diff --git a/.github/ISSUE_TEMPLATE.md b/.github/ISSUE_TEMPLATE.md
deleted file mode 100644
index 6f8288d5..00000000
--- a/.github/ISSUE_TEMPLATE.md
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,49 +0,0 @@
-- With issues:
-  - Use the search tool before opening a new issue.
-  - Please provide source code and commit sha if you found a bug.
-  - Review existing issues and provide feedback or react to them.
-
-## Description
-
-<!-- Description of a problem -->
-
-## How to reproduce
-
-<!-- The smallest possible code example to show the problem that can be compiled, like -->
-```
-package main
-
-import (
-	"github.com/gin-gonic/gin"
-)
-
-func main() {
-	g := gin.Default()
-	g.GET("/hello/:name", func(c *gin.Context) {
-		c.String(200, "Hello %s", c.Param("name"))
-	})
-	g.Run(":9000")
-}
-```
-
-## Expectations
-
-<!-- Your expectation result of 'curl' command, like -->
-```
-$ curl http://localhost:8201/hello/world
-Hello world
-```
-
-## Actual result
-
-<!-- Actual result showing the problem -->
-```
-$ curl -i http://localhost:8201/hello/world
-<YOUR RESULT>
-```
-
-## Environment
-
-- go version:
-- gin version (or commit ref):
-- operating system:
diff --git a/.github/ISSUE_TEMPLATE/bug-report.yaml b/.github/ISSUE_TEMPLATE/bug-report.yaml
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..2cf2f362
--- /dev/null
+++ b/.github/ISSUE_TEMPLATE/bug-report.yaml
@@ -0,0 +1,60 @@
+name: Bug Report
+description: Found something you weren't expecting? Report it here!
+labels: ["type/bug"]
+body:
+  - type: markdown
+    attributes:
+      value: |
+        NOTE: If your issue is a security concern, please send an email to appleboy.tw@gmail.com instead of opening a public issue.
+  - type: markdown
+    attributes:
+      value: |
+        1. Please speak English, this is the language all maintainers can speak and write.
+        2. Please ask questions problems on our Discussions Forum (https://github.com/gin-gonic/gin/discussions).
+        3. Make sure you are using the latest release and
+           take a moment to check that your issue hasn't been reported before.
+  - type: textarea
+    id: description
+    attributes:
+      label: Description
+      description: |
+        Please provide a description of your issue here, with a URL if you were able to reproduce the issue (see below)
+  - type: input
+    id: gin-ver
+    attributes:
+      label: Gin Version
+      description: Gin version (or commit reference) of your instance
+    validations:
+      required: true
+  - type: dropdown
+    id: can-reproduce
+    attributes:
+      label: Can you reproduce the bug?
+      description: |
+        If so, please write the steps to reproduce the bug.
+      options:
+        - "Yes"
+        - "No"
+    validations:
+      required: true
+  - type: markdown
+    attributes:
+      value: |
+        It's really important to provide pertinent logs
+        Please read https://docs.gitea.com/administration/logging-config#collecting-logs-for-help
+        In addition, if your problem relates to git commands set `RUN_MODE=dev` at the top of app.ini
+  - type: textarea
+    id: source-code
+    attributes:
+      label: Source Code
+      description: If this issue involves source code, please provide a minimal reproducible example
+  - type: input
+    id: go-ver
+    attributes:
+      label: Go Version
+      description: The version of Go running on the server
+  - type: input
+    id: os-ver
+    attributes:
+      label: Operating System
+      description: The operating system you are using to run Gin
diff --git a/.github/ISSUE_TEMPLATE/config.yml b/.github/ISSUE_TEMPLATE/config.yml
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..ceff9fe7
--- /dev/null
+++ b/.github/ISSUE_TEMPLATE/config.yml
@@ -0,0 +1,11 @@
+blank_issues_enabled: false
+contact_links:
+  - name: Go.dev API Documentation
+    url: https://pkg.go.dev/github.com/gin-gonic/gin
+    about: Comprehensive API documentation for Gin.
+  - name: Gin User Guides
+    url: https://gin-gonic.com/
+    about: In-depth user guides and tutorials for using Gin.
+  - name: Discussions Forum
+    url: https://github.com/gin-gonic/gin/discussions
+    about: Questions and configuration or deployment problems can also be discussed.
diff --git a/.github/ISSUE_TEMPLATE/feature-request.yaml b/.github/ISSUE_TEMPLATE/feature-request.yaml
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..a40215aa
--- /dev/null
+++ b/.github/ISSUE_TEMPLATE/feature-request.yaml
@@ -0,0 +1,18 @@
+name: Feature Request
+description: Got an idea for a feature that Gin doesn't have currently?  Submit your idea here!
+labels: ["type/proposal"]
+body:
+  - type: markdown
+    attributes:
+      value: |
+        1. Please speak English, this is the language all maintainers can speak and write.
+        2. Please ask questions problems on our Discussions Forum (https://github.com/gin-gonic/gin/discussions).
+        3. Please take a moment to check that your feature hasn't already been suggested.
+  - type: textarea
+    id: description
+    attributes:
+      label: Feature Description
+      placeholder: |
+        I think it would be great if Gin had...
+    validations:
+      required: true
diff --git a/.github/PULL_REQUEST_TEMPLATE.md b/.github/PULL_REQUEST_TEMPLATE.md
index 96e70bba..846c04fb 100644
--- a/.github/PULL_REQUEST_TEMPLATE.md
+++ b/.github/PULL_REQUEST_TEMPLATE.md
@@ -1,7 +1,10 @@
-- With pull requests:
-  - Open your pull request against `master`
-  - Your pull request should have no more than two commits, if not you should squash them.
-  - It should pass all tests in the available continuous integration systems such as GitHub Actions.
-  - You should add/modify tests to cover your proposed code changes.
-  - If your pull request contains a new feature, please document it on the README.
+# Pull Request Checklist
 
+Please ensure your pull request meets the following requirements:
+
+- [ ] Open your pull request against the `master` branch.
+- [ ] All tests pass in available continuous integration systems (e.g., GitHub Actions).
+- [ ] Tests are added or modified as needed to cover code changes.
+- [ ] If the pull request introduces a new feature, the feature is documented in the `docs/doc.md`.
+
+Thank you for contributing!
diff --git a/.github/dependabot.yml b/.github/dependabot.yml
index 632e8eb2..ab644980 100644
--- a/.github/dependabot.yml
+++ b/.github/dependabot.yml
@@ -1,10 +1,14 @@
 version: 2
 updates:
-  - package-ecosystem: github-actions
-    directory: /
-    schedule:
-      interval: weekly
   - package-ecosystem: gomod
     directory: /
     schedule:
-      interval: weekly
+      interval: daily
+  - package-ecosystem: github-actions
+    directory: /
+    groups:
+      actions:
+        patterns:
+          - "*"
+    schedule:
+      interval: daily
diff --git a/.github/workflows/codeql.yml b/.github/workflows/codeql.yml
index e27022d1..f287c265 100644
--- a/.github/workflows/codeql.yml
+++ b/.github/workflows/codeql.yml
@@ -7,12 +7,12 @@ name: "CodeQL"
 
 on:
   push:
-    branches: [ master ]
+    branches: [master]
   pull_request:
     # The branches below must be a subset of the branches above
-    branches: [ master ]
+    branches: [master]
   schedule:
-    - cron: '0 17 * * 5'
+    - cron: "0 17 * * 5"
 
 jobs:
   analyze:
@@ -29,15 +29,15 @@ jobs:
         # Override automatic language detection by changing the below list
         # Supported options are ['csharp', 'cpp', 'go', 'java', 'javascript', 'python']
         # TODO: Enable for javascript later
-        language: [ 'go']
+        language: ["go"]
 
     steps:
       - name: Checkout repository
-        uses: actions/checkout@v3
+        uses: actions/checkout@v6
 
       # Initializes the CodeQL tools for scanning.
       - name: Initialize CodeQL
-        uses: github/codeql-action/init@v2
+        uses: github/codeql-action/init@v4
         with:
           languages: ${{ matrix.language }}
           # If you wish to specify custom queries, you can do so here or in a config file.
@@ -46,4 +46,4 @@ jobs:
           # queries: ./path/to/local/query, your-org/your-repo/queries@main
 
       - name: Perform CodeQL Analysis
-        uses: github/codeql-action/analyze@v2
+        uses: github/codeql-action/analyze@v4
diff --git a/.github/workflows/gin.yml b/.github/workflows/gin.yml
index 004f9b9d..8ece7f1d 100644
--- a/.github/workflows/gin.yml
+++ b/.github/workflows/gin.yml
@@ -15,24 +15,33 @@ jobs:
   lint:
     runs-on: ubuntu-latest
     steps:
-      - name: Setup go
-        uses: actions/setup-go@v3
+      - name: Checkout
+        uses: actions/checkout@v6
         with:
-          go-version: '^1.16'
-      - name: Checkout repository
-        uses: actions/checkout@v3
+          fetch-depth: 0
+      - name: Set up Go
+        uses: actions/setup-go@v6
+        with:
+          go-version: "^1"
       - name: Setup golangci-lint
-        uses: golangci/golangci-lint-action@v3.2.0
+        uses: golangci/golangci-lint-action@v9
         with:
-          version: v1.48.0
+          version: v2.6
           args: --verbose
   test:
     needs: lint
     strategy:
       matrix:
         os: [ubuntu-latest, macos-latest]
-        go: [1.15, 1.16, 1.17, 1.18]
-        test-tags: ['', '-tags nomsgpack', '-tags "sonic avx"', '-tags go_json']
+        go: ["1.24", "1.25"]
+        test-tags:
+          [
+            "",
+            "-tags nomsgpack",
+            '--ldflags="-checklinkname=0" -tags sonic',
+            "-tags go_json",
+            "-race",
+          ]
         include:
           - os: ubuntu-latest
             go-build: ~/.cache/go-build
@@ -46,16 +55,17 @@ jobs:
       GOPROXY: https://proxy.golang.org
     steps:
       - name: Set up Go ${{ matrix.go }}
-        uses: actions/setup-go@v3
+        uses: actions/setup-go@v6
         with:
           go-version: ${{ matrix.go }}
+          cache: false
 
