -1,45 +0,0 @@
-// +build go1.8
-
-package main
-
-import (
-	"log"
-	"net/http"
-	"os"
-	"os/signal"
-
-	"github.com/gin-gonic/gin"
-)
-
-func main() {
-	router := gin.Default()
-	router.GET("/", func(c *gin.Context) {
-		c.String(http.StatusOK, "Welcome Gin Server")
-	})
-
-	server := &http.Server{
-		Addr:    ":8080",
-		Handler: router,
-	}
-
-	quit := make(chan os.Signal)
-	signal.Notify(quit, os.Interrupt)
-
-	go func() {
-		<-quit
-		log.Println("receive interrupt signal")
-		if err := server.Close(); err != nil {
-			log.Fatal("Server Close:", err)
-		}
-	}()
-
-	if err := server.ListenAndServe(); err != nil {
-		if err == http.ErrServerClosed {
-			log.Println("Server closed under request")
-		} else {
-			log.Fatal("Server closed unexpect")
-		}
-	}
-
-	log.Println("Server exiting")
-}
--- a/examples/graceful-shutdown/graceful-shutdown/server.go
+++ b/examples/graceful-shutdown/graceful-shutdown/server.go
@ -1,57 +0,0 @@
-// +build go1.8
-
-package main
-
-import (
-	"context"
-	"log"
-	"net/http"
-	"os"
-	"os/signal"
-	"syscall"
-	"time"
-
-	"github.com/gin-gonic/gin"
-)
-
-func main() {
-	router := gin.Default()
-	router.GET("/", func(c *gin.Context) {
-		time.Sleep(5 * time.Second)
-		c.String(http.StatusOK, "Welcome Gin Server")
-	})
-
-	srv := &http.Server{
-		Addr:    ":8080",
-		Handler: router,
-	}
-
-	go func() {
-		// service connections
-		if err := srv.ListenAndServe(); err != nil && err != http.ErrServerClosed {
-			log.Fatalf("listen: %s\n", err)
-		}
-	}()
-
-	// Wait for interrupt signal to gracefully shutdown the server with
-	// a timeout of 5 seconds.
-	quit := make(chan os.Signal)
-	// kill (no param) default send syscanll.SIGTERM
-	// kill -2 is syscall.SIGINT
-	// kill -9 is syscall. SIGKILL but can"t be catch, so don't need add it
-	signal.Notify(quit, syscall.SIGINT, syscall.SIGTERM)
-	<-quit
-	log.Println("Shutdown Server ...")
-
-	ctx, cancel := context.WithTimeout(context.Background(), 5*time.Second)
-	defer cancel()
-	if err := srv.Shutdown(ctx); err != nil {
-		log.Fatal("Server Shutdown:", err)
-	}
-	// catching ctx.Done(). timeout of 5 seconds.
-	select {
-	case <-ctx.Done():
-		log.Println("timeout of 5 seconds.")
-	}
-	log.Println("Server exiting")
-}
--- a/examples/grpc/README.md
+++ b/examples/grpc/README.md
@ -1,19 +0,0 @@
-## How to run this example
-
-1. run grpc server
-
-```sh
-$ go run grpc/server.go
-```
-
-2. run gin server
-
-```sh
-$ go run gin/main.go
-```
-
-3. use curl command to test it
-
-```sh
-$ curl -v 'http://localhost:8052/rest/n/thinkerou'
-```
--- a/examples/grpc/gin/main.go
+++ b/examples/grpc/gin/main.go
@ -1,46 +0,0 @@
-package main
-
-import (
-	"fmt"
-	"log"
-	"net/http"
-
-	"github.com/gin-gonic/gin"
-	pb "github.com/gin-gonic/gin/examples/grpc/pb"
-	"google.golang.org/grpc"
-)
-
-func main() {
-	// Set up a connection to the server.
-	conn, err := grpc.Dial("localhost:50051", grpc.WithInsecure())
-	if err != nil {
-		log.Fatalf("did not connect: %v", err)
-	}
-	defer conn.Close()
-	client := pb.NewGreeterClient(conn)
-
-	// Set up a http server.
-	r := gin.Default()
-	r.GET("/rest/n/:name", func(c *gin.Context) {
-		name := c.Param("name")
-
-		// Contact the server and print out its response.
-		req := &pb.HelloRequest{Name: name}
-		res, err := client.SayHello(c, req)
-		if err != nil {
-			c.JSON(http.StatusInternalServerError, gin.H{
-				"error": err.Error(),
-			})
-			return
-		}
-
-		c.JSON(http.StatusOK, gin.H{
-			"result": fmt.Sprint(res.Message),
-		})
-	})
-
-	// Run http server
-	if err := r.Run(":8052"); err != nil {
-		log.Fatalf("could not run server: %v", err)
-	}
-}
--- a/examples/grpc/grpc/server.go
+++ b/examples/grpc/grpc/server.go
@ -1,34 +0,0 @@
-package main
-
-import (
-	"log"
-	"net"
-
-	pb "github.com/gin-gonic/gin/examples/grpc/pb"
-	"golang.org/x/net/context"
-	"google.golang.org/grpc"
-	"google.golang.org/grpc/reflection"
-)
-
-// server is used to implement helloworld.GreeterServer.
-type server struct{}
-
-// SayHello implements helloworld.GreeterServer
-func (s *server) SayHello(ctx context.Context, in *pb.HelloRequest) (*pb.HelloReply, error) {
-	return &pb.HelloReply{Message: "Hello " + in.Name}, nil
-}
-
-func main() {
-	lis, err := net.Listen("tcp", ":50051")
-	if err != nil {
-		log.Fatalf("failed to listen: %v", err)
-	}
-	s := grpc.NewServer()
-	pb.RegisterGreeterServer(s, &server{})
-
-	// Register reflection service on gRPC server.
-	reflection.Register(s)
-	if err := s.Serve(lis); err != nil {
-		log.Fatalf("failed to serve: %v", err)
-	}
-}
--- a/examples/grpc/pb/helloworld.pb.go
+++ b/examples/grpc/pb/helloworld.pb.go
@ -1,151 +0,0 @@
-// Code generated by protoc-gen-go.
-// source: helloworld.proto
-// DO NOT EDIT!
-
-/*
-Package helloworld is a generated protocol buffer package.
-
-It is generated from these files:
-	helloworld.proto
-
-It has these top-level messages:
-	HelloRequest
-	HelloReply
-*/
-package helloworld
-
-import proto "github.com/golang/protobuf/proto"
-import fmt "fmt"
-import math "math"
-
-import (
-	context "golang.org/x/net/context"
-	grpc "google.golang.org/grpc"
-)
-
-// Reference imports to suppress errors if they are not otherwise used.
-var _ = proto.Marshal
-var _ = fmt.Errorf
-var _ = math.Inf
-
-// This is a compile-time assertion to ensure that this generated file
-// is compatible with the proto package it is being compiled against.
-// A compilation error at this line likely means your copy of the
-// proto package needs to be updated.
-const _ = proto.ProtoPackageIsVersion2 // please upgrade the proto package
-
-// The request message containing the user's name.
-type HelloRequest struct {
-	Name string `protobuf:"bytes,1,opt,name=name" json:"name,omitempty"`
-}
-
-func (m *HelloRequest) Reset()                    { *m = HelloRequest{} }
-func (m *HelloRequest) String() string            { return proto.CompactTextString(m) }
-func (*HelloRequest) ProtoMessage()               {}
-func (*HelloRequest) Descriptor() ([]byte, []int) { return fileDescriptor0, []int{0} }
-
-// The response message containing the greetings
-type HelloReply struct {
-	Message string `protobuf:"bytes,1,opt,name=message" json:"message,omitempty"`
-}
-
-func (m *HelloReply) Reset()                    { *m = HelloReply{} }
-func (m *HelloReply) String() string            { return proto.CompactTextString(m) }
-func (*HelloReply) ProtoMessage()               {}
-func (*HelloReply) Descriptor() ([]byte, []int) { return fileDescriptor0, []int{1} }
-
-func init() {
-	proto.RegisterType((*HelloRequest)(nil), "helloworld.HelloRequest")
-	proto.RegisterType((*HelloReply)(nil), "helloworld.HelloReply")
-}
-
-// Reference imports to suppress errors if they are not otherwise used.
-var _ context.Context
-var _ grpc.ClientConn
-
-// This is a compile-time assertion to ensure that this generated file
-// is compatible with the grpc package it is being compiled against.
-const _ = grpc.SupportPackageIsVersion4
-
-// Client API for Greeter service
-
-type GreeterClient interface {
-	// Sends a greeting
-	SayHello(ctx context.Context, in *HelloRequest, opts ...grpc.CallOption) (*HelloReply, error)
-}
-
-type greeterClient struct {
-	cc *grpc.ClientConn
-}
-
-func NewGreeterClient(cc *grpc.ClientConn) GreeterClient {
-	return &greeterClient{cc}
-}
-
-func (c *greeterClient) SayHello(ctx context.Context, in *HelloRequest, opts ...grpc.CallOption) (*HelloReply, error) {
-	out := new(HelloReply)
-	err := grpc.Invoke(ctx, "/helloworld.Greeter/SayHello", in, out, c.cc, opts...)
-	if err != nil {
-		return nil, err
-	}
-	return out, nil
-}
-
-// Server API for Greeter service
-
-type GreeterServer interface {
-	// Sends a greeting
-	SayHello(context.Context, *HelloRequest) (*HelloReply, error)
-}
-
-func RegisterGreeterServer(s *grpc.Server, srv GreeterServer) {
-	s.RegisterService(&_Greeter_serviceDesc, srv)
-}
-
-func _Greeter_SayHello_Handler(srv interface{}, ctx context.Context, dec func(interface{}) error, interceptor grpc.UnaryServerInterceptor) (interface{}, error) {
-	in := new(HelloRequest)
-	if err := dec(in); err != nil {
-		return nil, err
-	}
-	if interceptor == nil {
-		return srv.(GreeterServer).SayHello(ctx, in)
-	}
-	info := &grpc.UnaryServerInfo{
-		Server:     srv,
-		FullMethod: "/helloworld.Greeter/SayHello",
-	}
-	handler := func(ctx context.Context, req interface{}) (interface{}, error) {
-		return srv.(GreeterServer).SayHello(ctx, req.(*HelloRequest))
-	}
-	return interceptor(ctx, in, info, handler)
-}
-
-var _Greeter_serviceDesc = grpc.ServiceDesc{
-	ServiceName: "helloworld.Greeter",
-	HandlerType: (*GreeterServer)(nil),
-	Methods: []grpc.MethodDesc{
-		{
-			MethodName: "SayHello",
-			Handler:    _Greeter_SayHello_Handler,
-		},
-	},
-	Streams:  []grpc.StreamDesc{},
-	Metadata: "helloworld.proto",
-}
-
-func init() { proto.RegisterFile("helloworld.proto", fileDescriptor0) }
-
-var fileDescriptor0 = []byte{
-	// 174 bytes of a gzipped FileDescriptorProto
-	0x1f, 0x8b, 0x08, 0x00, 0x00, 0x09, 0x6e, 0x88, 0x02, 0xff, 0xe2, 0x12, 0xc8, 0x48, 0xcd, 0xc9,
-	0xc9, 0x2f, 0xcf, 0x2f, 0xca, 0x49, 0xd1, 0x2b, 0x28, 0xca, 0x2f, 0xc9, 0x17, 0xe2, 0x42, 0x88,
-	0x28, 0x29, 0x71, 0xf1, 0x78, 0x80, 0x78, 0x41, 0xa9, 0x85, 0xa5, 0xa9, 0xc5, 0x25, 0x42, 0x42,
-	0x5c, 0x2c, 0x79, 0x89, 0xb9, 0xa9, 0x12, 0x8c, 0x0a, 0x8c, 0x1a, 0x9c, 0x41, 0x60, 0xb6, 0x92,
-	0x1a, 0x17, 0x17, 0x54, 0x4d, 0x41, 0x4e, 0xa5, 0x90, 0x04, 0x17, 0x7b, 0x6e, 0x6a, 0x71, 0x71,
-	0x62, 0x3a, 0x4c, 0x11, 0x8c, 0x6b, 0xe4, 0xc9, 0xc5, 0xee, 0x5e, 0x94, 0x9a, 0x5a, 0x92, 0x5a,
-	0x24, 0x64, 0xc7, 0xc5, 0x11, 0x9c, 0x58, 0x09, 0xd6, 0x25, 0x24, 0xa1, 0x87, 0xe4, 0x02, 0x64,
-	0xcb, 0xa4, 0xc4, 0xb0, 0xc8, 0x00, 0xad, 0x50, 0x62, 0x70, 0x32, 0xe0, 0x92, 0xce, 0xcc, 0xd7,
-	0x4b, 0x2f, 0x2a, 0x48, 0xd6, 0x4b, 0xad, 0x48, 0xcc, 0x2d, 0xc8, 0x49, 0x2d, 0x46, 0x52, 0xeb,
-	0xc4, 0x0f, 0x56, 0x1c, 0x0e, 0x62, 0x07, 0x80, 0xbc, 0x14, 0xc0, 0x98, 0xc4, 0x06, 0xf6, 0x9b,
-	0x31, 0x20, 0x00, 0x00, 0xff, 0xff, 0x0f, 0xb7, 0xcd, 0xf2, 0xef, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00,
-}
--- a/examples/grpc/pb/helloworld.proto
+++ b/examples/grpc/pb/helloworld.proto
@ -1,37 +0,0 @@
-// Copyright 2015 gRPC authors.
-//
-// Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
-// you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
-// You may obtain a copy of the License at
-//
-//     http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
-//
-// Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
-// distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
-// WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
-// See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
-// limitations under the License.
-
-syntax = "proto3";
-
-option java_multiple_files = true;
-option java_package = "io.grpc.examples.helloworld";
-option java_outer_classname = "HelloWorldProto";
-
-package helloworld;
-
-// The greeting service definition.
-service Greeter {
-  // Sends a greeting
-  rpc SayHello (HelloRequest) returns (HelloReply) {}
-}
-
-// The request message containing the user's name.
-message HelloRequest {
-  string name = 1;
-}
-
-// The response message containing the greetings
-message HelloReply {
-  string message = 1;
-}
--- a/examples/http-pusher/assets/app.js
+++ b/examples/http-pusher/assets/app.js
@ -1 +0,0 @@
-console.log("http2 pusher");
--- a/examples/http-pusher/main.go
+++ b/examples/http-pusher/main.go
@ -1,41 +0,0 @@
-package main
-
-import (
-	"html/template"
-	"log"
-
-	"github.com/gin-gonic/gin"
-)
-
-var html = template.Must(template.New("https").Parse(`
-<html>
-<head>
-  <title>Https Test</title>
-  <script src="/assets/app.js"></script>
-</head>
-<body>
-  <h1 style="color:red;">Welcome, Ginner!</h1>
-</body>
-</html>
-`))
-
-func main() {
-	r := gin.Default()
-	r.Static("/assets", "./assets")
-	r.SetHTMLTemplate(html)
-
-	r.GET("/", func(c *gin.Context) {
-		if pusher := c.Writer.Pusher(); pusher != nil {
-			// use pusher.Push() to do server push
-			if err := pusher.Push("/assets/app.js", nil); err != nil {
-				log.Printf("Failed to push: %v", err)
-			}
-		}
-		c.HTML(200, "https", gin.H{
-			"status": "success",
-		})
-	})
-
-	// Listen and Server in https://127.0.0.1:8080
-	r.RunTLS(":8080", "./testdata/server.pem", "./testdata/server.key")
-}
--- a/examples/http-pusher/testdata/ca.pem
+++ b/examples/http-pusher/testdata/ca.pem
@ -1,15 +0,0 @@
-----BEGIN CERTIFICATE-----
-MIICSjCCAbOgAwIBAgIJAJHGGR4dGioHMA0GCSqGSIb3DQEBCwUAMFYxCzAJBgNV
-BAYTAkFVMRMwEQYDVQQIEwpTb21lLVN0YXRlMSEwHwYDVQQKExhJbnRlcm5ldCBX
-aWRnaXRzIFB0eSBMdGQxDzANBgNVBAMTBnRlc3RjYTAeFw0xNDExMTEyMjMxMjla
-Fw0yNDExMDgyMjMxMjlaMFYxCzAJBgNVBAYTAkFVMRMwEQYDVQQIEwpTb21lLVN0
-YXRlMSEwHwYDVQQKExhJbnRlcm5ldCBXaWRnaXRzIFB0eSBMdGQxDzANBgNVBAMT
-BnRlc3RjYTCBnzANBgkqhkiG9w0BAQEFAAOBjQAwgYkCgYEAwEDfBV5MYdlHVHJ7
-+L4nxrZy7mBfAVXpOc5vMYztssUI7mL2/iYujiIXM+weZYNTEpLdjyJdu7R5gGUu
-g1jSVK/EPHfc74O7AyZU34PNIP4Sh33N+/A5YexrNgJlPY+E3GdVYi4ldWJjgkAd
-Qah2PH5ACLrIIC6tRka9hcaBlIECAwEAAaMgMB4wDAYDVR0TBAUwAwEB/zAOBgNV
-HQ8BAf8EBAMCAgQwDQYJKoZIhvcNAQELBQADgYEAHzC7jdYlzAVmddi/gdAeKPau
-sPBG/C2HCWqHzpCUHcKuvMzDVkY/MP2o6JIW2DBbY64bO/FceExhjcykgaYtCH/m
-oIU63+CFOTtR7otyQAWHqXa7q4SbCDlG7DyRFxqG0txPtGvy12lgldA2+RgcigQG
-Dfcog5wrJytaQ6UA0wE=
-----END CERTIFICATE-----
--- a/examples/http-pusher/testdata/server.key
+++ b/examples/http-pusher/testdata/server.key
@ -1,16 +0,0 @@
-----BEGIN PRIVATE KEY-----
-MIICdQIBADANBgkqhkiG9w0BAQEFAASCAl8wggJbAgEAAoGBAOHDFScoLCVJpYDD
-M4HYtIdV6Ake/sMNaaKdODjDMsux/4tDydlumN+fm+AjPEK5GHhGn1BgzkWF+slf
-3BxhrA/8dNsnunstVA7ZBgA/5qQxMfGAq4wHNVX77fBZOgp9VlSMVfyd9N8YwbBY
-AckOeUQadTi2X1S6OgJXgQ0m3MWhAgMBAAECgYAn7qGnM2vbjJNBm0VZCkOkTIWm
-V10okw7EPJrdL2mkre9NasghNXbE1y5zDshx5Nt3KsazKOxTT8d0Jwh/3KbaN+YY
-tTCbKGW0pXDRBhwUHRcuRzScjli8Rih5UOCiZkhefUTcRb6xIhZJuQy71tjaSy0p
-dHZRmYyBYO2YEQ8xoQJBAPrJPhMBkzmEYFtyIEqAxQ/o/A6E+E4w8i+KM7nQCK7q
-K4JXzyXVAjLfyBZWHGM2uro/fjqPggGD6QH1qXCkI4MCQQDmdKeb2TrKRh5BY1LR
-81aJGKcJ2XbcDu6wMZK4oqWbTX2KiYn9GB0woM6nSr/Y6iy1u145YzYxEV/iMwff
-DJULAkB8B2MnyzOg0pNFJqBJuH29bKCcHa8gHJzqXhNO5lAlEbMK95p/P2Wi+4Hd
-aiEIAF1BF326QJcvYKmwSmrORp85AkAlSNxRJ50OWrfMZnBgzVjDx3xG6KsFQVk2
-ol6VhqL6dFgKUORFUWBvnKSyhjJxurlPEahV6oo6+A+mPhFY8eUvAkAZQyTdupP3
-XEFQKctGz+9+gKkemDp7LBBMEMBXrGTLPhpEfcjv/7KPdnFHYmhYeBTBnuVmTVWe
-F98XJ7tIFfJq
-----END PRIVATE KEY-----
--- a/examples/http-pusher/testdata/server.pem
+++ b/examples/http-pusher/testdata/server.pem
@ -1,16 +0,0 @@
-----BEGIN CERTIFICATE-----
-MIICnDCCAgWgAwIBAgIBBzANBgkqhkiG9w0BAQsFADBWMQswCQYDVQQGEwJBVTET
-MBEGA1UECBMKU29tZS1TdGF0ZTEhMB8GA1UEChMYSW50ZXJuZXQgV2lkZ2l0cyBQ
-dHkgTHRkMQ8wDQYDVQQDEwZ0ZXN0Y2EwHhcNMTUxMTA0MDIyMDI0WhcNMjUxMTAx
-MDIyMDI0WjBlMQswCQYDVQQGEwJVUzERMA8GA1UECBMISWxsaW5vaXMxEDAOBgNV
-BAcTB0NoaWNhZ28xFTATBgNVBAoTDEV4YW1wbGUsIENvLjEaMBgGA1UEAxQRKi50
-ZXN0Lmdvb2dsZS5jb20wgZ8wDQYJKoZIhvcNAQEBBQADgY0AMIGJAoGBAOHDFSco
-LCVJpYDDM4HYtIdV6Ake/sMNaaKdODjDMsux/4tDydlumN+fm+AjPEK5GHhGn1Bg
-zkWF+slf3BxhrA/8dNsnunstVA7ZBgA/5qQxMfGAq4wHNVX77fBZOgp9VlSMVfyd
-9N8YwbBYAckOeUQadTi2X1S6OgJXgQ0m3MWhAgMBAAGjazBpMAkGA1UdEwQCMAAw
-CwYDVR0PBAQDAgXgME8GA1UdEQRIMEaCECoudGVzdC5nb29nbGUuZnKCGHdhdGVy
-em9vaS50ZXN0Lmdvb2dsZS5iZYISKi50ZXN0LnlvdXR1YmUuY29thwTAqAEDMA0G
-CSqGSIb3DQEBCwUAA4GBAJFXVifQNub1LUP4JlnX5lXNlo8FxZ2a12AFQs+bzoJ6
-hM044EDjqyxUqSbVePK0ni3w1fHQB5rY9yYC5f8G7aqqTY1QOhoUk8ZTSTRpnkTh
-y4jjdvTZeLDVBlueZUTDRmy2feY5aZIU18vFDK08dTG0A87pppuv1LNIR3loveU8
-----END CERTIFICATE-----
--- a/examples/http2/README.md
+++ b/examples/http2/README.md
@ -1,18 +0,0 @@
-## How to generate RSA private key and digital certificate
-
-1. Install Openssl
-
-Please visit https://github.com/openssl/openssl to get pkg and install.
-
-2. Generate RSA private key
-
-```sh
-$ mkdir testdata
-$ openssl genrsa -out ./testdata/server.key 2048
-```
-
-3. Generate digital certificate
-
-```sh
-$ openssl req -new -x509 -key ./testdata/server.key -out ./testdata/server.pem -days 365
-```
--- a/examples/http2/main.go
+++ b/examples/http2/main.go
@ -1,38 +0,0 @@
-package main
-
-import (
-	"html/template"
-	"log"
-	"net/http"
-	"os"
-
-	"github.com/gin-gonic/gin"
-)
-
-var html = template.Must(template.New("https").Parse(`
-<html>
-<head>
-  <title>Https Test</title>
-</head>
-<body>
-  <h1 style="color:red;">Welcome, Ginner!</h1>
-</body>
-</html>
-`))
-
-func main() {
-	logger := log.New(os.Stderr, "", 0)
-	logger.Println("[WARNING] DON'T USE THE EMBED CERTS FROM THIS EXAMPLE IN PRODUCTION ENVIRONMENT, GENERATE YOUR OWN!")
-
-	r := gin.Default()
-	r.SetHTMLTemplate(html)
-
-	r.GET("/welcome", func(c *gin.Context) {
-		c.HTML(http.StatusOK, "https", gin.H{
-			"status": "success",
-		})
-	})
-
-	// Listen and Server in https://127.0.0.1:8080
-	r.RunTLS(":8080", "./testdata/server.pem", "./testdata/server.key")
-}
--- a/examples/http2/testdata/ca.pem
+++ b/examples/http2/testdata/ca.pem
@ -1,15 +0,0 @@
-----BEGIN CERTIFICATE-----
-MIICSjCCAbOgAwIBAgIJAJHGGR4dGioHMA0GCSqGSIb3DQEBCwUAMFYxCzAJBgNV
-BAYTAkFVMRMwEQYDVQQIEwpTb21lLVN0YXRlMSEwHwYDVQQKExhJbnRlcm5ldCBX
-aWRnaXRzIFB0eSBMdGQxDzANBgNVBAMTBnRlc3RjYTAeFw0xNDExMTEyMjMxMjla
-Fw0yNDExMDgyMjMxMjlaMFYxCzAJBgNVBAYTAkFVMRMwEQYDVQQIEwpTb21lLVN0
-YXRlMSEwHwYDVQQKExhJbnRlcm5ldCBXaWRnaXRzIFB0eSBMdGQxDzANBgNVBAMT
-BnRlc3RjYTCBnzANBgkqhkiG9w0BAQEFAAOBjQAwgYkCgYEAwEDfBV5MYdlHVHJ7
-+L4nxrZy7mBfAVXpOc5vMYztssUI7mL2/iYujiIXM+weZYNTEpLdjyJdu7R5gGUu
-g1jSVK/EPHfc74O7AyZU34PNIP4Sh33N+/A5YexrNgJlPY+E3GdVYi4ldWJjgkAd
-Qah2PH5ACLrIIC6tRka9hcaBlIECAwEAAaMgMB4wDAYDVR0TBAUwAwEB/zAOBgNV
-HQ8BAf8EBAMCAgQwDQYJKoZIhvcNAQELBQADgYEAHzC7jdYlzAVmddi/gdAeKPau
-sPBG/C2HCWqHzpCUHcKuvMzDVkY/MP2o6JIW2DBbY64bO/FceExhjcykgaYtCH/m
-oIU63+CFOTtR7otyQAWHqXa7q4SbCDlG7DyRFxqG0txPtGvy12lgldA2+RgcigQG
-Dfcog5wrJytaQ6UA0wE=
-----END CERTIFICATE-----
--- a/examples/http2/testdata/server.key
+++ b/examples/http2/testdata/server.key
@ -1,16 +0,0 @@
-----BEGIN PRIVATE KEY-----
-MIICdQIBADANBgkqhkiG9w0BAQEFAASCAl8wggJbAgEAAoGBAOHDFScoLCVJpYDD
-M4HYtIdV6Ake/sMNaaKdODjDMsux/4tDydlumN+fm+AjPEK5GHhGn1BgzkWF+slf
-3BxhrA/8dNsnunstVA7ZBgA/5qQxMfGAq4wHNVX77fBZOgp9VlSMVfyd9N8YwbBY
-AckOeUQadTi2X1S6OgJXgQ0m3MWhAgMBAAECgYAn7qGnM2vbjJNBm0VZCkOkTIWm
-V10okw7EPJrdL2mkre9NasghNXbE1y5zDshx5Nt3KsazKOxTT8d0Jwh/3KbaN+YY
-tTCbKGW0pXDRBhwUHRcuRzScjli8Rih5UOCiZkhefUTcRb6xIhZJuQy71tjaSy0p
-dHZRmYyBYO2YEQ8xoQJBAPrJPhMBkzmEYFtyIEqAxQ/o/A6E+E4w8i+KM7nQCK7q
-K4JXzyXVAjLfyBZWHGM2uro/fjqPggGD6QH1qXCkI4MCQQDmdKeb2TrKRh5BY1LR
-81aJGKcJ2XbcDu6wMZK4oqWbTX2KiYn9GB0woM6nSr/Y6iy1u145YzYxEV/iMwff
-DJULAkB8B2MnyzOg0pNFJqBJuH29bKCcHa8gHJzqXhNO5lAlEbMK95p/P2Wi+4Hd
-aiEIAF1BF326QJcvYKmwSmrORp85AkAlSNxRJ50OWrfMZnBgzVjDx3xG6KsFQVk2
-ol6VhqL6dFgKUORFUWBvnKSyhjJxurlPEahV6oo6+A+mPhFY8eUvAkAZQyTdupP3
-XEFQKctGz+9+gKkemDp7LBBMEMBXrGTLPhpEfcjv/7KPdnFHYmhYeBTBnuVmTVWe
-F98XJ7tIFfJq
-----END PRIVATE KEY-----
--- a/examples/http2/testdata/server.pem
+++ b/examples/http2/testdata/server.pem
@ -1,16 +0,0 @@
-----BEGIN CERTIFICATE-----
-MIICnDCCAgWgAwIBAgIBBzANBgkqhkiG9w0BAQsFADBWMQswCQYDVQQGEwJBVTET
-MBEGA1UECBMKU29tZS1TdGF0ZTEhMB8GA1UEChMYSW50ZXJuZXQgV2lkZ2l0cyBQ
-dHkgTHRkMQ8wDQYDVQQDEwZ0ZXN0Y2EwHhcNMTUxMTA0MDIyMDI0WhcNMjUxMTAx
-MDIyMDI0WjBlMQswCQYDVQQGEwJVUzERMA8GA1UECBMISWxsaW5vaXMxEDAOBgNV
-BAcTB0NoaWNhZ28xFTATBgNVBAoTDEV4YW1wbGUsIENvLjEaMBgGA1UEAxQRKi50
-ZXN0Lmdvb2dsZS5jb20wgZ8wDQYJKoZIhvcNAQEBBQADgY0AMIGJAoGBAOHDFSco
-LCVJpYDDM4HYtIdV6Ake/sMNaaKdODjDMsux/4tDydlumN+fm+AjPEK5GHhGn1Bg
-zkWF+slf3BxhrA/8dNsnunstVA7ZBgA/5qQxMfGAq4wHNVX77fBZOgp9VlSMVfyd
-9N8YwbBYAckOeUQadTi2X1S6OgJXgQ0m3MWhAgMBAAGjazBpMAkGA1UdEwQCMAAw
-CwYDVR0PBAQDAgXgME8GA1UdEQRIMEaCECoudGVzdC5nb29nbGUuZnKCGHdhdGVy
-em9vaS50ZXN0Lmdvb2dsZS5iZYISKi50ZXN0LnlvdXR1YmUuY29thwTAqAEDMA0G
-CSqGSIb3DQEBCwUAA4GBAJFXVifQNub1LUP4JlnX5lXNlo8FxZ2a12AFQs+bzoJ6
-hM044EDjqyxUqSbVePK0ni3w1fHQB5rY9yYC5f8G7aqqTY1QOhoUk8ZTSTRpnkTh
-y4jjdvTZeLDVBlueZUTDRmy2feY5aZIU18vFDK08dTG0A87pppuv1LNIR3loveU8
-----END CERTIFICATE-----
--- a/examples/multiple-service/main.go
+++ b/examples/multiple-service/main.go
@ -1,74 +0,0 @@
-package main
-
-import (
-	"log"
-	"net/http"
-	"time"
-
-	"github.com/gin-gonic/gin"
-	"golang.org/x/sync/errgroup"
-)
-
-var (
-	g errgroup.Group
-)
-
-func router01() http.Handler {
-	e := gin.New()
-	e.Use(gin.Recovery())
-	e.GET("/", func(c *gin.Context) {
-		c.JSON(
-			http.StatusOK,
-			gin.H{
-				"code":  http.StatusOK,
-				"error": "Welcome server 01",
-			},
-		)
-	})
-
-	return e
-}
-
-func router02() http.Handler {
-	e := gin.New()
-	e.Use(gin.Recovery())
-	e.GET("/", func(c *gin.Context) {
-		c.JSON(
-			http.StatusOK,
-			gin.H{
-				"code":  http.StatusOK,
-				"error": "Welcome server 02",
-			},
-		)
-	})
-
-	return e
-}
-
-func main() {
-	server01 := &http.Server{
-		Addr:         ":8080",
-		Handler:      router01(),
-		ReadTimeout:  5 * time.Second,
-		WriteTimeout: 10 * time.Second,
-	}
-
-	server02 := &http.Server{
-		Addr:         ":8081",
-		Handler:      router02(),
-		ReadTimeout:  5 * time.Second,
-		WriteTimeout: 10 * time.Second,
-	}
-
-	g.Go(func() error {
-		return server01.ListenAndServe()
-	})
-
-	g.Go(func() error {
-		return server02.ListenAndServe()
-	})
-
-	if err := g.Wait(); err != nil {
-		log.Fatal(err)
-	}
-}
--- a/examples/new_relic/README.md
+++ b/examples/new_relic/README.md
@ -1,30 +0,0 @@
-The [New Relic Go Agent](https://github.com/newrelic/go-agent) provides a nice middleware for the stdlib handler signature. 
-The following is an adaptation of that middleware for Gin.
-
-```golang
-const (
-	// NewRelicTxnKey is the key used to retrieve the NewRelic Transaction from the context
-	NewRelicTxnKey = "NewRelicTxnKey"
-)
-
-// NewRelicMonitoring is a middleware that starts a newrelic transaction, stores it in the context, then calls the next handler
-func NewRelicMonitoring(app newrelic.Application) gin.HandlerFunc {
-	return func(ctx *gin.Context) {
-		txn := app.StartTransaction(ctx.Request.URL.Path, ctx.Writer, ctx.Request)
-		defer txn.End()
-		ctx.Set(NewRelicTxnKey, txn)
-		ctx.Next()
-	}
-}
-```
-and in `main.go` or equivalent...
-```golang
-router := gin.Default()
-cfg := newrelic.NewConfig(os.Getenv("APP_NAME"), os.Getenv("NEW_RELIC_API_KEY"))
-app, err := newrelic.NewApplication(cfg)
-if err != nil {
-		log.Printf("failed to make new_relic app: %v", err)
-} else {
-		router.Use(adapters.NewRelicMonitoring(app))
-}
- ```
--- a/examples/new_relic/main.go
+++ b/examples/new_relic/main.go
@ -1,42 +0,0 @@
-package main
-
-import (
-	"log"
-	"net/http"
-	"os"
-
-	"github.com/gin-gonic/gin"
-	"github.com/newrelic/go-agent"
-)
-
-const (
-	// NewRelicTxnKey is the key used to retrieve the NewRelic Transaction from the context
-	NewRelicTxnKey = "NewRelicTxnKey"
-)
-
-// NewRelicMonitoring is a middleware that starts a newrelic transaction, stores it in the context, then calls the next handler
-func NewRelicMonitoring(app newrelic.Application) gin.HandlerFunc {
-	return func(ctx *gin.Context) {
-		txn := app.StartTransaction(ctx.Request.URL.Path, ctx.Writer, ctx.Request)
-		defer txn.End()
-		ctx.Set(NewRelicTxnKey, txn)
-		ctx.Next()
-	}
-}
-
-func main() {
-	router := gin.Default()
-
-	cfg := newrelic.NewConfig(os.Getenv("APP_NAME"), os.Getenv("NEW_RELIC_API_KEY"))
-	app, err := newrelic.NewApplication(cfg)
-	if err != nil {
-		log.Printf("failed to make new_relic app: %v", err)
-	} else {
-		router.Use(NewRelicMonitoring(app))
-	}
-
-	router.GET("/", func(c *gin.Context) {
-		c.String(http.StatusOK, "Hello World!\n")
-	})
-	router.Run()
-}
--- a/examples/realtime-advanced/Makefile
+++ b/examples/realtime-advanced/Makefile
@ -1,10 +0,0 @@
-all: deps build
-
-.PHONY: deps
-deps:
-	go get -d -v github.com/dustin/go-broadcast/...