       - name: Checkout Code
-        uses: actions/checkout@v3
+        uses: actions/checkout@v6
         with:
           ref: ${{ github.ref }}
 
-      - uses: actions/cache@v3
+      - uses: actions/cache@v5
         with:
           path: |
             ${{ matrix.go-build }}
@@ -68,24 +78,6 @@ jobs:
         run: make test
 
       - name: Upload coverage to Codecov
-        uses: codecov/codecov-action@v3
+        uses: codecov/codecov-action@v5
         with:
           flags: ${{ matrix.os }},go-${{ matrix.go }},${{ matrix.test-tags }}
-
-      - name: Format
-        if: matrix.go-version == '1.19.x'
-        run: diff -u <(echo -n) <(gofmt -d .)
-  notification-gitter:
-    needs: test
-    runs-on: ubuntu-latest
-    steps:
-      - name: Notification failure message
-        if: failure()
-        run: |
-          PR_OR_COMPARE="$(if [ "${{ github.event.pull_request }}" != "" ]; then echo "${{ github.event.pull_request.html_url }}"; else echo "${{ github.event.compare }}"; fi)"
-          curl -d message="GitHub Actions [$GITHUB_REPOSITORY]($PR_OR_COMPARE) ($GITHUB_REF) [normal]($GITHUB_API_URL/$GITHUB_REPOSITORY/actions/runs/$GITHUB_RUN_ID) ($GITHUB_RUN_NUMBER)" -d level=error https://webhooks.gitter.im/e/7f95bf605c4d356372f4
-      - name: Notification success message
-        if: success()
-        run: |
-          PR_OR_COMPARE="$(if [ "${{ github.event.pull_request }}" != "" ]; then echo "${{ github.event.pull_request.html_url }}"; else echo "${{ github.event.compare }}"; fi)"
-          curl -d message="GitHub Actions [$GITHUB_REPOSITORY]($PR_OR_COMPARE) ($GITHUB_REF) [normal]($GITHUB_API_URL/$GITHUB_REPOSITORY/actions/runs/$GITHUB_RUN_ID) ($GITHUB_RUN_NUMBER)" https://webhooks.gitter.im/e/7f95bf605c4d356372f4
diff --git a/.github/workflows/goreleaser.yml b/.github/workflows/goreleaser.yml
index 64ed8b2b..0098b952 100644
--- a/.github/workflows/goreleaser.yml
+++ b/.github/workflows/goreleaser.yml
@@ -3,7 +3,7 @@ name: Goreleaser
 on:
   push:
     tags:
-      - '*'
+      - "*"
 
 permissions:
   contents: write
@@ -12,23 +12,25 @@ jobs:
   goreleaser:
     runs-on: ubuntu-latest
     steps:
-      -
-        name: Checkout
-        uses: actions/checkout@v3
+      - name: Checkout
+        uses: actions/checkout@v6
         with:
           fetch-depth: 0
-      -
-        name: Set up Go
-        uses: actions/setup-go@v2
+      - name: Set up Go
+        uses: actions/setup-go@v6
         with:
-          go-version: 1.17
-      -
-        name: Run GoReleaser
-        uses: goreleaser/goreleaser-action@v3
+          go-version: "^1"
+      - name: Run GoReleaser
+        uses: goreleaser/goreleaser-action@v6
         with:
           # either 'goreleaser' (default) or 'goreleaser-pro'
           distribution: goreleaser
           version: latest
-          args: release --rm-dist
+          args: release --clean
         env:
           GITHUB_TOKEN: ${{ secrets.GITHUB_TOKEN }}
+
+      - name: Trigger Go module reindex (pkg.go.dev)
+        run: |
+          echo "Triggering Go module reindex at proxy.golang.org"
+          curl -sSf "https://proxy.golang.org/github.com/${GITHUB_REPOSITORY,,}/@v/${GITHUB_REF_NAME}.info"
diff --git a/.github/workflows/trivy-scan.yml b/.github/workflows/trivy-scan.yml
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..b86aed7f
--- /dev/null
+++ b/.github/workflows/trivy-scan.yml
@@ -0,0 +1,56 @@
+name: Trivy Security Scan
+
+on:
+  push:
+    branches:
+      - master
+  pull_request:
+    branches:
+      - master
+  schedule:
+    # Run daily at 00:00 UTC
+    - cron: '0 0 * * *'
+  workflow_dispatch: # Allow manual trigger
+
+permissions:
+  contents: read
+  security-events: write # Required for uploading SARIF results
+
+jobs:
+  trivy-scan:
+    name: Trivy Security Scan
+    runs-on: ubuntu-latest
+    steps:
+      - name: Checkout code
+        uses: actions/checkout@v6
+        with:
+          fetch-depth: 0
+
+      - name: Run Trivy vulnerability scanner (source code)
+        uses: aquasecurity/trivy-action@0.33.1
+        with:
+          scan-type: 'fs'
+          scan-ref: '.'
+          scanners: 'vuln,secret,misconfig'
+          format: 'sarif'
+          output: 'trivy-results.sarif'
+          severity: 'CRITICAL,HIGH,MEDIUM'
+          ignore-unfixed: true
+
+      - name: Upload Trivy results to GitHub Security tab
+        uses: github/codeql-action/upload-sarif@v4
+        if: always()
+        with:
+          sarif_file: 'trivy-results.sarif'
+
+      - name: Run Trivy scanner (table output for logs)
+        uses: aquasecurity/trivy-action@0.33.1
+        if: always()
+        with:
+          scan-type: 'fs'
+          scan-ref: '.'
+          scanners: 'vuln,secret,misconfig'
+          format: 'table'
+          severity: 'CRITICAL,HIGH,MEDIUM'
+          ignore-unfixed: true
+          exit-code: '1'
diff --git a/.gitignore b/.gitignore
index bdd50c95..1ea0e2b9 100644
--- a/.gitignore
+++ b/.gitignore
@@ -5,3 +5,7 @@ count.out
 test
 profile.out
 tmp.out
+
+# Develop tools
+.idea/
+.vscode/
diff --git a/.golangci.yml b/.golangci.yml
index c5e1de38..f0898565 100644
--- a/.golangci.yml
+++ b/.golangci.yml
@@ -1,39 +1,75 @@
-run:
-  timeout: 5m
+version: "2"
 linters:
   enable:
     - asciicheck
-    - depguard
+    - copyloopvar
     - dogsled
     - durationcheck
-    - errcheck
     - errorlint
-    - exportloopref
-    - gci
-    - gofmt
-    - goimports
     - gosec
     - misspell
     - nakedret
     - nilerr
     - nolintlint
+    - perfsprint
     - revive
+    - testifylint
+    - usestdlibvars
     - wastedassign
-issues:
-  exclude-rules:
-    - linters:
-        - structcheck
-        - unused
-      text: "`data` is unused"
-    - linters:
-        - staticcheck
-      text: "SA1019:"
-    - linters:
-        - revive
-      text: "var-naming:"
-    - linters:
-        - revive
-      text: "exported:"
-    - path: _test\.go
-      linters:
-        - gosec # security is not make sense in tests
+  settings:
+    gosec:
+      excludes:
+        - G115
+    perfsprint:
+      int-conversion: true
+      err-error: true
+      errorf: true
+      sprintf1: true
+      strconcat: true
+    testifylint:
+      enable-all: true
+  exclusions:
+    generated: lax
+    presets:
+      - comments
+      - common-false-positives
+      - legacy
+      - std-error-handling
+    rules:
+      - linters:
+          - structcheck
+          - unused
+        text: '`data` is unused'
+      - linters:
+          - staticcheck
+        text: 'SA1019:'
+      - linters:
+          - revive
+        text: 'var-naming:'
+      - linters:
+          - revive
+        text: 'exported:'
+      - linters:
+          - gosec
+        path: _test\.go
+      - linters:
+          - revive
+        path: _test\.go
+    paths:
+      - third_party$
+      - builtin$
+      - examples$
+formatters:
+  enable:
+    - gofmt
+    - gofumpt
+    - goimports
+  settings:
+    gofmt:
+      rewrite-rules:
+        - pattern: 'interface{}'
+          replacement: 'any'
+  exclusions:
+    generated: lax
+    paths:
+      - gin.go
diff --git a/.goreleaser.yaml b/.goreleaser.yaml
index e435e56a..99b66fee 100644
--- a/.goreleaser.yaml
+++ b/.goreleaser.yaml
@@ -1,8 +1,7 @@
 project_name: gin
 
 builds:
-  -
-    # If true, skip the build.
+  - # If true, skip the build.
     # Useful for library projects.
     # Default is false
     skip: true
@@ -10,7 +9,7 @@ builds:
 changelog:
   # Set it to true if you wish to skip the changelog generation.
   # This may result in an empty release notes on GitHub/GitLab/Gitea.
-  skip: false
+  disable: false
 
   # Changelog generation implementation to use.
   #
@@ -21,7 +20,7 @@ changelog:
   # - `github-native`: uses the GitHub release notes generation API, disables the groups feature.
   #
   # Defaults to `git`.
-  use: git
+  use: github
 
   # Sorts the changelog by the commit's messages.
   # Could either be asc, desc or empty
@@ -38,20 +37,20 @@ changelog:
     - title: Features
       regexp: "^.*feat[(\\w)]*:+.*$"
       order: 0
-    - title: 'Bug fixes'
+    - title: "Bug fixes"
       regexp: "^.*fix[(\\w)]*:+.*$"
       order: 1
-    - title: 'Enhancements'
+    - title: "Enhancements"
       regexp: "^.*chore[(\\w)]*:+.*$"
       order: 2
+    - title: "Refactor"
+      regexp: "^.*refactor[(\\w)]*:+.*$"
+      order: 3
+    - title: "Build process updates"
+      regexp: ^.*?(build|ci)(\(.+\))??!?:.+$
+      order: 4
+    - title: "Documentation updates"
+      regexp: ^.*?docs?(\(.+\))??!?:.+$
+      order: 4
     - title: Others
       order: 999
-
-  filters:
-    # Commit messages matching the regexp listed here will be removed from
-    # the changelog
-    # Default is empty
-    exclude:
-      - '^docs'
-      - 'CICD'
-      - typo
diff --git a/CHANGELOG.md b/CHANGELOG.md
index 1bc51a8c..9451db39 100644
--- a/CHANGELOG.md
+++ b/CHANGELOG.md
@@ -1,5 +1,241 @@
 # Gin ChangeLog
 
+## Gin v1.11.0
+
+### Features
+
+* feat(gin): Experimental support for HTTP/3 using quic-go/quic-go ([#3210](https://github.com/gin-gonic/gin/pull/3210))
+* feat(form): add array collection format in form binding ([#3986](https://github.com/gin-gonic/gin/pull/3986)), add custom string slice for form tag unmarshal ([#3970](https://github.com/gin-gonic/gin/pull/3970))
+* feat(binding): add BindPlain ([#3904](https://github.com/gin-gonic/gin/pull/3904))
+* feat(fs): Export, test and document OnlyFilesFS ([#3939](https://github.com/gin-gonic/gin/pull/3939))
+* feat(binding): add support for unixMilli and unixMicro ([#4190](https://github.com/gin-gonic/gin/pull/4190))
+* feat(form): Support default values for collections in form binding ([#4048](https://github.com/gin-gonic/gin/pull/4048))
+* feat(context): GetXxx added support for more go native types ([#3633](https://github.com/gin-gonic/gin/pull/3633))
+
+### Enhancements
+
+* perf(context): optimize getMapFromFormData performance ([#4339](https://github.com/gin-gonic/gin/pull/4339))
+* refactor(tree): replace string(/) with "/" in node.insertChild ([#4354](https://github.com/gin-gonic/gin/pull/4354))
+* refactor(render): remove headers parameter from writeHeader ([#4353](https://github.com/gin-gonic/gin/pull/4353))
+* refactor(context): simplify "GetType()" functions ([#4080](https://github.com/gin-gonic/gin/pull/4080))
+* refactor(slice): simplify SliceValidationError Error method ([#3910](https://github.com/gin-gonic/gin/pull/3910))
+* refactor(context):Avoid using filepath.Dir twice in SaveUploadedFile ([#4181](https://github.com/gin-gonic/gin/pull/4181))
+* refactor(context): refactor context handling and improve test robustness ([#4066](https://github.com/gin-gonic/gin/pull/4066))
+* refactor(binding): use strings.Cut to replace strings.Index ([#3522](https://github.com/gin-gonic/gin/pull/3522))
+* refactor(context): add an optional permission parameter to SaveUploadedFile ([#4068](https://github.com/gin-gonic/gin/pull/4068))
+* refactor(context): verify URL is Non-nil in initQueryCache() ([#3969](https://github.com/gin-gonic/gin/pull/3969))
+* refactor(context): YAML judgment logic in Negotiate ([#3966](https://github.com/gin-gonic/gin/pull/3966))
+* tree: replace the self-defined 'min' to official one ([#3975](https://github.com/gin-gonic/gin/pull/3975))
+* context: Remove redundant filepath.Dir usage ([#4181](https://github.com/gin-gonic/gin/pull/4181))
+
+### Bug Fixes
+
+* fix: prevent middleware re-entry issue in HandleContext ([#3987](https://github.com/gin-gonic/gin/pull/3987))
+* fix(binding): prevent duplicate decoding and add validation in decodeToml ([#4193](https://github.com/gin-gonic/gin/pull/4193))
+* fix(gin): Do not panic when handling method not allowed on empty tree ([#4003](https://github.com/gin-gonic/gin/pull/4003))
+* fix(gin): data race warning for gin mode ([#1580](https://github.com/gin-gonic/gin/pull/1580))
+* fix(context): verify URL is Non-nil in initQueryCache() ([#3969](https://github.com/gin-gonic/gin/pull/3969))
+* fix(context): YAML judgment logic in Negotiate ([#3966](https://github.com/gin-gonic/gin/pull/3966))
+* fix(context): check handler is nil ([#3413](https://github.com/gin-gonic/gin/pull/3413))
+* fix(readme): fix broken link to English documentation ([#4222](https://github.com/gin-gonic/gin/pull/4222))
+* fix(tree): Keep panic infos consistent when wildcard type build faild ([#4077](https://github.com/gin-gonic/gin/pull/4077))
+
+### Build process updates / CI
+
+* ci: integrate Trivy vulnerability scanning into CI workflow ([#4359](https://github.com/gin-gonic/gin/pull/4359))
+* ci: support Go 1.25 in CI/CD ([#4341](https://github.com/gin-gonic/gin/pull/4341))
+* build(deps): upgrade github.com/bytedance/sonic from v1.13.2 to v1.14.0 ([#4342](https://github.com/gin-gonic/gin/pull/4342))
+* ci: add Go version 1.24 to GitHub Actions ([#4154](https://github.com/gin-gonic/gin/pull/4154))
+* build: update Gin minimum Go version to 1.21 ([#3960](https://github.com/gin-gonic/gin/pull/3960))
+* ci(lint): enable new linters (testifylint, usestdlibvars, perfsprint, etc.) ([#4010](https://github.com/gin-gonic/gin/pull/4010), [#4091](https://github.com/gin-gonic/gin/pull/4091), [#4090](https://github.com/gin-gonic/gin/pull/4090))
+* ci(lint): update workflows and improve test request consistency ([#4126](https://github.com/gin-gonic/gin/pull/4126))
+
+### Dependency updates
+
+* chore(deps): bump google.golang.org/protobuf from 1.36.6 to 1.36.9 ([#4346](https://github.com/gin-gonic/gin/pull/4346), [#4356](https://github.com/gin-gonic/gin/pull/4356))
+* chore(deps): bump github.com/stretchr/testify from 1.10.0 to 1.11.1 ([#4347](https://github.com/gin-gonic/gin/pull/4347))
+* chore(deps): bump actions/setup-go from 5 to 6 ([#4351](https://github.com/gin-gonic/gin/pull/4351))
+* chore(deps): bump github.com/quic-go/quic-go from 0.53.0 to 0.54.0 ([#4328](https://github.com/gin-gonic/gin/pull/4328))
+* chore(deps): bump golang.org/x/net from 0.33.0 to 0.38.0 ([#4178](https://github.com/gin-gonic/gin/pull/4178), [#4221](https://github.com/gin-gonic/gin/pull/4221))
+* chore(deps): bump github.com/go-playground/validator/v10 from 10.20.0 to 10.22.1 ([#4052](https://github.com/gin-gonic/gin/pull/4052))
+
+### Documentation updates
+
+* docs(changelog): update release notes for Gin v1.10.1 ([#4360](https://github.com/gin-gonic/gin/pull/4360))
+* docs: Fixing English grammar mistakes and awkward sentence structure in doc/doc.md ([#4207](https://github.com/gin-gonic/gin/pull/4207))
+* docs: update documentation and release notes for Gin v1.10.0 ([#3953](https://github.com/gin-gonic/gin/pull/3953))
+* docs: fix typo in Gin Quick Start ([#3997](https://github.com/gin-gonic/gin/pull/3997))
+* docs: fix comment and link issues ([#4205](https://github.com/gin-gonic/gin/pull/4205), [#3938](https://github.com/gin-gonic/gin/pull/3938))
+* docs: fix route group example code ([#4020](https://github.com/gin-gonic/gin/pull/4020))
+* docs(readme): add Portuguese documentation ([#4078](https://github.com/gin-gonic/gin/pull/4078))
+* docs(context): fix some function names in comment ([#4079](https://github.com/gin-gonic/gin/pull/4079))
+
+---
+
+## Gin v1.10.1
+
+### Features
+
+* refactor: strengthen HTTPS security and improve code organization
+* feat(binding): Support custom BindUnmarshaler for binding. (#3933)
+
+### Enhancements
+
+* chore(deps): bump github.com/bytedance/sonic from 1.11.3 to 1.11.6 (#3940)
+* chore(deps): bump golangci/golangci-lint-action from 4 to 5 (#3941)
+* chore: update external dependencies to latest versions (#3950)
+* chore: update various Go dependencies to latest versions (#3901)
+* chore: refactor configuration files for better readability (#3951)
+* chore: update changelog categories and improve documentation (#3917)
+* feat: update version constant to v1.10.0 (#3952)
+
+### Build process updates
+
+* ci(release): refactor changelog regex patterns and exclusions (#3914)
+* ci(Makefile): vet command add .PHONY (#3915)
+
+## Gin v1.10.0
+
+### Features
+
+* feat(auth): add proxy-server authentication (#3877) (@EndlessParadox1)
+* feat(bind): ShouldBindBodyWith shortcut and change doc (#3871) (@RedCrazyGhost)
+* feat(binding): Support custom BindUnmarshaler for binding. (#3933) (@dkkb)
+* feat(binding): support override default binding implement (#3514) (@ssfyn)
+* feat(engine): Added `OptionFunc` and `With` (#3572) (@flc1125)
+* feat(logger): ability to skip logs based on user-defined logic (#3593) (@palvaneh)
+
+### Bug fixes
+
+* Revert "fix(uri): query binding bug (#3236)" (#3899) (@appleboy)
+* fix(binding): binding error while not upload file (#3819) (#3820) (@clearcodecn)
+* fix(binding): dereference pointer to struct (#3199) (@echovl)
+* fix(context): make context Value method adhere to Go standards (#3897) (@FarmerChillax)
+* fix(engine): fix unit test (#3878) (@flc1125)
+* fix(header): Allow header according to RFC 7231 (HTTP 405) (#3759) (@Crocmagnon)
+* fix(route): Add fullPath in context copy (#3784) (@KarthikReddyPuli)
+* fix(router): catch-all conflicting wildcard (#3812) (@FirePing32)
+* fix(sec): upgrade golang.org/x/crypto to 0.17.0 (#3832) (@chncaption)
+* fix(tree): correctly expand the capacity of params (#3502) (@georgijd-form3)
+* fix(uri): query binding bug (#3236) (@illiafox)
+* fix: Add pointer support for url query params (#3659) (#3666) (@omkar-foss)
+* fix: protect Context.Keys map when call Copy method (#3873) (@kingcanfish)
+
+### Enhancements
+
+* chore(CI): update release args (#3595) (@qloog)
+* chore(IP): add TrustedPlatform constant for Fly.io. (#3839) (@ab)
+* chore(debug): add ability to override the debugPrint statement (#2337) (@josegonzalez)
+* chore(deps): update dependencies to latest versions (#3835) (@appleboy)
+* chore(header): Add support for RFC 9512: application/yaml (#3851) (@vincentbernat)
+* chore(http): use white color for HTTP 1XX (#3741) (@viralparmarme)
+* chore(optimize): the ShouldBindUri method of the Context struct (#3911) (@1911860538)
+* chore(perf): Optimize the Copy method of the Context struct (#3859) (@1911860538)
+* chore(refactor): modify interface check way (#3855) (@demoManito)
+* chore(request): check reader if it's nil before reading (#3419) (@noahyao1024)
+* chore(security): upgrade Protobuf for CVE-2024-24786 (#3893) (@Fotkurz)
+* chore: refactor CI and update dependencies (#3848) (@appleboy)
+* chore: refactor configuration files for better readability (#3951) (@appleboy)
+* chore: update GitHub Actions configuration (#3792) (@appleboy)
+* chore: update changelog categories and improve documentation (#3917) (@appleboy)
+* chore: update dependencies to latest versions (#3694) (@appleboy)
+* chore: update external dependencies to latest versions (#3950) (@appleboy)
+* chore: update various Go dependencies to latest versions (#3901) (@appleboy)
+
+### Build process updates
+
+* build(codecov): Added a codecov configuration (#3891) (@flc1125)
+* ci(Makefile): vet command add .PHONY (#3915) (@imalasong)
+* ci(lint): update tooling and workflows for consistency (#3834) (@appleboy)
+* ci(release): refactor changelog regex patterns and exclusions (#3914) (@appleboy)
+* ci(testing): add go1.22 version (#3842) (@appleboy)
+
+### Documentation updates
+
+* docs(context): Added deprecation comments to BindWith (#3880) (@flc1125)
+* docs(middleware): comments to function `BasicAuthForProxy` (#3881) (@EndlessParadox1)
+* docs: Add document  to constant `AuthProxyUserKey` and  `BasicAuthForProxy`. (#3887) (@EndlessParadox1)
+* docs: fix typo in comment (#3868) (@testwill)
+* docs: fix typo in function documentation (#3872) (@TotomiEcio)
+* docs: remove redundant comments (#3765) (@WeiTheShinobi)
+* feat: update version constant to v1.10.0 (#3952) (@appleboy)
+
+### Others
+
+* Upgrade golang.org/x/net -> v0.13.0 (#3684) (@cpcf)
+* test(git): gitignore add develop tools (#3370) (@demoManito)
+* test(http): use constant instead of numeric literal (#3863) (@testwill)
+* test(path): Optimize unit test execution results (#3883) (@flc1125)
+* test(render): increased unit tests coverage (#3691) (@araujo88)
+
+## Gin v1.9.1
+
+### BUG FIXES
+
+* fix Request.Context() checks [#3512](https://github.com/gin-gonic/gin/pull/3512)
+
+### SECURITY
+
+* fix lack of escaping of filename in Content-Disposition [#3556](https://github.com/gin-gonic/gin/pull/3556) 
+
+### ENHANCEMENTS
+
+* refactor: use bytes.ReplaceAll directly [#3455](https://github.com/gin-gonic/gin/pull/3455)
+* convert strings and slices using the officially recommended way [#3344](https://github.com/gin-gonic/gin/pull/3344)
+* improve render code coverage [#3525](https://github.com/gin-gonic/gin/pull/3525)
+
+### DOCS
+
+* docs: changed documentation link for trusted proxies [#3575](https://github.com/gin-gonic/gin/pull/3575)
+* chore: improve linting, testing, and GitHub Actions setup [#3583](https://github.com/gin-gonic/gin/pull/3583)
+
+## Gin v1.9.0
+
+### BREAK CHANGES
+
+* Stop useless panicking in context and render [#2150](https://github.com/gin-gonic/gin/pull/2150)
+
+### BUG FIXES
+
+* fix(router): tree bug where loop index is not decremented. [#3460](https://github.com/gin-gonic/gin/pull/3460)
+* fix(context): panic on NegotiateFormat - index out of range [#3397](https://github.com/gin-gonic/gin/pull/3397)
+* Add escape logic for header [#3500](https://github.com/gin-gonic/gin/pull/3500) and [#3503](https://github.com/gin-gonic/gin/pull/3503)
+
+### SECURITY
+
+* Fix the GO-2022-0969 and GO-2022-0288 vulnerabilities [#3333](https://github.com/gin-gonic/gin/pull/3333)
+* fix(security): vulnerability GO-2023-1571 [#3505](https://github.com/gin-gonic/gin/pull/3505)
+
+### ENHANCEMENTS
+
+* feat: add sonic json support [#3184](https://github.com/gin-gonic/gin/pull/3184)
+* chore(file): Creates a directory named path [#3316](https://github.com/gin-gonic/gin/pull/3316)
+* fix: modify interface check way [#3327](https://github.com/gin-gonic/gin/pull/3327)
+* remove deprecated of package io/ioutil [#3395](https://github.com/gin-gonic/gin/pull/3395)
+* refactor: avoid calling strings.ToLower twice [#3343](https://github.com/gin-gonic/gin/pull/3433)
+* console logger HTTP status code bug fixed [#3453](https://github.com/gin-gonic/gin/pull/3453)
+* chore(yaml): upgrade dependency to v3 version [#3456](https://github.com/gin-gonic/gin/pull/3456)
+* chore(router): match method added to routergroup for multiple HTTP methods supporting [#3464](https://github.com/gin-gonic/gin/pull/3464)
+* chore(http): add support for go1.20 http.rwUnwrapper to gin.responseWriter [#3489](https://github.com/gin-gonic/gin/pull/3489)
+
+### DOCS
+
+* docs: update markdown format [#3260](https://github.com/gin-gonic/gin/pull/3260)
+* docs(readme): Add the TOML rendering example [#3400](https://github.com/gin-gonic/gin/pull/3400)
+* docs(readme): move more example to docs/doc.md [#3449](https://github.com/gin-gonic/gin/pull/3449)
+* docs: update markdown format [#3446](https://github.com/gin-gonic/gin/pull/3446)
+
+## Gin v1.8.2
+
+### BUG FIXES
+
+* fix(route): redirectSlash bug ([#3227]((https://github.com/gin-gonic/gin/pull/3227)))
+* fix(engine): missing route params for CreateTestContext ([#2778]((https://github.com/gin-gonic/gin/pull/2778))) ([#2803]((https://github.com/gin-gonic/gin/pull/2803)))
+
+### SECURITY
+
+* Fix the GO-2022-1144 vulnerability ([#3432]((https://github.com/gin-gonic/gin/pull/3432)))
+
 ## Gin v1.8.1
 