-	go get -d -v github.com/manucorporat/stats/...
-
-.PHONY: build
-build: deps
-	go build -o realtime-advanced main.go rooms.go routes.go stats.go
--- a/examples/realtime-advanced/main.go
+++ b/examples/realtime-advanced/main.go
@ -1,42 +0,0 @@
-package main
-
-import (
-	"fmt"
-	"runtime"
-
-	"github.com/gin-gonic/gin"
-)
-
-func main() {
-	ConfigRuntime()
-	StartWorkers()
-	StartGin()
-}
-
-// ConfigRuntime sets the number of operating system threads.
-func ConfigRuntime() {
-	nuCPU := runtime.NumCPU()
-	runtime.GOMAXPROCS(nuCPU)
-	fmt.Printf("Running with %d CPUs\n", nuCPU)
-}
-
-// StartWorkers start starsWorker by goroutine.
-func StartWorkers() {
-	go statsWorker()
-}
-
-// StartGin starts gin web server with setting router.
-func StartGin() {
-	gin.SetMode(gin.ReleaseMode)
-
-	router := gin.New()
-	router.Use(rateLimit, gin.Recovery())
-	router.LoadHTMLGlob("resources/*.templ.html")
-	router.Static("/static", "resources/static")
-	router.GET("/", index)
-	router.GET("/room/:roomid", roomGET)
-	router.POST("/room-post/:roomid", roomPOST)
-	router.GET("/stream/:roomid", streamRoom)
-
-	router.Run(":80")
-}
--- a/examples/realtime-advanced/resources/room_login.templ.html
+++ b/examples/realtime-advanced/resources/room_login.templ.html
@ -1,208 +0,0 @@
-<!doctype html>
-<html lang="en">
-    <head>
-        <meta charset="utf-8">
-        <meta http-equiv="X-UA-Compatible" content="IE=edge">
-        <meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1">
-        <title>Server-Sent Events. Room "{{.roomid}}"</title>
-        <!-- jQuery -->
-        <script src="https://ajax.googleapis.com/ajax/libs/jquery/1.11.2/jquery.min.js"></script>
-        <script src="http://malsup.github.com/jquery.form.js"></script> 
-        <!-- EPOCH -->
-        <script src="http://d3js.org/d3.v3.min.js"></script>
-        <script src="/static/epoch.min.js"></script>
-        <link rel="stylesheet" href="/static/epoch.min.css">
-        <script src="/static/realtime.js"></script>
-        <!-- Latest compiled and minified CSS -->
-        <link rel="stylesheet" href="https://maxcdn.bootstrapcdn.com/bootstrap/3.3.4/css/bootstrap.min.css">
-        <!-- Optional theme -->
-        <link rel="stylesheet" href="https://maxcdn.bootstrapcdn.com/bootstrap/3.3.4/css/bootstrap-theme.min.css">
-        <!-- Latest compiled and minified JavaScript -->
-        <script src="https://maxcdn.bootstrapcdn.com/bootstrap/3.3.4/js/bootstrap.min.js"></script>
-        <!-- Primjs -->
-        <link href="/static/prismjs.min.css" rel="stylesheet">
-
-        <script>
-            $(document).ready(function() { 
-              StartRealtime({{.roomid}}, {{.timestamp}});
-            });
-        </script>
-        <style>
-        body { padding-top: 50px; }
-        </style>
-    </head>
-    <body>
-    <nav class="navbar navbar-fixed-top navbar-inverse">
-      <div class="container">
-        <div class="navbar-header">
-          <button type="button" class="navbar-toggle collapsed" data-toggle="collapse" data-target="#navbar" aria-expanded="false" aria-controls="navbar">
-            <span class="sr-only">Toggle navigation</span>
-            <span class="icon-bar"></span>
-            <span class="icon-bar"></span>
-            <span class="icon-bar"></span>
-          </button>
-          <a class="navbar-brand" href="#">Server-Sent Events</a>
-        </div>
-        <div id="navbar" class="collapse navbar-collapse">
-          <ul class="nav navbar-nav">
-            <li class="active"><a href="#">Demo</a></li>
-            <li><a href="http://www.w3.org/TR/2009/WD-eventsource-20091029/">W3 Standard</a></li>
-            <li><a href="http://caniuse.com/#feat=eventsource">Browser Support</a></li>
-            <li><a href="http://gin-gonic.github.io/gin/">Gin Framework</a></li>
-            <li><a href="https://github.com/gin-gonic/gin/tree/develop/examples/realtime-advanced">GitHub</a></li>
-          </ul>
-        </div><!-- /.nav-collapse -->
-      </div><!-- /.container -->
-    </nav><!-- /.navbar -->
-        <!-- Main jumbotron for a primary marketing message or call to action -->
-        <div class="jumbotron">
-            <div class="container">
-                <h1>Server-Sent Events in Go</h1>
-                <p>Server-sent events (SSE) is a technology where a browser receives automatic updates from a server via HTTP connection. It is not websockets. <a href="http://www.html5rocks.com/en/tutorials/eventsource/basics/">Learn more.</a></p>
-                <p>The chat and the charts data is provided in realtime using the SSE implementation of <a href="https://github.com/gin-gonic/gin/blob/15b0c49da556d58a3d934b86e3aa552ff224026d/examples/realtime-chat/main.go#L23-L32">Gin Framework</a>.</p>
-                <div class="row">
-                    <div class="col-md-8">
-                        <div id="chat-scroll" style="overflow-y:scroll; overflow-x:scroll; height:290px">
-                            <table id="table-style" class="table" data-show-header="false">
-                                <thead>
-                                    <tr>
-                                        <th data-field="nick" class="col-md-2">Nick</th>
-                                        <th data-field="message" class="col-md-8">Message</th>
-                                    </tr>
-                                </thead>
-                                <tbody id="chat"></tbody>
-                            </table>
-                        </div>
-                        {{if .nick}}
-                        <form autocomplete="off" class="form-inline" id="chat-form" action="/room-post/{{.roomid}}?nick={{.nick}}" method="post">
-                            <div class="form-group">
-                                <label class="sr-only" for="chat-message">Message</label>
-                                <div class="input-group">
-                                    <div class="input-group-addon">{{.nick}}</div>
-                                    <input type="text" name="message" id="chat-message" class="form-control" placeholder="a message" value="">
-                                </div>
-                            </div>
-                            <input type="submit" class="btn btn-primary" value="Send">
-                        </form>
-                        {{else}}
-                        <form action="" method="get" class="form-inline">
-                            <legend>Join the SSE real-time chat</legend>
-                            <div class="form-group">
-                                <input value='' name="nick" id="nick" placeholder="Your Name" type="text" class="form-control">
-                            </div>
-                            <div class="form-group text-center">
-                                <input type="submit" class="btn btn-success btn-login-submit" value="Join">
-                            </div>
-                        </form>
-                        {{end}}
-                    </div>
-                    <div class="col-md-4">
-                        <div id="messagesChart" class="epoch category10"></div>
-                        <p>
-                        <span style="font-size:20px; color:#1f77b4">◼︎</span> Users<br>
-                        <span style="font-size:20px; color:#ff7f0e">◼︎</span> Inbound messages / sec<br>
-                        <span style="font-size:20px; color:#2ca02c">◼︎</span> Outbound messages / sec<br>
-                        </p>
-                    </div>
-                </div>
-            </div>
-        </div>
-        <div class="container">
-            <div class="row">
-                <h2>Realtime server Go stats</h2>
-                <div class="col-md-6">
-                    <h3>Memory usage</h3>
-                    <p>
-                    <div id="heapChart" class="epoch category20c"></div>
-                    </p>
-                    <p>
-                    <span style="font-size:20px; color:#1f77b4">◼︎</span> Heap bytes<br>
-                    <span style="font-size:20px; color:#aec7e8">◼︎</span> Stack bytes<br>
-                    </p>
-                </div>
-                <div class="col-md-6">
-                    <h3>Allocations per second</h3>
-                    <p>
-                    <div id="mallocsChart" class="epoch category20b"></div>
-                    </p>
-                    <p>
-                    <span style="font-size:20px; color:#393b79">◼︎</span> Mallocs / sec<br>
-                    <span style="font-size:20px; color:#5254a3">◼︎</span> Frees / sec<br>
-                    </p>
-                </div>
-            </div>
-            <div class="row">
-                <h2>MIT Open Sourced</h2>
-                <ul>
-                    <li><a href="https://github.com/gin-gonic/gin/tree/develop/examples/realtime-advanced">This demo website (JS and Go)</a></li>
-                    <li><a href="https://github.com/manucorporat/sse">The SSE implementation in Go</a></li>
-                    <li><a href="https://github.com/gin-gonic/gin">The Web Framework (Gin)</a></li>
-                </ul>
-                <div class="col-md-6">
-                <script src="/static/prismjs.min.js"></script>
-                    <h3>Server-side (Go)</h3>
-                    <pre><code class="language-go">func streamRoom(c *gin.Context) {
-    roomid := c.ParamValue(&quot;roomid&quot;)
-    listener := openListener(roomid)
-    statsTicker := time.NewTicker(1 * time.Second)
-    defer closeListener(roomid, listener)
-    defer statsTicker.Stop()
-
-    c.Stream(func(w io.Writer) bool {
-        select {
-        case msg := &lt;-listener:
-            c.SSEvent(&quot;message&quot;, msg)
-        case &lt;-statsTicker.C:
-            c.SSEvent(&quot;stats&quot;, Stats())
-        }
-        return true
-    })
-}</code></pre>
-                </div>
-                <div class="col-md-6">
-                    <h3>Client-side (JS)</h3>
-                    <pre><code class="language-javascript">function StartSSE(roomid) {
-    var source = new EventSource('/stream/'+roomid);
-    source.addEventListener('message', newChatMessage, false);
-    source.addEventListener('stats', stats, false);
-}</code></pre>
-                </div>
-            </div>
-            <div class="row">
-                <div class="col-md-12">
-                    <h3>SSE package</h3>
-                    <pre><code class="language-go">import &quot;github.com/manucorporat/sse&quot;
-
-func httpHandler(w http.ResponseWriter, req *http.Request) {
-    // data can be a primitive like a string, an integer or a float
-    sse.Encode(w, sse.Event{
-        Event: &quot;message&quot;,
-        Data:  &quot;some data\nmore data&quot;,
-    })
-
-    // also a complex type, like a map, a struct or a slice
-    sse.Encode(w, sse.Event{
-        Id:    &quot;124&quot;,
-        Event: &quot;message&quot;,
-        Data: map[string]interface{}{
-            &quot;user&quot;:    &quot;manu&quot;,
-            &quot;date&quot;:    time.Now().Unix(),
-            &quot;content&quot;: &quot;hi!&quot;,
-        },
-    })
-}</code></pre>
-<pre>event: message
-data: some data\\nmore data
-
-id: 124
-event: message
-data: {&quot;content&quot;:&quot;hi!&quot;,&quot;date&quot;:1431540810,&quot;user&quot;:&quot;manu&quot;}</pre>
-                </div>
-            </div>
-            <hr>
-            <footer>
-                <p>Created with <span class="glyphicon glyphicon-heart"></span> by <a href="https://github.com/manucorporat">Manu Martinez-Almeida</a></p>
-            </footer>
-        </div>
-    </body>
-</html>
--- a/examples/realtime-advanced/resources/static/epoch.min.css
+++ b/examples/realtime-advanced/resources/static/epoch.min.css
--- a/examples/realtime-advanced/resources/static/epoch.min.js
+++ b/examples/realtime-advanced/resources/static/epoch.min.js
@ -1,114 +0,0 @@
-(function(){var e;null==window.Epoch&&(window.Epoch={});null==(e=window.Epoch).Chart&&(e.Chart={});null==(e=window.Epoch).Time&&(e.Time={});null==(e=window.Epoch).Util&&(e.Util={});null==(e=window.Epoch).Formats&&(e.Formats={});Epoch.warn=function(g){return(console.warn||console.log)("Epoch Warning: "+g)};Epoch.exception=function(g){throw"Epoch Error: "+g;}}).call(this);
-(function(){Epoch.TestContext=function(){function e(){var c,a,d;this._log=[];a=0;for(d=g.length;a<d;a++)c=g[a],this._makeFauxMethod(c)}var g;g="arc arcTo beginPath bezierCurveTo clearRect clip closePath drawImage fill fillRect fillText moveTo quadraticCurveTo rect restore rotate save scale scrollPathIntoView setLineDash setTransform stroke strokeRect strokeText transform translate".split(" ");e.prototype._makeFauxMethod=function(c){return this[c]=function(){var a;return this._log.push(""+c+"("+function(){var d,
-b,h;h=[];d=0;for(b=arguments.length;d<b;d++)a=arguments[d],h.push(a.toString());return h}.apply(this,arguments).join(",")+")")}};e.prototype.getImageData=function(){var c;this._log.push("getImageData("+function(){var a,d,b;b=[];a=0;for(d=arguments.length;a<d;a++)c=arguments[a],b.push(c.toString());return b}.apply(this,arguments).join(",")+")");return{width:0,height:0,resolution:1,data:[]}};return e}()}).call(this);
-(function(){var e,g;e=function(c){return function(a){return Object.prototype.toString.call(a)==="[object "+c+"]"}};Epoch.isArray=null!=(g=Array.isArray)?g:e("Array");Epoch.isObject=e("Object");Epoch.isString=e("String");Epoch.isFunction=e("Function");Epoch.isNumber=e("Number");Epoch.isElement=function(c){return"undefined"!==typeof HTMLElement&&null!==HTMLElement?c instanceof HTMLElement:null!=c&&Epoch.isObject(c)&&1===c.nodeType&&Epoch.isString(c.nodeName)};Epoch.Util.copy=function(c){var a,d,b;if(null==
-c)return null;a={};for(d in c)b=c[d],a[d]=b;return a};Epoch.Util.defaults=function(c,a){var d,b,h,k,f;f=Epoch.Util.copy(c);for(h in a)k=c[h],b=a[h],d=Epoch.isObject(k)&&Epoch.isObject(b),null!=k&&null!=b?d&&!Epoch.isArray(k)?f[h]=Epoch.Util.defaults(k,b):f[h]=k:f[h]=null!=k?k:b;return f};Epoch.Util.formatSI=function(c,a,d){var b,h,k,f;null==a&&(a=1);null==d&&(d=!1);if(1E3>c){if((c|0)!==c||d)c=c.toFixed(a);return c}f="KMGTPEZY".split("");for(h in f)if(k=f[h],b=Math.pow(10,3*((h|0)+1)),c>=b&&c<Math.pow(10,
-3*((h|0)+2))){c/=b;if(0!==c%1||d)c=c.toFixed(a);return""+c+" "+k}};Epoch.Util.formatBytes=function(c,a,d){var b,h,k,f;null==a&&(a=1);null==d&&(d=!1);if(1024>c){if(0!==c%1||d)c=c.toFixed(a);return""+c+" B"}f="KB MB GB TB PB EB ZB YB".split(" ");for(h in f)if(k=f[h],b=Math.pow(1024,(h|0)+1),c>=b&&c<Math.pow(1024,(h|0)+2)){c/=b;if(0!==c%1||d)c=c.toFixed(a);return""+c+" "+k}};Epoch.Util.dasherize=function(c){return Epoch.Util.trim(c).replace("\n","").replace(/\s+/g,"-").toLowerCase()};Epoch.Util.domain=
-function(c,a){var d,b,h,k,f,q,u,m;null==a&&(a="x");h={};d=[];k=0;for(q=c.length;k<q;k++)for(b=c[k],m=b.values,f=0,u=m.length;f<u;f++)b=m[f],null==h[b[a]]&&(d.push(b[a]),h[b[a]]=!0);return d};Epoch.Util.trim=function(c){return Epoch.isString(c)?c.replace(/^\s+/g,"").replace(/\s+$/g,""):null};Epoch.Util.getComputedStyle=function(c,a){if(Epoch.isFunction(window.getComputedStyle))return window.getComputedStyle(c,a);if(null!=c.currentStyle)return c.currentStyle};Epoch.Util.toRGBA=function(c,a){var d,b,
-h;if(d=c.match(/^rgba\(\s*([0-9]+)\s*,\s*([0-9]+)\s*,\s*([0-9]+)\s*,\s*[0-9\.]+\)/))h=d[1],b=d[2],d=d[3],b="rgba("+h+","+b+","+d+","+a+")";else if(d=d3.rgb(c))b="rgba("+d.r+","+d.g+","+d.b+","+a+")";return b};Epoch.Util.getContext=function(c,a){null==a&&(a="2d");return null!=c.getContext?c.getContext(a):new Epoch.TestContext}}).call(this);
-(function(){d3.selection.prototype.width=function(e){return null!=e&&Epoch.isString(e)?this.style("width",e):null!=e&&Epoch.isNumber(e)?this.style("width",""+e+"px"):+Epoch.Util.getComputedStyle(this.node(),null).width.replace("px","")};d3.selection.prototype.height=function(e){return null!=e&&Epoch.isString(e)?this.style("height",e):null!=e&&Epoch.isNumber(e)?this.style("height",""+e+"px"):+Epoch.Util.getComputedStyle(this.node(),null).height.replace("px","")}}).call(this);
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-this.height=this.option("height")||this.height;this.el.width(this.width);return this.el.height(this.height)};return a}(Epoch.Events);Epoch.Chart.SVG=function(c){function a(d){this.options=null!=d?d:{};a.__super__.constructor.call(this,this.options);this.svg=null!=this.el?this.el.append("svg"):d3.select(document.createElement("svg"));this.svg.attr({xmlns:"http://www.w3.org/2000/svg",width:this.width,height:this.height})}g(a,c);a.prototype.dimensionsChanged=function(){a.__super__.dimensionsChanged.call(this);
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-d&&console.log(n);g.getContainer().node().appendChild(n);m=d3.select("#_canvas_css_reference "+a);l={};r=g.styleList;n=0;for(e=r.length;n<e;n++)b=r[n],l[b]=m.style(b);g.cache[c]=l;g.getContainer().html("");return l};return g}();Epoch.QueryCSS=e}).call(this);
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-"option:range":"rangeChanged"};a.prototype.setTickFormat=function(a,f){return this.options.tickFormats[a]=f};a.prototype.hasAxis=function(a){return-1<this.options.axes.indexOf(a)};a.prototype.innerWidth=function(){return this.width-(this.margins.left+this.margins.right)};a.prototype.innerHeight=function(){return this.height-(this.margins.top+this.margins.bottom)};a.prototype.x=function(){var a,f;a=null!=(f=this.options.domain)?f:this.extent(function(a){return a.x});return d3.scale.linear().domain(a).range([0,
-this.innerWidth()])};a.prototype.y=function(){var a,f;a=null!=(f=this.options.range)?f:this.extent(function(a){return a.y});return d3.scale.linear().domain(a).range([this.innerHeight(),0])};a.prototype.bottomAxis=function(){return d3.svg.axis().scale(this.x()).orient("bottom").ticks(this.options.ticks.bottom).tickFormat(this.options.tickFormats.bottom)};a.prototype.topAxis=function(){return d3.svg.axis().scale(this.x()).orient("top").ticks(this.options.ticks.top).tickFormat(this.options.tickFormats.top)};
-a.prototype.leftAxis=function(){return d3.svg.axis().scale(this.y()).orient("left").ticks(this.options.ticks.left).tickFormat(this.options.tickFormats.left)};a.prototype.rightAxis=function(){return d3.svg.axis().scale(this.y()).orient("right").ticks(this.options.ticks.right).tickFormat(this.options.tickFormats.right)};a.prototype.draw=function(){this._axesDrawn?this._redrawAxes():this._drawAxes();return a.__super__.draw.call(this)};a.prototype._redrawAxes=function(){this.hasAxis("bottom")&&this.g.selectAll(".x.axis.bottom").transition().duration(500).ease("linear").call(this.bottomAxis());
-this.hasAxis("top")&&this.g.selectAll(".x.axis.top").transition().duration(500).ease("linear").call(this.topAxis());this.hasAxis("left")&&this.g.selectAll(".y.axis.left").transition().duration(500).ease("linear").call(this.leftAxis());if(this.hasAxis("right"))return this.g.selectAll(".y.axis.right").transition().duration(500).ease("linear").call(this.rightAxis())};a.prototype._drawAxes=function(){this.hasAxis("bottom")&&this.g.append("g").attr("class","x axis bottom").attr("transform","translate(0, "+
-this.innerHeight()+")").call(this.bottomAxis());this.hasAxis("top")&&this.g.append("g").attr("class","x axis top").call(this.topAxis());this.hasAxis("left")&&this.g.append("g").attr("class","y axis left").call(this.leftAxis());this.hasAxis("right")&&this.g.append("g").attr("class","y axis right").attr("transform","translate("+this.innerWidth()+", 0)").call(this.rightAxis());return this._axesDrawn=!0};a.prototype.dimensionsChanged=function(){a.__super__.dimensionsChanged.call(this);this.g.selectAll(".axis").remove();
-this._axesDrawn=!1;return this.draw()};a.prototype.marginsChanged=function(){var a,f,b;if(null!=this.options.margins){b=this.options.margins;for(a in b)f=b[a],this.margins[a]=null==f?6:f;this.g.transition().duration(750).attr("transform","translate("+this.margins.left+", "+this.margins.top+")");return this.draw()}};a.prototype.axesChanged=function(){var a,f,b,c;c=["top","right","bottom","left"];f=0;for(b=c.length;f<b;f++)if(a=c[f],null==this.options.margins||null==this.options.margins[a])this.hasAxis(a)?
-this.margins[a]=d[a]:this.margins[a]=6;this.g.transition().duration(750).attr("transform","translate("+this.margins.left+", "+this.margins.top+")");this.g.selectAll(".axis").remove();this._axesDrawn=!1;return this.draw()};a.prototype.ticksChanged=function(){return this.draw()};a.prototype.tickFormatsChanged=function(){return this.draw()};a.prototype.domainChanged=function(){return this.draw()};a.prototype.rangeChanged=function(){return this.draw()};return a}(Epoch.Chart.SVG)}).call(this);
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-b.enter().append("g").attr("class",function(a){return a.className});b.append("path").attr("class","area").attr("d",function(a){return d(a.values)});return a.__super__.draw.call(this)};return a}(Epoch.Chart.Plot)}).call(this);
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-a.prototype.y1=function(a){var f;return d3.scale.ordinal().domain(function(){var a,k,b,d;b=this.data;d=[];a=0;for(k=b.length;a<k;a++)f=b[a],d.push(f.category);return d}.call(this)).rangeRoundBands([0,a.rangeBand()],this.options.padding.bar,this.options.outerPadding.bar)};a.prototype._remapData=function(){var a,f,b,d,c,h,n,e,g,s,t,v;c={};t=this.data;h=0;for(e=t.length;h<e;h++)for(d=t[h],a="bar "+d.className.replace(/\s*layer\s*/,""),v=d.values,n=0,g=v.length;n<g;n++)f=v[n],null==c[s=f.x]&&(c[s]=[]),
-c[f.x].push({label:d.category,y:f.y,className:a});f=[];for(b in c)a=c[b],f.push({group:b,values:a});return f};a.prototype.draw=function(){"horizontal"===this.options.orientation?this._drawHorizontal():this._drawVertical();return a.__super__.draw.call(this)};a.prototype._drawVertical=function(){var a,b,d,c,h,l;a=[this.x(),this.y()];c=a[0];l=a[1];h=this.x1(c);b=this.height-this.margins.top-this.margins.bottom;a=this._remapData();a=this.g.selectAll(".layer").data(a,function(a){return a.group});a.transition().duration(750).attr("transform",
-function(a){return"translate("+c(a.group)+", 0)"});a.enter().append("g").attr("class","layer").attr("transform",function(a){return"translate("+c(a.group)+", 0)"});d=a.selectAll("rect").data(function(a){return a.values});d.transition().duration(600).attr("x",function(a){return h(a.label)}).attr("y",function(a){return l(a.y)}).attr("width",h.rangeBand()).attr("height",function(a){return b-l(a.y)});d.enter().append("rect").attr("class",function(a){return a.className}).attr("x",function(a){return h(a.label)}).attr("y",
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-c(a.group)+")"});a.enter().append("g").attr("class","layer").attr("transform",function(a){return"translate(0, "+c(a.group)+")"});b=a.selectAll("rect").data(function(a){return a.values});b.transition().duration(600).attr("x",function(a){return 0}).attr("y",function(a){return h(a.label)}).attr("height",h.rangeBand()).attr("width",function(a){return d(a.y)});b.enter().append("rect").attr("class",function(a){return a.className}).attr("x",function(a){return 0}).attr("y",function(a){return h(a.label)}).attr("height",
-h.rangeBand()).attr("width",function(a){return d(a.y)});b.exit().transition().duration(150).style("opacity","0").remove();return a.exit().transition().duration(750).style("opacity","0").remove()};a.prototype.orientationChanged=function(){var a,b,d,c;c=this.options.tickFormats.top;a=this.options.tickFormats.bottom;b=this.options.tickFormats.left;d=this.options.tickFormats.right;this.options.tickFormats.left=c;this.options.tickFormats.right=a;this.options.tickFormats.top=b;this.options.tickFormats.bottom=
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-function(){var c,b;b=[this.x(),this.y(),this.line()][2];c=this.g.selectAll(".layer").data(this.data,function(a){return a.category});c.select(".line").transition().duration(500).attr("d",function(a){return b(a.values)});c.enter().append("g").attr("class",function(a){return a.className}).append("path").attr("class","line").attr("d",function(a){return b(a.values)});c.exit().transition().duration(750).style("opacity","0").remove();return a.__super__.draw.call(this)};return a}(Epoch.Chart.Plot)}).call(this);
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-a.height)/2-a.options.margin}}(this)).innerRadius(function(a){return function(){return a.options.inner}}(this));this.g=this.svg.append("g").attr("transform","translate("+this.width/2+", "+this.height/2+")");this.on("option:margin","marginChanged");this.on("option:inner","innerChanged")}var d;g(a,c);d={margin:10,inner:0};a.prototype.draw=function(){var b;this.g.selectAll(".arc").remove();b=this.g.selectAll(".arc").data(this.pie(this.data),function(a){return a.data.category});b.enter().append("g").attr("class",
-function(a){return"arc pie "+a.data.className});b.select("path").attr("d",this.arc);b.select("text").attr("transform",function(a){return function(b){return"translate("+a.arc.centroid(b)+")"}}(this)).text(function(a){return a.data.label||a.data.category});b.append("path").attr("d",this.arc).each(function(a){return this._current=a});b.append("text").attr("transform",function(a){return function(b){return"translate("+a.arc.centroid(b)+")"}}(this)).attr("dy",".35em").style("text-anchor","middle").text(function(a){return a.data.label||
-a.data.category});return a.__super__.draw.call(this)};a.prototype.marginChanged=function(){return this.draw()};a.prototype.innerChanged=function(){return this.draw()};return a}(Epoch.Chart.SVG)}).call(this);
-(function(){var e={}.hasOwnProperty,g=function(c,a){function d(){this.constructor=c}for(var b in a)e.call(a,b)&&(c[b]=a[b]);d.prototype=a.prototype;c.prototype=new d;c.__super__=a.prototype;return c};Epoch.Chart.Scatter=function(c){function a(b){this.options=null!=b?b:{};a.__super__.constructor.call(this,this.options=Epoch.Util.defaults(this.options,d));this.on("option:radius","radiusChanged")}var d;g(a,c);d={radius:3.5,axes:["top","bottom","left","right"]};a.prototype.draw=function(){var b,c,k,f,
-d;b=[this.x(),this.y()];f=b[0];d=b[1];k=this.options.radius;c=this.g.selectAll(".layer").data(this.data,function(a){return a.category});c.enter().append("g").attr("class",function(a){return a.className});b=c.selectAll(".dot").data(function(a){return a.values});b.transition().duration(500).attr("r",function(a){var b;return null!=(b=a.r)?b:k}).attr("cx",function(a){return f(a.x)}).attr("cy",function(a){return d(a.y)});b.enter().append("circle").attr("class","dot").attr("r",function(a){var b;return null!=
-(b=a.r)?b:k}).attr("cx",function(a){return f(a.x)}).attr("cy",function(a){return d(a.y)});b.exit().transition().duration(750).style("opacity",0).remove();c.exit().transition().duration(750).style("opacity",0).remove();return a.__super__.draw.call(this)};a.prototype.radiusChanged=function(){return this.draw()};return a}(Epoch.Chart.Plot)}).call(this);
-(function(){var e={}.hasOwnProperty,g=function(c,a){function d(){this.constructor=c}for(var b in a)e.call(a,b)&&(c[b]=a[b]);d.prototype=a.prototype;c.prototype=new d;c.__super__=a.prototype;return c};Epoch.Time.Plot=function(c){function a(k){var f,c,u;this.options=k;Epoch.Util.copy(this.options.margins);a.__super__.constructor.call(this,this.options=Epoch.Util.defaults(this.options,b));this._queue=[];this.margins={};u=["top","right","bottom","left"];f=0;for(c=u.length;f<c;f++)k=u[f],this.margins[k]=
-null!=this.options.margins&&null!=this.options.margins[k]?this.options.margins[k]:this.hasAxis(k)?d[k]:6;this.svg=this.el.insert("svg",":first-child").attr("width",this.width).attr("height",this.height).style("z-index","1000");"absolute"!==this.el.style("position")&&"relative"!==this.el.style("position")&&this.el.style("position","relative");this.canvas.style({position:"absolute","z-index":"999"});this._sizeCanvas();this.animation={interval:null,active:!1,delta:function(a){return function(){return-(a.w()/
-a.options.fps)}}(this),tickDelta:function(a){return function(){return-(a.w()/a.pixelRatio/a.options.fps)}}(this),frame:0,duration:this.options.fps};this._buildAxes();this.animationCallback=function(a){return function(){return a._animate()}}(this);this.onAll(h)}var d,b,h;g(a,c);b={fps:24,historySize:120,windowSize:40,queueSize:10,axes:["bottom"],ticks:{time:15,left:5,right:5},tickFormats:{top:Epoch.Formats.seconds,bottom:Epoch.Formats.seconds,left:Epoch.Formats.si,right:Epoch.Formats.si}};d={top:25,
-right:50,bottom:25,left:50};h={"option:margins":"marginsChanged","option:margins.top":"marginsChanged","option:margins.right":"marginsChanged","option:margins.bottom":"marginsChanged","option:margins.left":"marginsChanged","option:axes":"axesChanged","option:ticks":"ticksChanged","option:ticks.top":"ticksChanged","option:ticks.right":"ticksChanged","option:ticks.bottom":"ticksChanged","option:ticks.left":"ticksChanged","option:tickFormats":"tickFormatsChanged","option:tickFormats.top":"tickFormatsChanged",
-"option:tickFormats.right":"tickFormatsChanged","option:tickFormats.bottom":"tickFormatsChanged","option:tickFormats.left":"tickFormatsChanged"};a.prototype._sizeCanvas=function(){this.canvas.attr({width:this.innerWidth(),height:this.innerHeight()});return this.canvas.style({width:""+this.innerWidth()/this.pixelRatio+"px",height:""+this.innerHeight()/this.pixelRatio+"px",top:""+this.margins.top+"px",left:""+this.margins.left+"px"})};a.prototype._buildAxes=function(){this.svg.selectAll(".axis").remove();
-this._prepareTimeAxes();return this._prepareRangeAxes()};a.prototype.setData=function(a){var b,c,d,h,e;this.data=[];e=[];for(d in a)h=a[d],c=Epoch.Util.copy(h),b=Math.max(0,h.values.length-this.options.historySize),c.values=h.values.slice(b),b=["layer"],b.push("category"+((d|0)+1)),null!=h.label&&b.push(Epoch.Util.dasherize(h.label)),c.className=b.join(" "),e.push(this.data.push(c));return e};a.prototype._offsetX=function(){return 0};a.prototype._prepareTimeAxes=function(){var a;this.hasAxis("bottom")&&
-(a=this.bottomAxis=this.svg.append("g").attr("class","x axis bottom canvas").attr("transform","translate("+(this.margins.left-1)+", "+(this.innerHeight()/this.pixelRatio+this.margins.top)+")"),a.append("path").attr("class","domain").attr("d","M0,0H"+(this.innerWidth()/this.pixelRatio+1)));this.hasAxis("top")&&(a=this.topAxis=this.svg.append("g").attr("class","x axis top canvas").attr("transform","translate("+(this.margins.left-1)+", "+this.margins.top+")"),a.append("path").attr("class","domain").attr("d",
-"M0,0H"+(this.innerWidth()/this.pixelRatio+1)));return this._resetInitialTimeTicks()};a.prototype._resetInitialTimeTicks=function(){var a,b,c,d,h;d=this.options.ticks.time;this._ticks=[];this._tickTimer=d;null!=this.bottomAxis&&this.bottomAxis.selectAll(".tick").remove();null!=this.topAxis&&this.topAxis.selectAll(".tick").remove();h=this.data;a=0;for(b=h.length;a<b;a++)if(c=h[a],null!=c.values&&0<c.values.length){b=[this.options.windowSize-1,c.values.length-1];a=b[0];for(b=b[1];0<=a&&0<=b;)this._pushTick(a,
-c.values[b].time,!1,!0),a-=d,b-=d;break}return[]};a.prototype._prepareRangeAxes=function(){this.hasAxis("left")&&this.svg.append("g").attr("class","y axis left").attr("transform","translate("+(this.margins.left-1)+", "+this.margins.top+")").call(this.leftAxis());if(this.hasAxis("right"))return this.svg.append("g").attr("class","y axis right").attr("transform","translate("+(this.width-this.margins.right)+", "+this.margins.top+")").call(this.rightAxis())};a.prototype.leftAxis=function(){var a,b;b=this.options.ticks.left;
-a=d3.svg.axis().scale(this.ySvg()).orient("left").tickFormat(this.options.tickFormats.left);return 2===b?a.tickValues(this.extent(function(a){return a.y})):a.ticks(b)};a.prototype.rightAxis=function(){var a,b;this.extent(function(a){return a.y});b=this.options.ticks.right;a=d3.svg.axis().scale(this.ySvg()).orient("right").tickFormat(this.options.tickFormats.left);return 2===b?a.tickValues(this.extent(function(a){return a.y})):a.ticks(b)};a.prototype.hasAxis=function(a){return-1<this.options.axes.indexOf(a)};
-a.prototype.innerWidth=function(){return(this.width-(this.margins.left+this.margins.right))*this.pixelRatio};a.prototype.innerHeight=function(){return(this.height-(this.margins.top+this.margins.bottom))*this.pixelRatio};a.prototype._prepareEntry=function(a){return a};a.prototype._prepareLayers=function(a){return a};a.prototype._startTransition=function(){if(!0!==this.animation.active&&0!==this._queue.length)return this.trigger("transition:start"),this._shift(),this.animation.active=!0,this.animation.interval=
-setInterval(this.animationCallback,1E3/this.options.fps)};a.prototype._stopTransition=function(){var a,b,c,d;if(this.inTransition()){d=this.data;b=0;for(c=d.length;b<c;b++)a=d[b],a.values.length>this.options.windowSize+1&&a.values.shift();b=[this._ticks[0],this._ticks[this._ticks.length-1]];a=b[0];b=b[1];null!=b&&b.enter&&(b.enter=!1,b.opacity=1);null!=a&&a.exit&&this._shiftTick();this.animation.frame=0;this.trigger("transition:end");if(0<this._queue.length)return this._shift();this.animation.active=
-!1;return clearInterval(this.animation.interval)}};a.prototype.inTransition=function(){return this.animation.active};a.prototype.push=function(a){a=this._prepareLayers(a);this._queue.length>this.options.queueSize&&this._queue.splice(this.options.queueSize,this._queue.length-this.options.queueSize);if(this._queue.length===this.options.queueSize)return!1;this._queue.push(a.map(function(a){return function(b){return a._prepareEntry(b)}}(this)));this.trigger("push");if(!this.inTransition())return this._startTransition()};
-a.prototype._shift=function(){var a,b,c,d;this.trigger("before:shift");a=this._queue.shift();d=this.data;for(b in d)c=d[b],c.values.push(a[b]);this._updateTicks(a[0].time);this._transitionRangeAxes();return this.trigger("after:shift")};a.prototype._transitionRangeAxes=function(){this.hasAxis("left")&&this.svg.selectAll(".y.axis.left").transition().duration(500).ease("linear").call(this.leftAxis());if(this.hasAxis("right"))return this.svg.selectAll(".y.axis.right").transition().duration(500).ease("linear").call(this.rightAxis())};
-a.prototype._animate=function(){if(this.inTransition())return++this.animation.frame===this.animation.duration&&this._stopTransition(),this.draw(this.animation.frame*this.animation.delta()),this._updateTimeAxes()};a.prototype.y=function(){return d3.scale.linear().domain(this.extent(function(a){return a.y})).range([this.innerHeight(),0])};a.prototype.ySvg=function(){return d3.scale.linear().domain(this.extent(function(a){return a.y})).range([this.innerHeight()/this.pixelRatio,0])};a.prototype.w=function(){return this.innerWidth()/