 ### ENHANCEMENTS
@@ -8,12 +244,12 @@
 
 ## Gin v1.8.0
 
-## Break Changes
+### BREAK CHANGES
 
 * TrustedProxies: Add default IPv6 support and refactor [#2967](https://github.com/gin-gonic/gin/pull/2967). Please replace `RemoteIP() (net.IP, bool)` with `RemoteIP() net.IP`
 * gin.Context with fallback value from gin.Context.Request.Context() [#2751](https://github.com/gin-gonic/gin/pull/2751)
 
-### BUGFIXES
+### BUG FIXES
 
 * Fixed SetOutput() panics on go 1.17 [#2861](https://github.com/gin-gonic/gin/pull/2861)
 * Fix: wrong when wildcard follows named param [#2983](https://github.com/gin-gonic/gin/pull/2983)
@@ -50,7 +286,7 @@
 
 ## Gin v1.7.7
 
-### BUGFIXES
+### BUG FIXES
 
 * Fixed X-Forwarded-For unsafe handling of CVE-2020-28483 [#2844](https://github.com/gin-gonic/gin/pull/2844), closed issue [#2862](https://github.com/gin-gonic/gin/issues/2862).
 * Tree: updated the code logic for `latestNode` [#2897](https://github.com/gin-gonic/gin/pull/2897), closed issue [#2894](https://github.com/gin-gonic/gin/issues/2894) [#2878](https://github.com/gin-gonic/gin/issues/2878).
@@ -68,37 +304,37 @@
 
 ## Gin v1.7.6
 
-### BUGFIXES
+### BUG FIXES
 
 * bump new release to fix v1.7.5 release error by using v1.7.4 codes.
 
 ## Gin v1.7.4
 
-### BUGFIXES
+### BUG FIXES
 
 * bump new release to fix checksum mismatch
 
 ## Gin v1.7.3
 
-### BUGFIXES
+### BUG FIXES
 
 * fix level 1 router match [#2767](https://github.com/gin-gonic/gin/issues/2767), [#2796](https://github.com/gin-gonic/gin/issues/2796)
 
 ## Gin v1.7.2
 
-### BUGFIXES
+### BUG FIXES
 
 * Fix conflict between param and exact path [#2706](https://github.com/gin-gonic/gin/issues/2706). Close issue [#2682](https://github.com/gin-gonic/gin/issues/2682) [#2696](https://github.com/gin-gonic/gin/issues/2696).
 
 ## Gin v1.7.1
 
-### BUGFIXES
+### BUG FIXES
 
 * fix: data race with trustedCIDRs from [#2674](https://github.com/gin-gonic/gin/issues/2674)([#2675](https://github.com/gin-gonic/gin/pull/2675))
 
 ## Gin v1.7.0
 
-### BUGFIXES
+### BUG FIXES
 
 * fix compile error from [#2572](https://github.com/gin-gonic/gin/pull/2572) ([#2600](https://github.com/gin-gonic/gin/pull/2600))
 * fix: print headers without Authorization header on broken pipe ([#2528](https://github.com/gin-gonic/gin/pull/2528))
@@ -113,7 +349,7 @@
 * chore(performance): improve countParams ([#2378](https://github.com/gin-gonic/gin/pull/2378))
 * Remove some functions that have the same effect as the bytes package ([#2387](https://github.com/gin-gonic/gin/pull/2387))
 * update:SetMode function ([#2321](https://github.com/gin-gonic/gin/pull/2321))
-* remove a unused type SecureJSONPrefix ([#2391](https://github.com/gin-gonic/gin/pull/2391))
+* remove an unused type SecureJSONPrefix ([#2391](https://github.com/gin-gonic/gin/pull/2391))
 * Add a redirect sample for POST method ([#2389](https://github.com/gin-gonic/gin/pull/2389))
 * Add CustomRecovery builtin middleware ([#2322](https://github.com/gin-gonic/gin/pull/2322))
 * binding: avoid 2038 problem on 32-bit architectures ([#2450](https://github.com/gin-gonic/gin/pull/2450))
@@ -137,33 +373,44 @@
 
 ## Gin v1.6.2
 
-### BUGFIXES
+### BUG FIXES
+
   * fix missing initial sync.RWMutex [#2305](https://github.com/gin-gonic/gin/pull/2305)
+
 ### ENHANCEMENTS
+
   * Add set samesite in cookie. [#2306](https://github.com/gin-gonic/gin/pull/2306)
 
 ## Gin v1.6.1
 
-### BUGFIXES
+### BUG FIXES
+
   * Revert "fix accept incoming network connections" [#2294](https://github.com/gin-gonic/gin/pull/2294)
 
 ## Gin v1.6.0
 
 ### BREAKING
+
   * chore(performance): Improve performance for adding RemoveExtraSlash flag [#2159](https://github.com/gin-gonic/gin/pull/2159)
   * drop support govendor [#2148](https://github.com/gin-gonic/gin/pull/2148)
   * Added support for SameSite cookie flag [#1615](https://github.com/gin-gonic/gin/pull/1615)
+
 ### FEATURES
+
   * add yaml negotiation [#2220](https://github.com/gin-gonic/gin/pull/2220)
   * FileFromFS [#2112](https://github.com/gin-gonic/gin/pull/2112)
-### BUGFIXES
+
+### BUG FIXES
+
   * Unix Socket Handling [#2280](https://github.com/gin-gonic/gin/pull/2280)
   * Use json marshall in context json to fix breaking new line issue. Fixes #2209 [#2228](https://github.com/gin-gonic/gin/pull/2228)
   * fix accept incoming network connections [#2216](https://github.com/gin-gonic/gin/pull/2216)
   * Fixed a bug in the calculation of the maximum number of parameters [#2166](https://github.com/gin-gonic/gin/pull/2166)
   * [FIX] allow empty headers on DataFromReader [#2121](https://github.com/gin-gonic/gin/pull/2121)
   * Add mutex for protect Context.Keys map [#1391](https://github.com/gin-gonic/gin/pull/1391)
+
 ### ENHANCEMENTS
+
   * Add mitigation for log injection [#2277](https://github.com/gin-gonic/gin/pull/2277)
   * tree: range over nodes values [#2229](https://github.com/gin-gonic/gin/pull/2229)
   * tree: remove duplicate assignment [#2222](https://github.com/gin-gonic/gin/pull/2222)
@@ -178,7 +425,9 @@
   * upgrade go-validator to v10 [#2149](https://github.com/gin-gonic/gin/pull/2149)
   * Refactor redirect request in gin.go [#1970](https://github.com/gin-gonic/gin/pull/1970)
   * Add build tag nomsgpack [#1852](https://github.com/gin-gonic/gin/pull/1852)
+
 ### DOCS
+
   * docs(path): improve comments [#2223](https://github.com/gin-gonic/gin/pull/2223)
   * Renew README to fit the modification of SetCookie method [#2217](https://github.com/gin-gonic/gin/pull/2217)
   * Fix spelling [#2202](https://github.com/gin-gonic/gin/pull/2202)
@@ -191,7 +440,9 @@
   * Add project to README [#2165](https://github.com/gin-gonic/gin/pull/2165)
   * docs(benchmarks): for gin v1.5 [#2153](https://github.com/gin-gonic/gin/pull/2153)
   * Changed wording for clarity in README.md [#2122](https://github.com/gin-gonic/gin/pull/2122)
+
 ### MISC
+
   * ci support go1.14 [#2262](https://github.com/gin-gonic/gin/pull/2262)
   * chore: upgrade depend version [#2231](https://github.com/gin-gonic/gin/pull/2231)
   * Drop support go1.10 [#2147](https://github.com/gin-gonic/gin/pull/2147)
@@ -331,7 +582,7 @@
 - [FIX] Refactor render
 - [FIX] Reworked tests
 - [FIX] logger now supports cygwin
-- [FIX] Use X-Forwarded-For before X-Real-Ip
+- [FIX] Use X-Forwarded-For before X-Real-IP
 - [FIX] time.Time binding (#904)
 
 ## Gin 1.1.4
diff --git a/CONTRIBUTING.md b/CONTRIBUTING.md
index d1c723c6..9703d6b4 100644
--- a/CONTRIBUTING.md
+++ b/CONTRIBUTING.md
@@ -1,13 +1,41 @@
-## Contributing
+# Contributing
 
-- With issues:
-  - Use the search tool before opening a new issue.
-  - Please provide source code and commit sha if you found a bug.
+We welcome both issue reports and pull requests! Please follow these guidelines to help maintainers respond effectively.
+
+## Issues
+
+- **Before opening a new issue:**
+  - Use the search tool to check for existing issues or feature requests.
   - Review existing issues and provide feedback or react to them.
+  - Use English for all communications — it is the language all maintainers read and write.
+  - For questions, configuration or deployment problems, please use the [Discussions Forum](https://github.com/gin-gonic/gin/discussions).
+  - For bug reports involving sensitive security issues, email <appleboy.tw@gmail.com> instead of posting publicly.
 
-- With pull requests:
-  - Open your pull request against `master`
-  - Your pull request should have no more than two commits, if not you should squash them.
-  - It should pass all tests in the available continuous integration systems such as GitHub Actions.
-  - You should add/modify tests to cover your proposed code changes.
-  - If your pull request contains a new feature, please document it on the README.
+- **Reporting a bug:**
+  - Please provide a clear description of your issue, and a minimal reproducible code example if possible.
+  - Include the Gin version (or commit reference), Go version, and operating system.
+  - Indicate whether you can reproduce the bug and describe steps to do so.
+  - Attach relevant logs per [Logging Documentation](https://docs.gitea.com/administration/logging-config#collecting-logs-for-help).
+
+- **Feature requests:**
+  - Before opening a request, check that a similar idea hasn’t already been suggested.
+  - Clearly describe your proposed feature and its benefits.
+
+_For API Documentation, User Guides, and more, see:_
+
+- [Go.dev API Documentation](https://pkg.go.dev/github.com/gin-gonic/gin)
+- [Gin User Guides](https://gin-gonic.com/)
+- [Discussions Forum](https://github.com/gin-gonic/gin/discussions)
+
+## Pull Requests
+
+Please ensure your pull request meets the following requirements:
+
+- Open your pull request against the `master` branch.
+- Your pull request should have no more than two commits — squash them if necessary.
+- All tests pass in available continuous integration systems (e.g., GitHub Actions).
+- Add or modify tests to cover your code changes.
+- If your pull request introduces a new feature, document it in [`docs/doc.md`](docs/doc.md), not in the README.
+- Follow the checklist in the [Pull Request Template](.github/PULL_REQUEST_TEMPLATE.md:1).
+
+Thank you for contributing!
diff --git a/Makefile b/Makefile
index ebde4ee8..1a7de86b 100644
--- a/Makefile
+++ b/Makefile
@@ -8,6 +8,7 @@ TESTFOLDER := $(shell $(GO) list ./... | grep -E 'gin$$|binding$$|render$$' | gr
 TESTTAGS ?= ""
 
 .PHONY: test
+# Run tests to verify code functionality.
 test:
 	echo "mode: count" > coverage.out
 	for d in $(TESTFOLDER); do \
@@ -30,10 +31,12 @@ test:
 	done
 
 .PHONY: fmt
+# Ensure consistent code formatting.
 fmt:
 	$(GOFMT) -w $(GOFILES)
 
 .PHONY: fmt-check
+# format (check only).
 fmt-check:
 	@diff=$$($(GOFMT) -d $(GOFILES)); \
 	if [ -n "$$diff" ]; then \
@@ -42,31 +45,37 @@ fmt-check:
 		exit 1; \
 	fi;
 
+.PHONY: vet
+# Examine packages and report suspicious constructs if any.
 vet:
 	$(GO) vet $(VETPACKAGES)
 
 .PHONY: lint
+# Inspect source code for stylistic errors or potential bugs.
 lint:
 	@hash golint > /dev/null 2>&1; if [ $$? -ne 0 ]; then \
 		$(GO) get -u golang.org/x/lint/golint; \
 	fi
 	for PKG in $(PACKAGES); do golint -set_exit_status $$PKG || exit 1; done;
 