-this.options.windowSize};a.prototype._updateTicks=function(a){if(this.hasAxis("top")||this.hasAxis("bottom"))if(++this._tickTimer%this.options.ticks.time||this._pushTick(this.options.windowSize,a,!0),!(0<=this._ticks[0].x-this.w()/this.pixelRatio))return this._ticks[0].exit=!0};a.prototype._pushTick=function(a,b,c,d){null==c&&(c=!1);null==d&&(d=!1);if(this.hasAxis("top")||this.hasAxis("bottom"))return b={time:b,x:a*(this.w()/this.pixelRatio)+this._offsetX(),opacity:c?0:1,enter:c?!0:!1,exit:!1},this.hasAxis("bottom")&&
-(a=this.bottomAxis.append("g").attr("class","tick major").attr("transform","translate("+(b.x+1)+",0)").style("opacity",b.opacity),a.append("line").attr("y2",6),a.append("text").attr("text-anchor","middle").attr("dy",19).text(this.options.tickFormats.bottom(b.time)),b.bottomEl=a),this.hasAxis("top")&&(a=this.topAxis.append("g").attr("class","tick major").attr("transform","translate("+(b.x+1)+",0)").style("opacity",b.opacity),a.append("line").attr("y2",-6),a.append("text").attr("text-anchor","middle").attr("dy",
-10).text(this.options.tickFormats.top(b.time)),b.topEl=a),d?this._ticks.unshift(b):this._ticks.push(b),b};a.prototype._shiftTick=function(){var a;if(0<this._ticks.length&&(a=this._ticks.shift(),null!=a.topEl&&a.topEl.remove(),null!=a.bottomEl))return a.bottomEl.remove()};a.prototype._updateTimeAxes=function(){var a,b,c,d,h,e,g;if(this.hasAxis("top")||this.hasAxis("bottom")){a=[this.animation.tickDelta(),1/this.options.fps];b=a[0];a=a[1];e=this._ticks;g=[];d=0;for(h=e.length;d<h;d++)c=e[d],c.x+=b,
-this.hasAxis("bottom")&&c.bottomEl.attr("transform","translate("+(c.x+1)+",0)"),this.hasAxis("top")&&c.topEl.attr("transform","translate("+(c.x+1)+",0)"),c.enter?c.opacity+=a:c.exit&&(c.opacity-=a),c.enter||c.exit?(this.hasAxis("bottom")&&c.bottomEl.style("opacity",c.opacity),this.hasAxis("top")?g.push(c.topEl.style("opacity",c.opacity)):g.push(void 0)):g.push(void 0);return g}};a.prototype.draw=function(b){return a.__super__.draw.call(this)};a.prototype.dimensionsChanged=function(){a.__super__.dimensionsChanged.call(this);
-this.svg.attr("width",this.width).attr("height",this.height);this._sizeCanvas();this._buildAxes();return this.draw(this.animation.frame*this.animation.delta())};a.prototype.axesChanged=function(){var a,b,c,h;h=["top","right","bottom","left"];b=0;for(c=h.length;b<c;b++)if(a=h[b],null==this.options.margins||null==this.options.margins[a])this.hasAxis(a)?this.margins[a]=d[a]:this.margins[a]=6;this._sizeCanvas();this._buildAxes();return this.draw(this.animation.frame*this.animation.delta())};a.prototype.ticksChanged=
-function(){this._resetInitialTimeTicks();this._transitionRangeAxes();return this.draw(this.animation.frame*this.animation.delta())};a.prototype.tickFormatsChanged=function(){this._resetInitialTimeTicks();this._transitionRangeAxes();return this.draw(this.animation.frame*this.animation.delta())};a.prototype.marginsChanged=function(){var a,b,c;if(null!=this.options.margins){c=this.options.margins;for(a in c)b=c[a],this.margins[a]=null==b?6:b;this._sizeCanvas();return this.draw(this.animation.frame*this.animation.delta())}};
-return a}(Epoch.Chart.Canvas);Epoch.Time.Stack=function(c){function a(){return a.__super__.constructor.apply(this,arguments)}g(a,c);a.prototype._prepareLayers=function(a){var b,c,k,f;k=c=0;for(f=a.length;k<f;k++)b=a[k],b.y0=c,c+=b.y;return a};a.prototype.setData=function(c){var b,h,k,f,e;a.__super__.setData.call(this,c);e=[];b=c=0;for(f=this.data[0].values.length;0<=f?c<f:c>f;b=0<=f?++c:--c)k=0,e.push(function(){var a,c,d,f;d=this.data;f=[];a=0;for(c=d.length;a<c;a++)h=d[a],h.values[b].y0=k,f.push(k+=
-h.values[b].y);return f}.call(this));return e};a.prototype.extent=function(){var a,b,c,k,f,e,g,m;a=f=c=0;for(g=this.data[0].values.length;0<=g?f<g:f>g;a=0<=g?++f:--f){b=e=k=0;for(m=this.data.length;0<=m?e<m:e>m;b=0<=m?++e:--e)k+=this.data[b].values[a].y;k>c&&(c=k)}return[0,c]};return a}(Epoch.Time.Plot)}).call(this);
-(function(){var e={}.hasOwnProperty,g=function(c,a){function d(){this.constructor=c}for(var b in a)e.call(a,b)&&(c[b]=a[b]);d.prototype=a.prototype;c.prototype=new d;c.__super__=a.prototype;return c};Epoch.Time.Area=function(c){function a(){return a.__super__.constructor.apply(this,arguments)}g(a,c);a.prototype.setStyles=function(a){a=null!=a.className?this.getStyles("g."+a.className.replace(/\s/g,".")+" path.area"):this.getStyles("g path.area");this.ctx.fillStyle=a.fill;null!=a.stroke&&(this.ctx.strokeStyle=
-a.stroke);if(null!=a["stroke-width"])return this.ctx.lineWidth=a["stroke-width"].replace("px","")};a.prototype._drawAreas=function(a){var b,c,k,f,e,g,m,l,n,p;null==a&&(a=0);g=[this.y(),this.w()];m=g[0];g=g[1];p=[];for(c=l=n=this.data.length-1;0>=n?0>=l:0<=l;c=0>=n?++l:--l){f=this.data[c];this.setStyles(f);this.ctx.beginPath();e=[this.options.windowSize,f.values.length,this.inTransition()];c=e[0];k=e[1];for(e=e[2];-2<=--c&&0<=--k;)b=f.values[k],b=[(c+1)*g+a,m(b.y+b.y0)],e&&(b[0]+=g),c===this.options.windowSize-
-1?this.ctx.moveTo.apply(this.ctx,b):this.ctx.lineTo.apply(this.ctx,b);c=e?(c+3)*g+a:(c+2)*g+a;this.ctx.lineTo(c,this.innerHeight());this.ctx.lineTo(this.width*this.pixelRatio+g+a,this.innerHeight());this.ctx.closePath();p.push(this.ctx.fill())}return p};a.prototype._drawStrokes=function(a){var b,c,k,f,e,g,m,l,n,p;null==a&&(a=0);c=[this.y(),this.w()];m=c[0];g=c[1];p=[];for(c=l=n=this.data.length-1;0>=n?0>=l:0<=l;c=0>=n?++l:--l){f=this.data[c];this.setStyles(f);this.ctx.beginPath();e=[this.options.windowSize,
-f.values.length,this.inTransition()];c=e[0];k=e[1];for(e=e[2];-2<=--c&&0<=--k;)b=f.values[k],b=[(c+1)*g+a,m(b.y+b.y0)],e&&(b[0]+=g),c===this.options.windowSize-1?this.ctx.moveTo.apply(this.ctx,b):this.ctx.lineTo.apply(this.ctx,b);p.push(this.ctx.stroke())}return p};a.prototype.draw=function(c){null==c&&(c=0);this.clear();this._drawAreas(c);this._drawStrokes(c);return a.__super__.draw.call(this)};return a}(Epoch.Time.Stack)}).call(this);
-(function(){var e={}.hasOwnProperty,g=function(c,a){function d(){this.constructor=c}for(var b in a)e.call(a,b)&&(c[b]=a[b]);d.prototype=a.prototype;c.prototype=new d;c.__super__=a.prototype;return c};Epoch.Time.Bar=function(c){function a(){return a.__super__.constructor.apply(this,arguments)}g(a,c);a.prototype._offsetX=function(){return 0.5*this.w()/this.pixelRatio};a.prototype.setStyles=function(a){a=this.getStyles("rect.bar."+a.replace(/\s/g,"."));this.ctx.fillStyle=a.fill;this.ctx.strokeStyle=
-null==a.stroke||"none"===a.stroke?"transparent":a.stroke;if(null!=a["stroke-width"])return this.ctx.lineWidth=a["stroke-width"].replace("px","")};a.prototype.draw=function(c){var b,h,k,f,e,g,m,l,n,p,r,s,t;null==c&&(c=0);this.clear();f=[this.y(),this.w()];p=f[0];n=f[1];t=this.data;r=0;for(s=t.length;r<s;r++)if(m=t[r],0<m.values.length)for(this.setStyles(m.className),e=[this.options.windowSize,m.values.length,this.inTransition()],f=e[0],g=e[1],e=(l=e[2])?-1:0;--f>=e&&0<=--g;)b=m.values[g],k=[f*n+c,
-b.y,b.y0],b=k[0],h=k[1],k=k[2],l&&(b+=n),b=[b+1,p(h+k),n-2,this.innerHeight()-p(h)+0.5*this.pixelRatio],this.ctx.fillRect.apply(this.ctx,b),this.ctx.strokeRect.apply(this.ctx,b);return a.__super__.draw.call(this)};return a}(Epoch.Time.Stack)}).call(this);
-(function(){var e={}.hasOwnProperty,g=function(c,a){function d(){this.constructor=c}for(var b in a)e.call(a,b)&&(c[b]=a[b]);d.prototype=a.prototype;c.prototype=new d;c.__super__=a.prototype;return c};Epoch.Time.Gauge=function(c){function a(c){this.options=null!=c?c:{};a.__super__.constructor.call(this,this.options=Epoch.Util.defaults(this.options,d));this.value=this.options.value||0;"absolute"!==this.el.style("position")&&"relative"!==this.el.style("position")&&this.el.style("position","relative");
-this.svg=this.el.insert("svg",":first-child").attr("width",this.width).attr("height",this.height).attr("class","gauge-labels");this.svg.style({position:"absolute","z-index":"1"});this.svg.append("g").attr("transform","translate("+this.textX()+", "+this.textY()+")").append("text").attr("class","value").text(this.options.format(this.value));this.animation={interval:null,active:!1,delta:0,target:0};this._animate=function(a){return function(){Math.abs(a.animation.target-a.value)<Math.abs(a.animation.delta)?
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-Prism.languages.clike={comment:[{pattern:/(^|[^\\])\/\*[\w\W]*?\*\//,lookbehind:!0},{pattern:/(^|[^\\:])\/\/.*/,lookbehind:!0}],string:/("|')(\\\n|\\?.)*?\1/,"class-name":{pattern:/((?:(?:class|interface|extends|implements|trait|instanceof|new)\s+)|(?:catch\s+\())[a-z0-9_\.\\]+/i,lookbehind:!0,inside:{punctuation:/(\.|\\)/}},keyword:/\b(if|else|while|do|for|return|in|instanceof|function|new|try|throw|catch|finally|null|break|continue)\b/,"boolean":/\b(true|false)\b/,"function":{pattern:/[a-z0-9_]+\(/i,inside:{punctuation:/\(/}},number:/\b-?(0x[\dA-Fa-f]+|\d*\.?\d+([Ee]-?\d+)?)\b/,operator:/[-+]{1,2}|!|<=?|>=?|={1,3}|&{1,2}|\|?\||\?|\*|\/|~|\^|%/,ignore:/&(lt|gt|amp);/i,punctuation:/[{}[\];(),.:]/};;
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--- a/examples/realtime-advanced/resources/static/realtime.js
+++ b/examples/realtime-advanced/resources/static/realtime.js
@ -1,144 +0,0 @@
-
-
-function StartRealtime(roomid, timestamp) {
-    StartEpoch(timestamp);
-    StartSSE(roomid);
-    StartForm();
-}
-
-function StartForm() {
-    $('#chat-message').focus();
-    $('#chat-form').ajaxForm(function() {
-        $('#chat-message').val('');
-        $('#chat-message').focus();
-    });
-}
-
-function StartEpoch(timestamp) {
-    var windowSize = 60;
-    var height = 200;
-    var defaultData = histogram(windowSize, timestamp);
-
-    window.heapChart = $('#heapChart').epoch({
-        type: 'time.area',
-        axes: ['bottom', 'left'],
-        height: height,
-        historySize: 10,
-        data: [
-            {values: defaultData},
-            {values: defaultData}
-        ]
-    });
-
-    window.mallocsChart = $('#mallocsChart').epoch({
-        type: 'time.area',
-        axes: ['bottom', 'left'],
-        height: height,
-        historySize: 10,
-        data: [
-            {values: defaultData},
-            {values: defaultData}
-        ]
-    });
-
-    window.messagesChart = $('#messagesChart').epoch({
-        type: 'time.line',
-        axes: ['bottom', 'left'],
-        height: 240,
-        historySize: 10,
-        data: [
-            {values: defaultData},
-            {values: defaultData},
-            {values: defaultData}
-        ]
-    });
-}
-
-function StartSSE(roomid) {
-    if (!window.EventSource) {
-        alert("EventSource is not enabled in this browser");
-        return;
-    }
-    var source = new EventSource('/stream/'+roomid);
-    source.addEventListener('message', newChatMessage, false);
-    source.addEventListener('stats', stats, false);
-}
-
-function stats(e) {
-    var data = parseJSONStats(e.data);
-    heapChart.push(data.heap);
-    mallocsChart.push(data.mallocs);
-    messagesChart.push(data.messages);
-}
-
-function parseJSONStats(e) {
-    var data = jQuery.parseJSON(e);
-    var timestamp = data.timestamp;
-
-    var heap = [
-        {time: timestamp, y: data.HeapInuse},
-        {time: timestamp, y: data.StackInuse}
-    ];
-
-    var mallocs = [
-        {time: timestamp, y: data.Mallocs},
-        {time: timestamp, y: data.Frees}
-    ];
-    var messages = [
-        {time: timestamp, y: data.Connected},
-        {time: timestamp, y: data.Inbound},
-        {time: timestamp, y: data.Outbound}
-    ];
-
-    return {
-        heap: heap,
-        mallocs: mallocs,
-        messages: messages
-    }
-}
-
-function newChatMessage(e) {
-    var data = jQuery.parseJSON(e.data);
-    var nick = data.nick;
-    var message = data.message;
-    var style = rowStyle(nick);
-    var html = "<tr class=\""+style+"\"><td>"+nick+"</td><td>"+message+"</td></tr>";
-    $('#chat').append(html);
-
-    $("#chat-scroll").scrollTop($("#chat-scroll")[0].scrollHeight);
-}
-
-function histogram(windowSize, timestamp) {
-    var entries = new Array(windowSize);
-    for(var i = 0; i < windowSize; i++) {
-        entries[i] = {time: (timestamp-windowSize+i-1), y:0};
-    }
-    return entries;
-}
-
-var entityMap = {
-    "&": "&amp;",
-    "<": "&lt;",
-    ">": "&gt;",
-    '"': '&quot;',
-    "'": '&#39;',
-    "/": '&#x2F;'
-};
-
-function rowStyle(nick) {
-    var classes = ['active', 'success', 'info', 'warning', 'danger'];
-    var index = hashCode(nick)%5;
-    return classes[index];
-}
-
-function hashCode(s){
-  return Math.abs(s.split("").reduce(function(a,b){a=((a<<5)-a)+b.charCodeAt(0);return a&a},0));             
-}
-
-function escapeHtml(string) {
-    return String(string).replace(/[&<>"'\/]/g, function (s) {
-      return entityMap[s];
-    });
-}
-
-window.StartRealtime = StartRealtime
--- a/examples/realtime-advanced/rooms.go
+++ b/examples/realtime-advanced/rooms.go
@ -1,25 +0,0 @@
-package main
-
-import "github.com/dustin/go-broadcast"
-
-var roomChannels = make(map[string]broadcast.Broadcaster)
-
-func openListener(roomid string) chan interface{} {
-	listener := make(chan interface{})
-	room(roomid).Register(listener)
-	return listener
-}
-
-func closeListener(roomid string, listener chan interface{}) {
-	room(roomid).Unregister(listener)
-	close(listener)
-}
-
-func room(roomid string) broadcast.Broadcaster {
-	b, ok := roomChannels[roomid]
-	if !ok {
-		b = broadcast.NewBroadcaster(10)
-		roomChannels[roomid] = b
-	}
-	return b
-}
--- a/examples/realtime-advanced/routes.go
+++ b/examples/realtime-advanced/routes.go
@ -1,96 +0,0 @@
-package main
-
-import (
-	"fmt"
-	"html"
-	"io"
-	"net/http"
-	"strings"
-	"time"
-
-	"github.com/gin-gonic/gin"
-)
-
-func rateLimit(c *gin.Context) {
-	ip := c.ClientIP()
-	value := int(ips.Add(ip, 1))
-	if value%50 == 0 {
-		fmt.Printf("ip: %s, count: %d\n", ip, value)
-	}
-	if value >= 200 {
-		if value%200 == 0 {
-			fmt.Println("ip blocked")
-		}
-		c.Abort()
-		c.String(http.StatusServiceUnavailable, "you were automatically banned :)")
-	}
-}
-
-func index(c *gin.Context) {
-	c.Redirect(http.StatusMovedPermanently, "/room/hn")
-}
-
-func roomGET(c *gin.Context) {
-	roomid := c.Param("roomid")
-	nick := c.Query("nick")
-	if len(nick) < 2 {
-		nick = ""
-	}
-	if len(nick) > 13 {
-		nick = nick[0:12] + "..."