-.PHONY: misspell-check
-misspell-check:
-	@hash misspell > /dev/null 2>&1; if [ $$? -ne 0 ]; then \
-		$(GO) get -u github.com/client9/misspell/cmd/misspell; \
-	fi
-	misspell -error $(GOFILES)
-
 .PHONY: misspell
+# Correct commonly misspelled English words in source code.
 misspell:
 	@hash misspell > /dev/null 2>&1; if [ $$? -ne 0 ]; then \
 		$(GO) get -u github.com/client9/misspell/cmd/misspell; \
 	fi
 	misspell -w $(GOFILES)
 
+.PHONY: misspell-check
+# misspell (check only).
+misspell-check:
+	@hash misspell > /dev/null 2>&1; if [ $$? -ne 0 ]; then \
+		$(GO) get -u github.com/client9/misspell/cmd/misspell; \
+	fi
+	misspell -error $(GOFILES)
+
 .PHONY: tools
+# Install tools (golint and misspell).
 tools:
 	@if [ $(GO_VERSION) -gt 15 ]; then \
 		$(GO) install golang.org/x/lint/golint@latest; \
@@ -75,3 +84,23 @@ tools:
 		$(GO) install golang.org/x/lint/golint; \
 		$(GO) install github.com/client9/misspell/cmd/misspell; \
 	fi
+
+.PHONY: help
+# Help.
+help:
+	@echo ''
+	@echo 'Usage:'
+	@echo ' make [target]'
+	@echo ''
+	@echo 'Targets:'
+	@awk '/^[a-zA-Z\-\0-9]+:/ { \
+	helpMessage = match(lastLine, /^# (.*)/); \
+		if (helpMessage) { \
+			helpCommand = substr($$1, 0, index($$1, ":")-1); \
+			helpMessage = substr(lastLine, RSTART + 2, RLENGTH); \
+			printf " - \033[36m%-20s\033[0m %s\n", helpCommand, helpMessage; \
+		} \
+	} \
+	{ lastLine = $$0 }' $(MAKEFILE_LIST)
+
+.DEFAULT_GOAL := help
diff --git a/README.md b/README.md
index 8d7b5ec4..1b9ab808 100644
--- a/README.md
+++ b/README.md
@@ -2,149 +2,153 @@
 
 <img align="right" width="159px" src="https://raw.githubusercontent.com/gin-gonic/logo/master/color.png">
 
-[![Build Status](https://github.com/gin-gonic/gin/workflows/Run%20Tests/badge.svg?branch=master)](https://github.com/gin-gonic/gin/actions?query=branch%3Amaster)
+[![Build Status](https://github.com/gin-gonic/gin/actions/workflows/gin.yml/badge.svg?branch=master)](https://github.com/gin-gonic/gin/actions/workflows/gin.yml)
+[![Trivy Security Scan](https://github.com/gin-gonic/gin/actions/workflows/trivy-scan.yml/badge.svg)](https://github.com/gin-gonic/gin/actions/workflows/trivy-scan.yml)
 [![codecov](https://codecov.io/gh/gin-gonic/gin/branch/master/graph/badge.svg)](https://codecov.io/gh/gin-gonic/gin)
 [![Go Report Card](https://goreportcard.com/badge/github.com/gin-gonic/gin)](https://goreportcard.com/report/github.com/gin-gonic/gin)
-[![GoDoc](https://pkg.go.dev/badge/github.com/gin-gonic/gin?status.svg)](https://pkg.go.dev/github.com/gin-gonic/gin?tab=doc)
-[![Join the chat at https://gitter.im/gin-gonic/gin](https://badges.gitter.im/Join%20Chat.svg)](https://gitter.im/gin-gonic/gin?utm_source=badge&utm_medium=badge&utm_campaign=pr-badge&utm_content=badge)
+[![Go Reference](https://pkg.go.dev/badge/github.com/gin-gonic/gin?status.svg)](https://pkg.go.dev/github.com/gin-gonic/gin?tab=doc)
 [![Sourcegraph](https://sourcegraph.com/github.com/gin-gonic/gin/-/badge.svg)](https://sourcegraph.com/github.com/gin-gonic/gin?badge)
 [![Open Source Helpers](https://www.codetriage.com/gin-gonic/gin/badges/users.svg)](https://www.codetriage.com/gin-gonic/gin)
 [![Release](https://img.shields.io/github/release/gin-gonic/gin.svg?style=flat-square)](https://github.com/gin-gonic/gin/releases)
-[![TODOs](https://badgen.net/https/api.tickgit.com/badgen/github.com/gin-gonic/gin)](https://www.tickgit.com/browse?repo=github.com/gin-gonic/gin)
 
-Gin is a web framework written in Go (Golang). It features a martini-like API with performance that is up to 40 times faster thanks to [httprouter](https://github.com/julienschmidt/httprouter). If you need performance and good productivity, you will love Gin.
+## 📰 [Announcing Gin 1.11.0!](https://gin-gonic.com/en/blog/news/gin-1-11-0-release-announcement/)
 
-## Contents
+Read about the latest features and improvements in Gin 1.11.0 on our official blog.
 
-- [Gin Web Framework](#gin-web-framework)
-  - [Contents](#contents)
-  - [Installation](#installation)
-  - [Quick start](#quick-start)
-  - [Benchmarks](#benchmarks)
-  - [Gin v1. stable](#gin-v1-stable)
-  - [Build with json replacement](#build-with-json-replacement)
-  - [Build without `MsgPack` rendering feature](#build-without-msgpack-rendering-feature)
-  - [API Examples](#api-examples)
-    - [Using GET, POST, PUT, PATCH, DELETE and OPTIONS](#using-get-post-put-patch-delete-and-options)
-    - [Parameters in path](#parameters-in-path)
-    - [Querystring parameters](#querystring-parameters)
-    - [Multipart/Urlencoded Form](#multiparturlencoded-form)
-    - [Another example: query + post form](#another-example-query--post-form)
-    - [Map as querystring or postform parameters](#map-as-querystring-or-postform-parameters)
-    - [Upload files](#upload-files)
-      - [Single file](#single-file)
-      - [Multiple files](#multiple-files)
-    - [Grouping routes](#grouping-routes)
-    - [Blank Gin without middleware by default](#blank-gin-without-middleware-by-default)
-    - [Using middleware](#using-middleware)
-    - [Custom Recovery behavior](#custom-recovery-behavior)
-    - [How to write log file](#how-to-write-log-file)
-    - [Custom Log Format](#custom-log-format)
-    - [Controlling Log output coloring](#controlling-log-output-coloring)
-    - [Model binding and validation](#model-binding-and-validation)
-    - [Custom Validators](#custom-validators)
-    - [Only Bind Query String](#only-bind-query-string)
-    - [Bind Query String or Post Data](#bind-query-string-or-post-data)
-    - [Bind Uri](#bind-uri)
-    - [Bind Header](#bind-header)
-    - [Bind HTML checkboxes](#bind-html-checkboxes)
-    - [Multipart/Urlencoded binding](#multiparturlencoded-binding)
-    - [XML, JSON, YAML and ProtoBuf rendering](#xml-json-yaml-and-protobuf-rendering)
-      - [SecureJSON](#securejson)
-      - [JSONP](#jsonp)
-      - [AsciiJSON](#asciijson)
-      - [PureJSON](#purejson)
-    - [Serving static files](#serving-static-files)
-    - [Serving data from file](#serving-data-from-file)
-    - [Serving data from reader](#serving-data-from-reader)
-    - [HTML rendering](#html-rendering)
-      - [Custom Template renderer](#custom-template-renderer)
-      - [Custom Delimiters](#custom-delimiters)
-      - [Custom Template Funcs](#custom-template-funcs)
-    - [Multitemplate](#multitemplate)
-    - [Redirects](#redirects)
-    - [Custom Middleware](#custom-middleware)
-    - [Using BasicAuth() middleware](#using-basicauth-middleware)
-    - [Goroutines inside a middleware](#goroutines-inside-a-middleware)
-    - [Custom HTTP configuration](#custom-http-configuration)
-    - [Support Let's Encrypt](#support-lets-encrypt)
-    - [Run multiple service using Gin](#run-multiple-service-using-gin)
-    - [Graceful shutdown or restart](#graceful-shutdown-or-restart)
-      - [Third-party packages](#third-party-packages)
-      - [Manually](#manually)
-    - [Build a single binary with templates](#build-a-single-binary-with-templates)
-    - [Bind form-data request with custom struct](#bind-form-data-request-with-custom-struct)
-    - [Try to bind body into different structs](#try-to-bind-body-into-different-structs)
-    - [Bind form-data request with custom struct and custom tag](#bind-form-data-request-with-custom-struct-and-custom-tag)
-    - [http2 server push](#http2-server-push)
-    - [Define format for the log of routes](#define-format-for-the-log-of-routes)
-    - [Set and get a cookie](#set-and-get-a-cookie)
-  - [Don't trust all proxies](#dont-trust-all-proxies)
-  - [Testing](#testing)
-  - [Users](#users)
+---
 
-## Installation
+Gin is a high-performance HTTP web framework written in [Go](https://go.dev/). It provides a Martini-like API but with significantly better performance—up to 40 times faster—thanks to [httprouter](https://github.com/julienschmidt/httprouter). Gin is designed for building REST APIs, web applications, and microservices where speed and developer productivity are essential.
 