-	}
-	c.HTML(http.StatusOK, "room_login.templ.html", gin.H{
-		"roomid":    roomid,
-		"nick":      nick,
-		"timestamp": time.Now().Unix(),
-	})
-
-}
-
-func roomPOST(c *gin.Context) {
-	roomid := c.Param("roomid")
-	nick := c.Query("nick")
-	message := c.PostForm("message")
-	message = strings.TrimSpace(message)
-
-	validMessage := len(message) > 1 && len(message) < 200
-	validNick := len(nick) > 1 && len(nick) < 14
-	if !validMessage || !validNick {
-		c.JSON(http.StatusBadRequest, gin.H{
-			"status": "failed",
-			"error":  "the message or nickname is too long",
-		})
-		return
-	}
-
-	post := gin.H{
-		"nick":    html.EscapeString(nick),
-		"message": html.EscapeString(message),
-	}
-	messages.Add("inbound", 1)
-	room(roomid).Submit(post)
-	c.JSON(http.StatusOK, post)
-}
-
-func streamRoom(c *gin.Context) {
-	roomid := c.Param("roomid")
-	listener := openListener(roomid)
-	ticker := time.NewTicker(1 * time.Second)
-	users.Add("connected", 1)
-	defer func() {
-		closeListener(roomid, listener)
-		ticker.Stop()
-		users.Add("disconnected", 1)
-	}()
-
-	c.Stream(func(w io.Writer) bool {
-		select {
-		case msg := <-listener:
-			messages.Add("outbound", 1)
-			c.SSEvent("message", msg)
-		case <-ticker.C:
-			c.SSEvent("stats", Stats())
-		}
-		return true
-	})
-}
--- a/examples/realtime-advanced/stats.go
+++ b/examples/realtime-advanced/stats.go
@ -1,59 +0,0 @@
-package main
-
-import (
-	"runtime"
-	"sync"
-	"time"
-
-	"github.com/manucorporat/stats"
-)
-
-var (
-	ips        = stats.New()
-	messages   = stats.New()
-	users      = stats.New()
-	mutexStats sync.RWMutex
-	savedStats map[string]uint64
-)
-
-func statsWorker() {
-	c := time.Tick(1 * time.Second)
-	var lastMallocs uint64
-	var lastFrees uint64
-	for range c {
-		var stats runtime.MemStats
-		runtime.ReadMemStats(&stats)
-
-		mutexStats.Lock()
-		savedStats = map[string]uint64{
-			"timestamp":  uint64(time.Now().Unix()),
-			"HeapInuse":  stats.HeapInuse,
-			"StackInuse": stats.StackInuse,
-			"Mallocs":    stats.Mallocs - lastMallocs,
-			"Frees":      stats.Frees - lastFrees,
-			"Inbound":    uint64(messages.Get("inbound")),
-			"Outbound":   uint64(messages.Get("outbound")),
-			"Connected":  connectedUsers(),
-		}
-		lastMallocs = stats.Mallocs
-		lastFrees = stats.Frees
-		messages.Reset()
-		mutexStats.Unlock()
-	}
-}
-
-func connectedUsers() uint64 {
-	connected := users.Get("connected") - users.Get("disconnected")
-	if connected < 0 {
-		return 0
-	}
-	return uint64(connected)
-}
-
-// Stats returns savedStats data.
-func Stats() map[string]uint64 {
-	mutexStats.RLock()
-	defer mutexStats.RUnlock()
-
-	return savedStats
-}
--- a/examples/realtime-chat/Makefile
+++ b/examples/realtime-chat/Makefile
@ -1,9 +0,0 @@
-all: deps build
-
-.PHONY: deps
-deps:
-	go get -d -v github.com/dustin/go-broadcast/...
-
-.PHONY: build
-build: deps
-	go build -o realtime-chat main.go rooms.go template.go
--- a/examples/realtime-chat/main.go
+++ b/examples/realtime-chat/main.go
@ -1,59 +0,0 @@
-package main
-
-import (
-	"fmt"
-	"io"
-	"math/rand"
-	"net/http"
-
-	"github.com/gin-gonic/gin"
-)
-
-func main() {
-	router := gin.Default()
-	router.SetHTMLTemplate(html)
-
-	router.GET("/room/:roomid", roomGET)
-	router.POST("/room/:roomid", roomPOST)
-	router.DELETE("/room/:roomid", roomDELETE)
-	router.GET("/stream/:roomid", stream)
-
-	router.Run(":8080")
-}
-
-func stream(c *gin.Context) {
-	roomid := c.Param("roomid")
-	listener := openListener(roomid)
-	defer closeListener(roomid, listener)
-
-	c.Stream(func(w io.Writer) bool {
-		c.SSEvent("message", <-listener)
-		return true
-	})
-}
-
-func roomGET(c *gin.Context) {
-	roomid := c.Param("roomid")
-	userid := fmt.Sprint(rand.Int31())
-	c.HTML(http.StatusOK, "chat_room", gin.H{
-		"roomid": roomid,
-		"userid": userid,
-	})
-}
-
-func roomPOST(c *gin.Context) {
-	roomid := c.Param("roomid")
-	userid := c.PostForm("user")
-	message := c.PostForm("message")
-	room(roomid).Submit(userid + ": " + message)
-
-	c.JSON(http.StatusOK, gin.H{
-		"status":  "success",
-		"message": message,
-	})
-}
-
-func roomDELETE(c *gin.Context) {
-	roomid := c.Param("roomid")
-	deleteBroadcast(roomid)
-}
--- a/examples/realtime-chat/rooms.go
+++ b/examples/realtime-chat/rooms.go
@ -1,33 +0,0 @@
-package main
-
-import "github.com/dustin/go-broadcast"
-
-var roomChannels = make(map[string]broadcast.Broadcaster)
-
-func openListener(roomid string) chan interface{} {
-	listener := make(chan interface{})
-	room(roomid).Register(listener)
-	return listener
-}
-
-func closeListener(roomid string, listener chan interface{}) {
-	room(roomid).Unregister(listener)
-	close(listener)
-}
-
-func deleteBroadcast(roomid string) {
-	b, ok := roomChannels[roomid]
-	if ok {
-		b.Close()
-		delete(roomChannels, roomid)
-	}
-}
-
-func room(roomid string) broadcast.Broadcaster {
-	b, ok := roomChannels[roomid]
-	if !ok {
-		b = broadcast.NewBroadcaster(10)
-		roomChannels[roomid] = b
-	}
-	return b
-}
--- a/examples/realtime-chat/template.go
+++ b/examples/realtime-chat/template.go
@ -1,44 +0,0 @@
-package main
-
-import "html/template"
-
-var html = template.Must(template.New("chat_room").Parse(`
-<html> 
-<head> 
-    <title>{{.roomid}}</title>
-    <link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href="http://meyerweb.com/eric/tools/css/reset/reset.css">
-    <script src="http://ajax.googleapis.com/ajax/libs/jquery/1.7/jquery.js"></script> 
-    <script src="http://malsup.github.com/jquery.form.js"></script> 
-    <script> 
-        $('#message_form').focus();
-        $(document).ready(function() { 
-            // bind 'myForm' and provide a simple callback function 
-            $('#myForm').ajaxForm(function() {
-                $('#message_form').val('');
-                $('#message_form').focus();
-            });
-
-            if (!!window.EventSource) {
-                var source = new EventSource('/stream/{{.roomid}}');
-                source.addEventListener('message', function(e) {
-                    $('#messages').append(e.data + "</br>");
-                    $('html, body').animate({scrollTop:$(document).height()}, 'slow');
-
-                }, false);
-            } else {
-                alert("NOT SUPPORTED");
-            }
-        });
-    </script> 
-    </head>
-    <body>
-    <h1>Welcome to {{.roomid}} room</h1>
-    <div id="messages"></div>
-    <form id="myForm" action="/room/{{.roomid}}" method="post"> 
-    User: <input id="user_form" name="user" value="{{.userid}}">
-    Message: <input id="message_form" name="message">
-    <input type="submit" value="Submit"> 
-    </form>
-</body>
-</html>
-`))
--- a/examples/struct-lvl-validations/README.md
+++ b/examples/struct-lvl-validations/README.md
@ -1,50 +0,0 @@
-## Struct level validations
-
-Validations can also be registered at the `struct` level when field level validations
-don't make much sense. This can also be used to solve cross-field validation elegantly.
-Additionally, it can be combined with tag validations. Struct Level validations run after
-the structs tag validations.
-
-### Example requests
-
-```shell
-# Validation errors are generated for struct tags as well as at the struct level
-$ curl -s -X POST http://localhost:8085/user \
-	-H 'content-type: application/json' \
-	-d '{}' | jq
-{
-  "error": "Key: 'User.Email' Error:Field validation for 'Email' failed on the 'required' tag\nKey: 'User.FirstName' Error:Field validation for 'FirstName' failed on the 'fnameorlname' tag\nKey: 'User.LastName' Error:Field validation for 'LastName' failed on the 'fnameorlname' tag",
-  "message": "User validation failed!"
-}
-
-# Validation fails at the struct level because neither first name nor last name are present
-$ curl -s -X POST http://localhost:8085/user \
-    -H 'content-type: application/json' \
-	-d '{"email": "george@vandaley.com"}' | jq
-{
-  "error": "Key: 'User.FirstName' Error:Field validation for 'FirstName' failed on the 'fnameorlname' tag\nKey: 'User.LastName' Error:Field validation for 'LastName' failed on the 'fnameorlname' tag",
-  "message": "User validation failed!"
-}
-
-# No validation errors when either first name or last name is present
-$ curl -X POST http://localhost:8085/user \
-    -H 'content-type: application/json' \
-	-d '{"fname": "George", "email": "george@vandaley.com"}'
-{"message":"User validation successful."}
-
-$ curl -X POST http://localhost:8085/user \
-    -H 'content-type: application/json' \
-	-d '{"lname": "Contanza", "email": "george@vandaley.com"}'
-{"message":"User validation successful."}
-
-$ curl -X POST http://localhost:8085/user \
-    -H 'content-type: application/json' \
-	-d '{"fname": "George", "lname": "Costanza", "email": "george@vandaley.com"}'
-{"message":"User validation successful."}
-```
-
-### Useful links
-
- Validator docs - https://godoc.org/gopkg.in/go-playground/validator.v8#Validate.RegisterStructValidation
- Struct level example - https://github.com/go-playground/validator/blob/v8.18.2/examples/struct-level/struct_level.go
- Validator release notes - https://github.com/go-playground/validator/releases/tag/v8.7
--- a/examples/struct-lvl-validations/server.go
+++ b/examples/struct-lvl-validations/server.go
@ -1,64 +0,0 @@
-package main
-
-import (
-	"net/http"
-	"reflect"
-
-	"github.com/gin-gonic/gin"
-	"github.com/gin-gonic/gin/binding"
-	validator "gopkg.in/go-playground/validator.v8"
-)
-
-// User contains user information.
-type User struct {
-	FirstName string `json:"fname"`
-	LastName  string `json:"lname"`
-	Email     string `binding:"required,email"`
-}
-
-// UserStructLevelValidation contains custom struct level validations that don't always
-// make sense at the field validation level. For example, this function validates that either
-// FirstName or LastName exist; could have done that with a custom field validation but then
-// would have had to add it to both fields duplicating the logic + overhead, this way it's
-// only validated once.
-//
-// NOTE: you may ask why wouldn't not just do this outside of validator. Doing this way
-// hooks right into validator and you can combine with validation tags and still have a
-// common error output format.
-func UserStructLevelValidation(v *validator.Validate, structLevel *validator.StructLevel) {
-	user := structLevel.CurrentStruct.Interface().(User)
-
-	if len(user.FirstName) == 0 && len(user.LastName) == 0 {
-		structLevel.ReportError(
-			reflect.ValueOf(user.FirstName), "FirstName", "fname", "fnameorlname",
-		)
-		structLevel.ReportError(
-			reflect.ValueOf(user.LastName), "LastName", "lname", "fnameorlname",
-		)
-	}
-
-	// plus can to more, even with different tag than "fnameorlname"
-}
-
-func main() {
-	route := gin.Default()
-
-	if v, ok := binding.Validator.Engine().(*validator.Validate); ok {
-		v.RegisterStructValidation(UserStructLevelValidation, User{})
-	}
-
-	route.POST("/user", validateUser)
-	route.Run(":8085")
-}
-
-func validateUser(c *gin.Context) {
-	var u User
-	if err := c.ShouldBindJSON(&u); err == nil {
-		c.JSON(http.StatusOK, gin.H{"message": "User validation successful."})
-	} else {
-		c.JSON(http.StatusBadRequest, gin.H{
-			"message": "User validation failed!",
-			"error":   err.Error(),
-		})
-	}
-}
--- a/examples/template/main.go
+++ b/examples/template/main.go
@ -1,32 +0,0 @@
-package main
-
-import (
-	"fmt"
-	"html/template"
-	"net/http"
-	"time"
-
-	"github.com/gin-gonic/gin"
-)
-
-func formatAsDate(t time.Time) string {
-	year, month, day := t.Date()
-	return fmt.Sprintf("%d%02d/%02d", year, month, day)
-}
-
-func main() {
-	router := gin.Default()
-	router.Delims("{[{", "}]}")
-	router.SetFuncMap(template.FuncMap{
-		"formatAsDate": formatAsDate,
-	})
-	router.LoadHTMLFiles("../../testdata/template/raw.tmpl")
-
-	router.GET("/raw", func(c *gin.Context) {
-		c.HTML(http.StatusOK, "raw.tmpl", map[string]interface{}{
-			"now": time.Date(2017, 07, 01, 0, 0, 0, 0, time.UTC),
-		})
-	})
-
-	router.Run(":8080")
-}
--- a/examples/upload-file/multiple/main.go
+++ b/examples/upload-file/multiple/main.go
@ -1,39 +0,0 @@
-package main
-
-import (
-	"fmt"
-	"net/http"
-	"path/filepath"
-
-	"github.com/gin-gonic/gin"
-)
-
-func main() {
-	router := gin.Default()
-	// Set a lower memory limit for multipart forms (default is 32 MiB)
-	router.MaxMultipartMemory = 8 << 20 // 8 MiB
-	router.Static("/", "./public")
-	router.POST("/upload", func(c *gin.Context) {
-		name := c.PostForm("name")
-		email := c.PostForm("email")
-
-		// Multipart form
-		form, err := c.MultipartForm()
-		if err != nil {
-			c.String(http.StatusBadRequest, fmt.Sprintf("get form err: %s", err.Error()))
-			return
-		}
-		files := form.File["files"]
-
-		for _, file := range files {
-			filename := filepath.Base(file.Filename)
-			if err := c.SaveUploadedFile(file, filename); err != nil {
-				c.String(http.StatusBadRequest, fmt.Sprintf("upload file err: %s", err.Error()))
-				return
-			}
-		}
-
-		c.String(http.StatusOK, fmt.Sprintf("Uploaded successfully %d files with fields name=%s and email=%s.", len(files), name, email))
-	})
-	router.Run(":8080")
-}
--- a/examples/upload-file/multiple/public/index.html
+++ b/examples/upload-file/multiple/public/index.html
@ -1,17 +0,0 @@
-<!doctype html>
-<html lang="en">
-<head>
-    <meta charset="utf-8">
-    <title>Multiple file upload</title>
-</head>
-<body>
-<h1>Upload multiple files with fields</h1>
-
-<form action="/upload" method="post" enctype="multipart/form-data">
-    Name: <input type="text" name="name"><br>
-    Email: <input type="email" name="email"><br>
-    Files: <input type="file" name="files" multiple><br><br>
-    <input type="submit" value="Submit">
-</form>
-</body>
-</html>
--- a/examples/upload-file/single/main.go
+++ b/examples/upload-file/single/main.go
@ -1,36 +0,0 @@
-package main
-
-import (
-	"fmt"
-	"net/http"
-	"path/filepath"
-
-	"github.com/gin-gonic/gin"
-)
-
-func main() {
-	router := gin.Default()
-	// Set a lower memory limit for multipart forms (default is 32 MiB)
-	router.MaxMultipartMemory = 8 << 20 // 8 MiB
-	router.Static("/", "./public")
-	router.POST("/upload", func(c *gin.Context) {
-		name := c.PostForm("name")
-		email := c.PostForm("email")
-
-		// Source
-		file, err := c.FormFile("file")
-		if err != nil {
-			c.String(http.StatusBadRequest, fmt.Sprintf("get form err: %s", err.Error()))
-			return
-		}
-
-		filename := filepath.Base(file.Filename)
-		if err := c.SaveUploadedFile(file, filename); err != nil {
-			c.String(http.StatusBadRequest, fmt.Sprintf("upload file err: %s", err.Error()))
-			return
-		}
-
-		c.String(http.StatusOK, fmt.Sprintf("File %s uploaded successfully with fields name=%s and email=%s.", file.Filename, name, email))
-	})
-	router.Run(":8080")
-}
--- a/examples/upload-file/single/public/index.html
+++ b/examples/upload-file/single/public/index.html
@ -1,16 +0,0 @@
-<!doctype html>
-<html lang="en">
-<head>
-    <meta charset="utf-8">
-    <title>Single file upload</title>
-</head>
-<body>
-<h1>Upload single file with fields</h1>
-
-<form action="/upload" method="post" enctype="multipart/form-data">
-    Name: <input type="text" name="name"><br>
-    Email: <input type="email" name="email"><br>
-    Files: <input type="file" name="file"><br><br>
-    <input type="submit" value="Submit">
-</form>
-</body>
--- a/gin.go
+++ b/gin.go
@ -30,7 +30,7 @@ type HandlerFunc func(*Context)
 // HandlersChain defines a HandlerFunc array.
 type HandlersChain []HandlerFunc

-// Last returns the last handler in the chain. ie. the last handler is the main own.
+// Last returns the last handler in the chain. ie. the last handler is the main one.
 func (c HandlersChain) Last() HandlerFunc {
 	if length := len(c); length > 0 {
 		return c[length-1]
@ -225,7 +225,7 @@ func (engine *Engine) NoMethod(handlers ...HandlerFunc) {
 	engine.rebuild405Handlers()
 }

-// Use attachs a global middleware to the router. ie. the middleware attached though Use() will be
+// Use attaches a global middleware to the router. ie. the middleware attached though Use() will be
 // included in the handlers chain for every single request. Even 404, 405, static files...
 // For example, this is the right place for a logger or error management middleware.
 func (engine *Engine) Use(middleware ...HandlerFunc) IRoutes {
@ -252,6 +252,7 @@ func (engine *Engine) addRoute(method, path string, handlers HandlersChain) {
 	root := engine.trees.get(method)
 	if root == nil {
 		root = new(node)
+		root.fullPath = "/"
 		engine.trees = append(engine.trees, methodTree{method: method, root: root})
 	}
 	root.addRoute(path, handlers)
@ -319,7 +320,10 @@ func (engine *Engine) RunUnix(file string) (err error) {
 		return
 	}
 	defer listener.Close()
-	os.Chmod(file, 0777)
+	err = os.Chmod(file, 0777)
+	if err != nil {
+		return
+	}
 	err = http.Serve(listener, engine)
 	return
 }
@ -337,6 +341,15 @@ func (engine *Engine) RunFd(fd int) (err error) {
 		return
 	}
 	defer listener.Close()
+	err = engine.RunListener(listener)
+	return
+}
+
+// RunListener attaches the router to a http.Server and starts listening and serving HTTP requests
+// through the specified net.Listener
+func (engine *Engine) RunListener(listener net.Listener) (err error) {
+	debugPrint("Listening and serving HTTP on listener what's bind with address@%s", listener.Addr())
+	defer func() { debugPrintError(err) }()
 	err = http.Serve(listener, engine)
 	return
 }
@ -366,12 +379,13 @@ func (engine *Engine) HandleContext(c *Context) {

 func (engine *Engine) handleHTTPRequest(c *Context) {
 	httpMethod := c.Request.Method
-	path := c.Request.URL.Path
+	rPath := c.Request.URL.Path
 	unescape := false
 	if engine.UseRawPath && len(c.Request.URL.RawPath) > 0 {
-		path = c.Request.URL.RawPath
+		rPath = c.Request.URL.RawPath
 		unescape = engine.UnescapePathValues
 	}
+	rPath = cleanPath(rPath)

 	// Find root of the tree for the given HTTP method
 	t := engine.trees
@ -381,16 +395,17 @@ func (engine *Engine) handleHTTPRequest(c *Context) {
 		}
 		root := t[i].root
 		// Find route in tree
-		handlers, params, tsr := root.getValue(path, c.Params, unescape)
-		if handlers != nil {
-			c.handlers = handlers
-			c.Params = params
+		value := root.getValue(rPath, c.Params, unescape)
+		if value.handlers != nil {
+			c.handlers = value.handlers
+			c.Params = value.params
+			c.fullPath = value.fullPath
 			c.Next()
 			c.writermem.WriteHeaderNow()
 			return
 		}
-		if httpMethod != "CONNECT" && path != "/" {
-			if tsr && engine.RedirectTrailingSlash {
+		if httpMethod != "CONNECT" && rPath != "/" {
+			if value.tsr && engine.RedirectTrailingSlash {
 				redirectTrailingSlash(c)
 				return
 			}
@ -406,7 +421,7 @@ func (engine *Engine) handleHTTPRequest(c *Context) {
 			if tree.method == httpMethod {
 				continue
 			}
-			if handlers, _, _ := tree.root.getValue(path, nil, unescape); handlers != nil {
+			if value := tree.root.getValue(rPath, nil, unescape); value.handlers != nil {
 				c.handlers = engine.allNoMethod
 				serveError(c, http.StatusMethodNotAllowed, default405Body)
 				return
@ -434,7 +449,6 @@ func serveError(c *Context, code int, defaultMessage []byte) {
 		return
 	}
 	c.writermem.WriteHeaderNow()
-	return
 }

 func redirectTrailingSlash(c *Context) {
@ -459,15 +473,15 @@ func redirectTrailingSlash(c *Context) {

 func redirectFixedPath(c *Context, root *node, trailingSlash bool) bool {
 	req := c.Request
-	path := req.URL.Path
+	rPath := req.URL.Path

-	if fixedPath, ok := root.findCaseInsensitivePath(cleanPath(path), trailingSlash); ok {
+	if fixedPath, ok := root.findCaseInsensitivePath(cleanPath(rPath), trailingSlash); ok {
 		code := http.StatusMovedPermanently // Permanent redirect, request with GET method
 		if req.Method != "GET" {
 			code = http.StatusTemporaryRedirect
 		}
 		req.URL.Path = string(fixedPath)
-		debugPrint("redirecting request %d: %s --> %s", code, path, req.URL.String())
+		debugPrint("redirecting request %d: %s --> %s", code, rPath, req.URL.String())
 		http.Redirect(c.Writer, req, req.URL.String(), code)
 		c.writermem.WriteHeaderNow()
 		return true
--- a/ginS/gins.go
+++ b/ginS/gins.go
@ -118,30 +118,42 @@ func StaticFS(relativePath string, fs http.FileSystem) gin.IRoutes {
 	return engine().StaticFS(relativePath, fs)
 }

-// Use attachs a global middleware to the router. ie. the middlewares attached though Use() will be
+// Use attaches a global middleware to the router. ie. the middlewares attached though Use() will be
 // included in the handlers chain for every single request. Even 404, 405, static files...
 // For example, this is the right place for a logger or error management middleware.
 func Use(middlewares ...gin.HandlerFunc) gin.IRoutes {
 	return engine().Use(middlewares...)
 }

-// Run : The router is attached to a http.Server and starts listening and serving HTTP requests.
+// Routes returns a slice of registered routes.
+func Routes() gin.RoutesInfo {
+	return engine().Routes()
+}
+
+// Run attaches to a http.Server and starts listening and serving HTTP requests.
 // It is a shortcut for http.ListenAndServe(addr, router)
 // Note: this method will block the calling goroutine indefinitely unless an error happens.
 func Run(addr ...string) (err error) {
 	return engine().Run(addr...)
 }

-// RunTLS : The router is attached to a http.Server and starts listening and serving HTTPS requests.
+// RunTLS attaches to a http.Server and starts listening and serving HTTPS requests.
 // It is a shortcut for http.ListenAndServeTLS(addr, certFile, keyFile, router)
 // Note: this method will block the calling goroutine indefinitely unless an error happens.
 func RunTLS(addr, certFile, keyFile string) (err error) {
 	return engine().RunTLS(addr, certFile, keyFile)
 }

-// RunUnix : The router is attached to a http.Server and starts listening and serving HTTP requests
+// RunUnix attaches to a http.Server and starts listening and serving HTTP requests
 // through the specified unix socket (ie. a file)
 // Note: this method will block the calling goroutine indefinitely unless an error happens.
 func RunUnix(file string) (err error) {
 	return engine().RunUnix(file)
 }
+
+// RunFd attaches the router to a http.Server and starts listening and serving HTTP requests
+// through the specified file descriptor.
+// Note: the method will block the calling goroutine indefinitely unless on error happens.
+func RunFd(fd int) (err error) {
+	return engine().RunFd(fd)
+}
--- a/gin_integration_test.go
+++ b/gin_integration_test.go
@ -8,6 +8,7 @@ import (
 	"bufio"
 	"crypto/tls"
 	"fmt"
+	"html/template"
 	"io/ioutil"
 	"net"
 	"net/http"
@ -69,6 +70,43 @@ func TestRunTLS(t *testing.T) {
 	testRequest(t, "https://localhost:8443/example")
 }

+func TestPusher(t *testing.T) {
+	var html = template.Must(template.New("https").Parse(`
+<html>
+<head>
+  <title>Https Test</title>
+  <script src="/assets/app.js"></script>
+</head>
+<body>
+  <h1 style="color:red;">Welcome, Ginner!</h1>
+</body>
+</html>
+`))
+
+	router := New()
+	router.Static("./assets", "./assets")
+	router.SetHTMLTemplate(html)
+
+	go func() {
+		router.GET("/pusher", func(c *Context) {
+			if pusher := c.Writer.Pusher(); pusher != nil {
+				err := pusher.Push("/assets/app.js", nil)
+				assert.NoError(t, err)
+			}
+			c.String(http.StatusOK, "it worked")
+		})
+
+		assert.NoError(t, router.RunTLS(":8449", "./testdata/certificate/cert.pem", "./testdata/certificate/key.pem"))
+	}()
+
+	// have to wait for the goroutine to start and run the server
+	// otherwise the main thread will complete
+	time.Sleep(5 * time.Millisecond)
+
+	assert.Error(t, router.RunTLS(":8449", "./testdata/certificate/cert.pem", "./testdata/certificate/key.pem"))
+	testRequest(t, "https://localhost:8449/pusher")
+}
+
 func TestRunEmptyWithEnv(t *testing.T) {
 	os.Setenv("PORT", "3123")
 	router := New()
@ -170,6 +208,43 @@ func TestBadFileDescriptor(t *testing.T) {
 	assert.Error(t, router.RunFd(0))
 }

+func TestListener(t *testing.T) {
+	router := New()
+	addr, err := net.ResolveTCPAddr("tcp", "localhost:0")
+	assert.NoError(t, err)
+	listener, err := net.ListenTCP("tcp", addr)
+	assert.NoError(t, err)
+	go func() {
+		router.GET("/example", func(c *Context) { c.String(http.StatusOK, "it worked") })
+		assert.NoError(t, router.RunListener(listener))
+	}()
+	// have to wait for the goroutine to start and run the server
+	// otherwise the main thread will complete
+	time.Sleep(5 * time.Millisecond)
+
+	c, err := net.Dial("tcp", listener.Addr().String())
+	assert.NoError(t, err)
+
+	fmt.Fprintf(c, "GET /example HTTP/1.0\r\n\r\n")
+	scanner := bufio.NewScanner(c)
+	var response string
+	for scanner.Scan() {
+		response += scanner.Text()
+	}
+	assert.Contains(t, response, "HTTP/1.0 200", "should get a 200")
+	assert.Contains(t, response, "it worked", "resp body should match")
+}
+
+func TestBadListener(t *testing.T) {
+	router := New()
+	addr, err := net.ResolveTCPAddr("tcp", "localhost:10086")
+	assert.NoError(t, err)
+	listener, err := net.ListenTCP("tcp", addr)
+	assert.NoError(t, err)
+	listener.Close()
+	assert.Error(t, router.RunListener(listener))
+}
+
 func TestWithHttptestWithAutoSelectedPort(t *testing.T) {
 	router := New()
 	router.GET("/example", func(c *Context) { c.String(http.StatusOK, "it worked") })
--- a/go.mod
+++ b/go.mod
@ -1,32 +1,18 @@
 module github.com/gin-gonic/gin

+go 1.12
+
 require (
-	github.com/gin-contrib/sse v0.0.0-20190124093953-61b50c2ef482
-	github.com/golang/protobuf v1.2.0
-	github.com/json-iterator/go v1.1.5
-	github.com/mattn/go-isatty v0.0.4
-	github.com/modern-go/concurrent v0.0.0-20180306012644-bacd9c7ef1dd // indirect
-	github.com/modern-go/reflect2 v1.0.1 // indirect
-	github.com/stretchr/testify v1.3.0
-	github.com/ugorji/go/codec v0.0.0-20181209151446-772ced7fd4c2
-	golang.org/x/net v0.0.0-20190119204137-ed066c81e75e
-	golang.org/x/sync v0.0.0-20181221193216-37e7f081c4d4
-	golang.org/x/sys v0.0.0-20190124100055-b90733256f2e // indirect
+	github.com/gin-contrib/sse v0.1.0
+	github.com/go-playground/locales v0.12.1 // indirect
+	github.com/go-playground/universal-translator v0.16.0 // indirect
+	github.com/golang/protobuf v1.3.2
+	github.com/json-iterator/go v1.1.7
+	github.com/leodido/go-urn v1.1.0 // indirect
+	github.com/mattn/go-isatty v0.0.9
+	github.com/stretchr/testify v1.4.0
+	github.com/ugorji/go/codec v1.1.7
 	gopkg.in/go-playground/assert.v1 v1.2.1 // indirect
-	gopkg.in/go-playground/validator.v8 v8.18.2
+	gopkg.in/go-playground/validator.v9 v9.29.1
 	gopkg.in/yaml.v2 v2.2.2
 )
-
-exclude (
-	github.com/campoy/embedmd v0.0.0-20181127031020-97c13d6e4160
-	github.com/client9/misspell v0.3.4
-	github.com/dustin/go-broadcast v0.0.0-20171205050544-f664265f5a66
-	github.com/gin-gonic/autotls v0.0.0-20190119125636-0b5f4fc15768
-	github.com/jessevdk/go-assets v0.0.0-20160921144138-4f4301a06e15
-	github.com/manucorporat/stats v0.0.0-20180402194714-3ba42d56d227
-	github.com/newrelic/go-agent v2.5.0+incompatible
-	github.com/thinkerou/favicon v0.1.0
-	golang.org/x/crypto v0.0.0-20190123085648-057139ce5d2b
-	golang.org/x/lint v0.0.0-20181217174547-8f45f776aaf1
-	google.golang.org/grpc v1.18.0
-)
--- a/go.sum
+++ b/go.sum
@ -1,54 +1,42 @@
-cloud.google.com/go v0.26.0/go.mod h1:aQUYkXzVsufM+DwF1aE+0xfcU+56JwCaLick0ClmMTw=
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-github.com/campoy/embedmd v0.0.0-20181127031020-97c13d6e4160/go.mod h1:oxyr9RCiSXg0M3VJ3ks0UGfp98BpSSGr0kpiX3MzVl8=
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-google.golang.org/grpc v1.18.0 h1:IZl7mfBGfbhYx2p2rKRtYgDFw6SBz+kclmxYrCksPPA=
-google.golang.org/grpc v1.18.0/go.mod h1:6QZJwpn2B+Zp71q/5VxRsJ6NXXVCE5NRUHRo+f3cWCs=
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 gopkg.in/check.v1 v0.0.0-20161208181325-20d25e280405/go.mod h1:Co6ibVJAznAaIkqp8huTwlJQCZ016jof/cbN4VW5Yz0=
+gopkg.in/go-playground/assert.v1 v1.2.1 h1:xoYuJVE7KT85PYWrN730RguIQO0ePzVRfFMXadIrXTM=
 gopkg.in/go-playground/assert.v1 v1.2.1/go.mod h1:9RXL0bg/zibRAgZUYszZSwO/z8Y/a8bDuhia5mkpMnE=
-gopkg.in/go-playground/validator.v8 v8.18.2 h1:lFB4DoMU6B626w8ny76MV7VX6W2VHct2GVOI3xgiMrQ=
-gopkg.in/go-playground/validator.v8 v8.18.2/go.mod h1:RX2a/7Ha8BgOhfk7j780h4/u/RRjR0eouCJSH80/M2Y=
+gopkg.in/go-playground/validator.v9 v9.29.1 h1:SvGtYmN60a5CVKTOzMSyfzWDeZRxRuGvRQyEAKbw1xc=
+gopkg.in/go-playground/validator.v9 v9.29.1/go.mod h1:+c9/zcJMFNgbLvly1L1V+PpxWdVbfP1avr/N00E2vyQ=
 gopkg.in/yaml.v2 v2.2.2 h1:ZCJp+EgiOT7lHqUV2J862kp8Qj64Jo6az82+3Td9dZw=
 gopkg.in/yaml.v2 v2.2.2/go.mod h1:hI93XBmqTisBFMUTm0b8Fm+jr3Dg1NNxqwp+5A1VGuI=
-honnef.co/go/tools v0.0.0-20180728063816-88497007e858/go.mod h1:rf3lG4BRIbNafJWhAfAdb/ePZxsR/4RtNHQocxwk9r4=
--- a/internal/json/json.go
+++ b/internal/json/json.go
@ -11,6 +11,8 @@ import "encoding/json"
 var (
 	// Marshal is exported by gin/json package.