-To install Gin package, you need to install Go and set your Go workspace first.
+**Why choose Gin?**
 
-1. You first need [Go](https://golang.org/) installed (**version 1.15+ is required**), then you can use the below Go command to install Gin.
+Gin combines the simplicity of Express.js-style routing with Go's performance characteristics, making it ideal for:
 
-```sh
-go get -u github.com/gin-gonic/gin
-```
+- Building high-throughput REST APIs
+- Developing microservices that need to handle many concurrent requests
+- Creating web applications that require fast response times
+- Prototyping web services quickly with minimal boilerplate
 
-2. Import it in your code:
+**Gin's key features:**
+
+- **Zero allocation router** - Extremely memory-efficient routing with no heap allocations
+- **High performance** - Benchmarks show superior speed compared to other Go web frameworks
+- **Middleware support** - Extensible middleware system for authentication, logging, CORS, etc.
+- **Crash-free** - Built-in recovery middleware prevents panics from crashing your server
+- **JSON validation** - Automatic request/response JSON binding and validation
+- **Route grouping** - Organize related routes and apply common middleware
+- **Error management** - Centralized error handling and logging
+- **Built-in rendering** - Support for JSON, XML, HTML templates, and more
+- **Extensible** - Large ecosystem of community middleware and plugins
+
+## Getting Started
+
+### Prerequisites
+
+- **Go version**: Gin requires [Go](https://go.dev/) version [1.24](https://go.dev/doc/devel/release#go1.24.0) or above
+- **Basic Go knowledge**: Familiarity with Go syntax and package management is helpful
+
+### Installation
+
+With [Go's module support](https://go.dev/wiki/Modules#how-to-use-modules), simply import Gin in your code and Go will automatically fetch it during build:
 
 ```go
 import "github.com/gin-gonic/gin"
 ```
 
-3. (Optional) Import `net/http`. This is required for example if using constants such as `http.StatusOK`.
+### Your First Gin Application
 
-```go
-import "net/http"
-```
-
-## Quick start
-
-```sh
-# assume the following codes in example.go file
-$ cat example.go
-```
+Here's a complete example that demonstrates Gin's simplicity:
 
 ```go
 package main
 
 import (
+  "log"
   "net/http"
 
   "github.com/gin-gonic/gin"
 )
 
 func main() {
+  // Create a Gin router with default middleware (logger and recovery)
   r := gin.Default()
+
+  // Define a simple GET endpoint
   r.GET("/ping", func(c *gin.Context) {
+    // Return JSON response
     c.JSON(http.StatusOK, gin.H{
       "message": "pong",
     })
   })
-  r.Run() // listen and serve on 0.0.0.0:8080 (for windows "localhost:8080")
+
+  // Start server on port 8080 (default)
+  // Server will listen on 0.0.0.0:8080 (localhost:8080 on Windows)
+  if err := r.Run(); err != nil {
+    log.Fatalf("failed to run server: %v", err)
+  }
 }
 ```
 
-```
-# run example.go and visit 0.0.0.0:8080/ping (for windows "localhost:8080/ping") on browser
-$ go run example.go
-```
+**Running the application:**
 
-## Benchmarks
+1. Save the code above as `main.go`
+2. Run the application:
 
-Gin uses a custom version of [HttpRouter](https://github.com/julienschmidt/httprouter)
+   ```sh
+   go run main.go
+   ```
 
-[See all benchmarks](/BENCHMARKS.md)
+3. Open your browser and visit [`http://localhost:8080/ping`](http://localhost:8080/ping)
+4. You should see: `{"message":"pong"}`
+
+**What this example demonstrates:**
+
+- Creating a Gin router with default middleware
+- Defining HTTP endpoints with simple handler functions
+- Returning JSON responses
+- Starting an HTTP server
+
+### Next Steps
+
+After running your first Gin application, explore these resources to learn more:
+
+#### 📚 Learning Resources
+
+- **[Gin Quick Start Guide](docs/doc.md)** - Comprehensive tutorial with API examples and build configurations
+- **[Example Repository](https://github.com/gin-gonic/examples)** - Ready-to-run examples demonstrating various Gin use cases:
+  - REST API development
+  - Authentication & middleware
+  - File uploads and downloads
+  - WebSocket connections
+  - Template rendering
+
+## 📖 Documentation
+
+### API Reference
+
+- **[Go.dev API Documentation](https://pkg.go.dev/github.com/gin-gonic/gin)** - Complete API reference with examples
+
+### User Guides
+
+The comprehensive documentation is available on [gin-gonic.com](https://gin-gonic.com) in multiple languages:
+
+- [English](https://gin-gonic.com/en/docs/) | [简体中文](https://gin-gonic.com/zh-cn/docs/) | [繁體中文](https://gin-gonic.com/zh-tw/docs/)
+- [日本語](https://gin-gonic.com/ja/docs/) | [한국어](https://gin-gonic.com/ko-kr/docs/) | [Español](https://gin-gonic.com/es/docs/)
+- [Turkish](https://gin-gonic.com/tr/docs/) | [Persian](https://gin-gonic.com/fa/docs/) | [Português](https://gin-gonic.com/pt/docs/)
+- [Russian](https://gin-gonic.com/ru/docs/) | [Indonesian](https://gin-gonic.com/id/docs/)
+
+### Official Tutorials
+
+- [Go.dev Tutorial: Developing a RESTful API with Go and Gin](https://go.dev/doc/tutorial/web-service-gin)
+
+## ⚡ Performance Benchmarks
+
+Gin demonstrates exceptional performance compared to other Go web frameworks. It uses a custom version of [HttpRouter](https://github.com/julienschmidt/httprouter) for maximum efficiency. [View detailed benchmarks →](/BENCHMARKS.md)
+
+**Gin vs. Other Go Frameworks** (GitHub API routing benchmark):
 
 | Benchmark name                 |       (1) |             (2) |          (3) |             (4) |
-| ------------------------------ | ---------:| ---------------:| ------------:| ---------------:|
+| ------------------------------ | --------: | --------------: | -----------: | --------------: |
 | BenchmarkGin_GithubAll         | **43550** | **27364 ns/op** |   **0 B/op** | **0 allocs/op** |
 | BenchmarkAce_GithubAll         |     40543 |     29670 ns/op |       0 B/op |     0 allocs/op |
 | BenchmarkAero_GithubAll        |     57632 |     20648 ns/op |       0 B/op |     0 allocs/op |
@@ -181,2190 +185,43 @@ Gin uses a custom version of [HttpRouter](https://github.com/julienschmidt/httpr
 - (3): Heap Memory (B/op), lower is better
 - (4): Average Allocations per Repetition (allocs/op), lower is better
 
-## Gin v1. stable
+## 🔌 Middleware Ecosystem
 
-- [x] Zero allocation router.
-- [x] Still the fastest http router and framework. From routing to writing.
-- [x] Complete suite of unit tests.
-- [x] Battle tested.
-- [x] API frozen, new releases will not break your code.
+Gin has a rich ecosystem of middleware for common web development needs. Explore community-contributed middleware:
 
-## Build with json replacement
+- **[gin-contrib](https://github.com/gin-contrib)** - Official middleware collection including:
+  - Authentication (JWT, Basic Auth, Sessions)
+  - CORS, Rate limiting, Compression
+  - Logging, Metrics, Tracing
+  - Static file serving, Template engines
+- **[gin-gonic/contrib](https://github.com/gin-gonic/contrib)** - Additional community middleware
 
-Gin uses `encoding/json` as default json package but you can change it by build from other tags.
+## 🏢 Production Usage
 
-[jsoniter](https://github.com/json-iterator/go)
+Gin powers many high-traffic applications and services in production:
 
-```sh
-go build -tags=jsoniter .
-```
+- **[gorush](https://github.com/appleboy/gorush)** - High-performance push notification server
+- **[fnproject](https://github.com/fnproject/fn)** - Container-native, serverless platform
+- **[photoprism](https://github.com/photoprism/photoprism)** - AI-powered personal photo management
+- **[lura](https://github.com/luraproject/lura)** - Ultra-performant API Gateway framework
+- **[picfit](https://github.com/thoas/picfit)** - Real-time image processing server
+- **[dkron](https://github.com/distribworks/dkron)** - Distributed job scheduling system
 
-[go-json](https://github.com/goccy/go-json)
+## 🤝 Contributing
 
-```sh
-go build -tags=go_json .
-```
+Gin is the work of hundreds of contributors from around the world. We welcome and appreciate your contributions!
 
-[sonic](https://github.com/bytedance/sonic) (you have to ensure that your cpu support avx instruction.)
+### How to Contribute
 
-```sh
-$ go build -tags="sonic avx" .
-```
+- 🐛 **Report bugs** - Help us identify and fix issues
+- 💡 **Suggest features** - Share your ideas for improvements
+- 📝 **Improve documentation** - Help make our docs clearer
+- 🔧 **Submit code** - Fix bugs or implement new features
+- 🧪 **Write tests** - Improve our test coverage
 
-## Build without `MsgPack` rendering feature
+### Getting Started with Contributing
 
-Gin enables `MsgPack` rendering feature by default. But you can disable this feature by specifying `nomsgpack` build tag.
+1. Check out our [CONTRIBUTING.md](CONTRIBUTING.md) for detailed guidelines
+2. Join our community discussions and ask questions
 