 	Marshal = json.Marshal
+	// Unmarshal is exported by gin/json package.
+	Unmarshal = json.Unmarshal
 	// MarshalIndent is exported by gin/json package.
 	MarshalIndent = json.MarshalIndent
 	// NewDecoder is exported by gin/json package.
--- a/internal/json/jsoniter.go
+++ b/internal/json/jsoniter.go
@ -12,6 +12,8 @@ var (
 	json = jsoniter.ConfigCompatibleWithStandardLibrary
 	// Marshal is exported by gin/json package.
 	Marshal = json.Marshal
+	// Unmarshal is exported by gin/json package.
+	Unmarshal = json.Unmarshal
 	// MarshalIndent is exported by gin/json package.
 	MarshalIndent = json.MarshalIndent
 	// NewDecoder is exported by gin/json package.
--- a/logger.go
+++ b/logger.go
@ -14,19 +14,27 @@ import (
 	"github.com/mattn/go-isatty"
 )

-var (
-	green        = string([]byte{27, 91, 57, 55, 59, 52, 50, 109})
-	white        = string([]byte{27, 91, 57, 48, 59, 52, 55, 109})
-	yellow       = string([]byte{27, 91, 57, 48, 59, 52, 51, 109})
-	red          = string([]byte{27, 91, 57, 55, 59, 52, 49, 109})
-	blue         = string([]byte{27, 91, 57, 55, 59, 52, 52, 109})
-	magenta      = string([]byte{27, 91, 57, 55, 59, 52, 53, 109})
-	cyan         = string([]byte{27, 91, 57, 55, 59, 52, 54, 109})
-	reset        = string([]byte{27, 91, 48, 109})
-	disableColor = false
-	forceColor   = false
+type consoleColorModeValue int
+
+const (
+	autoColor consoleColorModeValue = iota
+	disableColor
+	forceColor
 )

+const (
+	green   = "\033[97;42m"
+	white   = "\033[90;47m"
+	yellow  = "\033[90;43m"
+	red     = "\033[97;41m"
+	blue    = "\033[97;44m"
+	magenta = "\033[97;45m"
+	cyan    = "\033[97;46m"
+	reset   = "\033[0m"
+)
+
+var consoleColorMode = autoColor
+
 // LoggerConfig defines the config for Logger middleware.
 type LoggerConfig struct {
 	// Optional. Default value is gin.defaultLogFormatter
@ -62,10 +70,12 @@ type LogFormatterParams struct {
 	Path string
 	// ErrorMessage is set if error has occurred in processing the request.
 	ErrorMessage string
-	// IsTerm shows whether does gin's output descriptor refers to a terminal.
-	IsTerm bool
+	// isTerm shows whether does gin's output descriptor refers to a terminal.
+	isTerm bool
 	// BodySize is the size of the Response Body
 	BodySize int
+	// Keys are the keys set on the request's context.
+	Keys map[string]interface{}
 }

 // StatusCodeColor is the ANSI color for appropriately logging http status code to a terminal.
@ -113,15 +123,24 @@ func (p *LogFormatterParams) ResetColor() string {
 	return reset
 }

+// IsOutputColor indicates whether can colors be outputted to the log.
+func (p *LogFormatterParams) IsOutputColor() bool {
+	return consoleColorMode == forceColor || (consoleColorMode == autoColor && p.isTerm)
+}
+
 // defaultLogFormatter is the default log format function Logger middleware uses.
 var defaultLogFormatter = func(param LogFormatterParams) string {
 	var statusColor, methodColor, resetColor string
-	if param.IsTerm {
+	if param.IsOutputColor() {
 		statusColor = param.StatusCodeColor()
 		methodColor = param.MethodColor()
 		resetColor = param.ResetColor()
 	}

+	if param.Latency > time.Minute {
+		// Truncate in a golang < 1.8 safe way
+		param.Latency = param.Latency - param.Latency%time.Second
+	}
 	return fmt.Sprintf("[GIN] %v |%s %3d %s| %13v | %15s |%s %-7s %s %s\n%s",
 		param.TimeStamp.Format("2006/01/02 - 15:04:05"),
 		statusColor, param.StatusCode, resetColor,
@ -135,12 +154,12 @@ var defaultLogFormatter = func(param LogFormatterParams) string {

 // DisableConsoleColor disables color output in the console.
 func DisableConsoleColor() {
-	disableColor = true
+	consoleColorMode = disableColor
 }

 // ForceConsoleColor force color output in the console.
 func ForceConsoleColor() {
-	forceColor = true
+	consoleColorMode = forceColor
 }

 // ErrorLogger returns a handlerfunc for any error type.
@ -197,9 +216,8 @@ func LoggerWithConfig(conf LoggerConfig) HandlerFunc {

 	isTerm := true

-	if w, ok := out.(*os.File); (!ok ||
-		(os.Getenv("TERM") == "dumb" || (!isatty.IsTerminal(w.Fd()) && !isatty.IsCygwinTerminal(w.Fd()))) ||
-		disableColor) && !forceColor {
+	if w, ok := out.(*os.File); !ok || os.Getenv("TERM") == "dumb" ||
+		(!isatty.IsTerminal(w.Fd()) && !isatty.IsCygwinTerminal(w.Fd())) {
 		isTerm = false
 	}

@ -226,7 +244,8 @@ func LoggerWithConfig(conf LoggerConfig) HandlerFunc {
 		if _, ok := skip[path]; !ok {
 			param := LogFormatterParams{
 				Request: c.Request,
-				IsTerm:  isTerm,
+				isTerm:  isTerm,
+				Keys:    c.Keys,
 			}

 			// Stop timer
--- a/logger_test.go
+++ b/logger_test.go
@ -181,6 +181,7 @@ func TestLoggerWithFormatter(t *testing.T) {

 func TestLoggerWithConfigFormatting(t *testing.T) {
 	var gotParam LogFormatterParams
+	var gotKeys map[string]interface{}
 	buffer := new(bytes.Buffer)

 	router := New()
@ -204,6 +205,7 @@ func TestLoggerWithConfigFormatting(t *testing.T) {
 	router.GET("/example", func(c *Context) {
 		// set dummy ClientIP
 		c.Request.Header.Set("X-Forwarded-For", "20.20.20.20")
+		gotKeys = c.Keys
 	})
 	performRequest(router, "GET", "/example?a=100")

@ -223,6 +225,7 @@ func TestLoggerWithConfigFormatting(t *testing.T) {
 	assert.Equal(t, "GET", gotParam.Method)
 	assert.Equal(t, "/example?a=100", gotParam.Path)
 	assert.Empty(t, gotParam.ErrorMessage)
+	assert.Equal(t, gotKeys, gotParam.Keys)

 }

@ -237,7 +240,7 @@ func TestDefaultLogFormatter(t *testing.T) {
 		Method:       "GET",
 		Path:         "/",
 		ErrorMessage: "",
-		IsTerm:       false,
+		isTerm:       false,
 	}

 	termTrueParam := LogFormatterParams{
@ -248,12 +251,36 @@ func TestDefaultLogFormatter(t *testing.T) {
 		Method:       "GET",
 		Path:         "/",
 		ErrorMessage: "",
-		IsTerm:       true,
+		isTerm:       true,
+	}
+	termTrueLongDurationParam := LogFormatterParams{
+		TimeStamp:    timeStamp,
+		StatusCode:   200,
+		Latency:      time.Millisecond * 9876543210,
+		ClientIP:     "20.20.20.20",
+		Method:       "GET",
+		Path:         "/",
+		ErrorMessage: "",
+		isTerm:       true,
+	}
+
+	termFalseLongDurationParam := LogFormatterParams{
+		TimeStamp:    timeStamp,
+		StatusCode:   200,
+		Latency:      time.Millisecond * 9876543210,
+		ClientIP:     "20.20.20.20",
+		Method:       "GET",
+		Path:         "/",
+		ErrorMessage: "",
+		isTerm:       false,
 	}

 	assert.Equal(t, "[GIN] 2018/12/07 - 09:11:42 | 200 |            5s |     20.20.20.20 | GET      /\n", defaultLogFormatter(termFalseParam))
+	assert.Equal(t, "[GIN] 2018/12/07 - 09:11:42 | 200 |    2743h29m3s |     20.20.20.20 | GET      /\n", defaultLogFormatter(termFalseLongDurationParam))

 	assert.Equal(t, "[GIN] 2018/12/07 - 09:11:42 |\x1b[97;42m 200 \x1b[0m|            5s |     20.20.20.20 |\x1b[97;44m GET     \x1b[0m /\n", defaultLogFormatter(termTrueParam))
+	assert.Equal(t, "[GIN] 2018/12/07 - 09:11:42 |\x1b[97;42m 200 \x1b[0m|    2743h29m3s |     20.20.20.20 |\x1b[97;44m GET     \x1b[0m /\n", defaultLogFormatter(termTrueLongDurationParam))
+
 }

 func TestColorForMethod(t *testing.T) {
@ -264,14 +291,14 @@ func TestColorForMethod(t *testing.T) {
 		return p.MethodColor()
 	}

-	assert.Equal(t, string([]byte{27, 91, 57, 55, 59, 52, 52, 109}), colorForMethod("GET"), "get should be blue")
-	assert.Equal(t, string([]byte{27, 91, 57, 55, 59, 52, 54, 109}), colorForMethod("POST"), "post should be cyan")
-	assert.Equal(t, string([]byte{27, 91, 57, 48, 59, 52, 51, 109}), colorForMethod("PUT"), "put should be yellow")
-	assert.Equal(t, string([]byte{27, 91, 57, 55, 59, 52, 49, 109}), colorForMethod("DELETE"), "delete should be red")
-	assert.Equal(t, string([]byte{27, 91, 57, 55, 59, 52, 50, 109}), colorForMethod("PATCH"), "patch should be green")
-	assert.Equal(t, string([]byte{27, 91, 57, 55, 59, 52, 53, 109}), colorForMethod("HEAD"), "head should be magenta")
-	assert.Equal(t, string([]byte{27, 91, 57, 48, 59, 52, 55, 109}), colorForMethod("OPTIONS"), "options should be white")
-	assert.Equal(t, string([]byte{27, 91, 48, 109}), colorForMethod("TRACE"), "trace is not defined and should be the reset color")
+	assert.Equal(t, blue, colorForMethod("GET"), "get should be blue")
+	assert.Equal(t, cyan, colorForMethod("POST"), "post should be cyan")
+	assert.Equal(t, yellow, colorForMethod("PUT"), "put should be yellow")
+	assert.Equal(t, red, colorForMethod("DELETE"), "delete should be red")
+	assert.Equal(t, green, colorForMethod("PATCH"), "patch should be green")
+	assert.Equal(t, magenta, colorForMethod("HEAD"), "head should be magenta")
+	assert.Equal(t, white, colorForMethod("OPTIONS"), "options should be white")
+	assert.Equal(t, reset, colorForMethod("TRACE"), "trace is not defined and should be the reset color")
 }

 func TestColorForStatus(t *testing.T) {
@ -282,10 +309,10 @@ func TestColorForStatus(t *testing.T) {
 		return p.StatusCodeColor()
 	}

-	assert.Equal(t, string([]byte{27, 91, 57, 55, 59, 52, 50, 109}), colorForStatus(http.StatusOK), "2xx should be green")
-	assert.Equal(t, string([]byte{27, 91, 57, 48, 59, 52, 55, 109}), colorForStatus(http.StatusMovedPermanently), "3xx should be white")
-	assert.Equal(t, string([]byte{27, 91, 57, 48, 59, 52, 51, 109}), colorForStatus(http.StatusNotFound), "4xx should be yellow")
-	assert.Equal(t, string([]byte{27, 91, 57, 55, 59, 52, 49, 109}), colorForStatus(2), "other things should be red")
+	assert.Equal(t, green, colorForStatus(http.StatusOK), "2xx should be green")
+	assert.Equal(t, white, colorForStatus(http.StatusMovedPermanently), "3xx should be white")
+	assert.Equal(t, yellow, colorForStatus(http.StatusNotFound), "4xx should be yellow")
+	assert.Equal(t, red, colorForStatus(2), "other things should be red")
 }

 func TestResetColor(t *testing.T) {
@ -293,6 +320,39 @@ func TestResetColor(t *testing.T) {
 	assert.Equal(t, string([]byte{27, 91, 48, 109}), p.ResetColor())
 }

+func TestIsOutputColor(t *testing.T) {
+	// test with isTerm flag true.
+	p := LogFormatterParams{
+		isTerm: true,
+	}
+
+	consoleColorMode = autoColor
+	assert.Equal(t, true, p.IsOutputColor())
+
+	ForceConsoleColor()
+	assert.Equal(t, true, p.IsOutputColor())
+
+	DisableConsoleColor()
+	assert.Equal(t, false, p.IsOutputColor())
+
+	// test with isTerm flag false.
+	p = LogFormatterParams{
+		isTerm: false,
+	}
+
+	consoleColorMode = autoColor
+	assert.Equal(t, false, p.IsOutputColor())
+
+	ForceConsoleColor()
+	assert.Equal(t, true, p.IsOutputColor())
+
+	DisableConsoleColor()
+	assert.Equal(t, false, p.IsOutputColor())
+
+	// reset console color mode.
+	consoleColorMode = autoColor
+}
+
 func TestErrorLogger(t *testing.T) {
 	router := New()
 	router.Use(ErrorLogger())
@ -309,15 +369,15 @@ func TestErrorLogger(t *testing.T) {

 	w := performRequest(router, "GET", "/error")
 	assert.Equal(t, http.StatusOK, w.Code)
-	assert.Equal(t, "{\"error\":\"this is an error\"}", w.Body.String())
+	assert.Equal(t, "{\"error\":\"this is an error\"}\n", w.Body.String())

 	w = performRequest(router, "GET", "/abort")
 	assert.Equal(t, http.StatusUnauthorized, w.Code)
-	assert.Equal(t, "{\"error\":\"no authorized\"}", w.Body.String())
+	assert.Equal(t, "{\"error\":\"no authorized\"}\n", w.Body.String())

 	w = performRequest(router, "GET", "/print")
 	assert.Equal(t, http.StatusInternalServerError, w.Code)
-	assert.Equal(t, "hola!{\"error\":\"this is an error\"}", w.Body.String())
+	assert.Equal(t, "hola!{\"error\":\"this is an error\"}\n", w.Body.String())
 }

 func TestLoggerWithWriterSkippingPaths(t *testing.T) {
@ -355,14 +415,20 @@ func TestLoggerWithConfigSkippingPaths(t *testing.T) {

 func TestDisableConsoleColor(t *testing.T) {
 	New()
-	assert.False(t, disableColor)
+	assert.Equal(t, autoColor, consoleColorMode)
 	DisableConsoleColor()
-	assert.True(t, disableColor)
+	assert.Equal(t, disableColor, consoleColorMode)
+
+	// reset console color mode.
+	consoleColorMode = autoColor
 }

 func TestForceConsoleColor(t *testing.T) {
 	New()
-	assert.False(t, forceColor)
+	assert.Equal(t, autoColor, consoleColorMode)
 	ForceConsoleColor()
-	assert.True(t, forceColor)
+	assert.Equal(t, forceColor, consoleColorMode)
+
+	// reset console color mode.
+	consoleColorMode = autoColor
 }
--- a/Show More
+++ b/Show More