-```sh
-go build -tags=nomsgpack .
-```
-
-This is useful to reduce the binary size of executable files. See the [detail information](https://github.com/gin-gonic/gin/pull/1852).
-
-## API Examples
-
-You can find a number of ready-to-run examples at [Gin examples repository](https://github.com/gin-gonic/examples).
-
-### Using GET, POST, PUT, PATCH, DELETE and OPTIONS
-
-```go
-func main() {
-  // Creates a gin router with default middleware:
-  // logger and recovery (crash-free) middleware
-  router := gin.Default()
-
-  router.GET("/someGet", getting)
-  router.POST("/somePost", posting)
-  router.PUT("/somePut", putting)
-  router.DELETE("/someDelete", deleting)
-  router.PATCH("/somePatch", patching)
-  router.HEAD("/someHead", head)
-  router.OPTIONS("/someOptions", options)
-
-  // By default it serves on :8080 unless a
-  // PORT environment variable was defined.
-  router.Run()
-  // router.Run(":3000") for a hard coded port
-}
-```
-
-### Parameters in path
-
-```go
-func main() {
-  router := gin.Default()
-
-  // This handler will match /user/john but will not match /user/ or /user
-  router.GET("/user/:name", func(c *gin.Context) {
-    name := c.Param("name")
-    c.String(http.StatusOK, "Hello %s", name)
-  })
-
-  // However, this one will match /user/john/ and also /user/john/send
-  // If no other routers match /user/john, it will redirect to /user/john/
-  router.GET("/user/:name/*action", func(c *gin.Context) {
-    name := c.Param("name")
-    action := c.Param("action")
-    message := name + " is " + action
-    c.String(http.StatusOK, message)
-  })
-
-  // For each matched request Context will hold the route definition
-  router.POST("/user/:name/*action", func(c *gin.Context) {
-    b := c.FullPath() == "/user/:name/*action" // true
-    c.String(http.StatusOK, "%t", b)
-  })
-
-  // This handler will add a new router for /user/groups.
-  // Exact routes are resolved before param routes, regardless of the order they were defined.
-  // Routes starting with /user/groups are never interpreted as /user/:name/... routes
-  router.GET("/user/groups", func(c *gin.Context) {
-    c.String(http.StatusOK, "The available groups are [...]")
-  })
-
-  router.Run(":8080")
-}
-```
-
-### Querystring parameters
-
-```go
-func main() {
-  router := gin.Default()
-
-  // Query string parameters are parsed using the existing underlying request object.
-  // The request responds to a url matching:  /welcome?firstname=Jane&lastname=Doe
-  router.GET("/welcome", func(c *gin.Context) {
-    firstname := c.DefaultQuery("firstname", "Guest")
-    lastname := c.Query("lastname") // shortcut for c.Request.URL.Query().Get("lastname")
-
-    c.String(http.StatusOK, "Hello %s %s", firstname, lastname)
-  })
-  router.Run(":8080")
-}
-```
-
-### Multipart/Urlencoded Form
-
-```go
-func main() {
-  router := gin.Default()
-
-  router.POST("/form_post", func(c *gin.Context) {
-    message := c.PostForm("message")
-    nick := c.DefaultPostForm("nick", "anonymous")
-
-    c.JSON(http.StatusOK, gin.H{
-      "status":  "posted",
-      "message": message,
-      "nick":    nick,
-    })
-  })
-  router.Run(":8080")
-}
-```
-
-### Another example: query + post form
-
-```sh
-POST /post?id=1234&page=1 HTTP/1.1
-Content-Type: application/x-www-form-urlencoded
-
-name=manu&message=this_is_great
-```
-
-```go
-func main() {
-  router := gin.Default()
-
-  router.POST("/post", func(c *gin.Context) {
-
-    id := c.Query("id")
-    page := c.DefaultQuery("page", "0")
-    name := c.PostForm("name")
-    message := c.PostForm("message")
-
-    fmt.Printf("id: %s; page: %s; name: %s; message: %s", id, page, name, message)
-  })
-  router.Run(":8080")
-}
-```
-
-```sh
-id: 1234; page: 1; name: manu; message: this_is_great
-```
-
-### Map as querystring or postform parameters
-
-```sh
-POST /post?ids[a]=1234&ids[b]=hello HTTP/1.1
-Content-Type: application/x-www-form-urlencoded
-
-names[first]=thinkerou&names[second]=tianou
-```
-
-```go
-func main() {
-  router := gin.Default()
-
-  router.POST("/post", func(c *gin.Context) {
-
-    ids := c.QueryMap("ids")
-    names := c.PostFormMap("names")
-
-    fmt.Printf("ids: %v; names: %v", ids, names)
-  })
-  router.Run(":8080")
-}
-```
-
-```sh
-ids: map[b:hello a:1234]; names: map[second:tianou first:thinkerou]
-```
-
-### Upload files
-
-#### Single file
-
-References issue [#774](https://github.com/gin-gonic/gin/issues/774) and detail [example code](https://github.com/gin-gonic/examples/tree/master/upload-file/single).
-
-`file.Filename` **SHOULD NOT** be trusted. See [`Content-Disposition` on MDN](https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/HTTP/Headers/Content-Disposition#Directives) and [#1693](https://github.com/gin-gonic/gin/issues/1693)
-
-> The filename is always optional and must not be used blindly by the application: path information should be stripped, and conversion to the server file system rules should be done.
-
-```go
-func main() {
-  router := gin.Default()
-  // Set a lower memory limit for multipart forms (default is 32 MiB)
-  router.MaxMultipartMemory = 8 << 20  // 8 MiB
-  router.POST("/upload", func(c *gin.Context) {
-    // Single file
-    file, _ := c.FormFile("file")
-    log.Println(file.Filename)
-
-    // Upload the file to specific dst.
-    c.SaveUploadedFile(file, dst)
-
-    c.String(http.StatusOK, fmt.Sprintf("'%s' uploaded!", file.Filename))
-  })
-  router.Run(":8080")
-}
-```
-
-How to `curl`:
-
-```bash
-curl -X POST http://localhost:8080/upload \
-  -F "file=@/Users/appleboy/test.zip" \
-  -H "Content-Type: multipart/form-data"
-```
-
-#### Multiple files
-
-See the detail [example code](https://github.com/gin-gonic/examples/tree/master/upload-file/multiple).
-
-```go
-func main() {
-  router := gin.Default()
-  // Set a lower memory limit for multipart forms (default is 32 MiB)
-  router.MaxMultipartMemory = 8 << 20  // 8 MiB
-  router.POST("/upload", func(c *gin.Context) {
-    // Multipart form
-    form, _ := c.MultipartForm()
-    files := form.File["upload[]"]
-
-    for _, file := range files {
-      log.Println(file.Filename)
-
-      // Upload the file to specific dst.
-      c.SaveUploadedFile(file, dst)
-    }
-    c.String(http.StatusOK, fmt.Sprintf("%d files uploaded!", len(files)))
-  })
-  router.Run(":8080")
-}
-```
-
-How to `curl`:
-
-```bash
-curl -X POST http://localhost:8080/upload \
-  -F "upload[]=@/Users/appleboy/test1.zip" \
-  -F "upload[]=@/Users/appleboy/test2.zip" \
-  -H "Content-Type: multipart/form-data"
-```
-
-### Grouping routes
-
-```go
-func main() {
-  router := gin.Default()
-
-  // Simple group: v1
-  v1 := router.Group("/v1")
-  {
-    v1.POST("/login", loginEndpoint)
-    v1.POST("/submit", submitEndpoint)
-    v1.POST("/read", readEndpoint)
-  }
-
-  // Simple group: v2
-  v2 := router.Group("/v2")
-  {
-    v2.POST("/login", loginEndpoint)
-    v2.POST("/submit", submitEndpoint)
-    v2.POST("/read", readEndpoint)
-  }
-
-  router.Run(":8080")
-}
-```
-
-### Blank Gin without middleware by default
-
-Use
-
-```go
-r := gin.New()
-```
-
-instead of
-
-```go
-// Default With the Logger and Recovery middleware already attached
-r := gin.Default()
-```
-
-### Using middleware
-
-```go
-func main() {
-  // Creates a router without any middleware by default
-  r := gin.New()
-
-  // Global middleware
-  // Logger middleware will write the logs to gin.DefaultWriter even if you set with GIN_MODE=release.
-  // By default gin.DefaultWriter = os.Stdout
-  r.Use(gin.Logger())
-
-  // Recovery middleware recovers from any panics and writes a 500 if there was one.
-  r.Use(gin.Recovery())
-
-  // Per route middleware, you can add as many as you desire.
-  r.GET("/benchmark", MyBenchLogger(), benchEndpoint)
-
-  // Authorization group
-  // authorized := r.Group("/", AuthRequired())
-  // exactly the same as:
-  authorized := r.Group("/")
-  // per group middleware! in this case we use the custom created
-  // AuthRequired() middleware just in the "authorized" group.
-  authorized.Use(AuthRequired())
-  {
-    authorized.POST("/login", loginEndpoint)
-    authorized.POST("/submit", submitEndpoint)
-    authorized.POST("/read", readEndpoint)
-
-    // nested group
-    testing := authorized.Group("testing")
-    // visit 0.0.0.0:8080/testing/analytics
-    testing.GET("/analytics", analyticsEndpoint)
-  }
-
-  // Listen and serve on 0.0.0.0:8080
-  r.Run(":8080")
-}
-```
-
-### Custom Recovery behavior
-
-```go
-func main() {
-  // Creates a router without any middleware by default
-  r := gin.New()
-
-  // Global middleware
-  // Logger middleware will write the logs to gin.DefaultWriter even if you set with GIN_MODE=release.
-  // By default gin.DefaultWriter = os.Stdout
-  r.Use(gin.Logger())
-
-  // Recovery middleware recovers from any panics and writes a 500 if there was one.
-  r.Use(gin.CustomRecovery(func(c *gin.Context, recovered interface{}) {
-    if err, ok := recovered.(string); ok {
-      c.String(http.StatusInternalServerError, fmt.Sprintf("error: %s", err))
-    }
-    c.AbortWithStatus(http.StatusInternalServerError)
-  }))
-
-  r.GET("/panic", func(c *gin.Context) {
-    // panic with a string -- the custom middleware could save this to a database or report it to the user
-    panic("foo")
-  })
-
-  r.GET("/", func(c *gin.Context) {
-    c.String(http.StatusOK, "ohai")
-  })
-
-  // Listen and serve on 0.0.0.0:8080
-  r.Run(":8080")
-}
-```
-
-### How to write log file
-
-```go
-func main() {
-    // Disable Console Color, you don't need console color when writing the logs to file.
-    gin.DisableConsoleColor()
-
-    // Logging to a file.
-    f, _ := os.Create("gin.log")
-    gin.DefaultWriter = io.MultiWriter(f)
-
-    // Use the following code if you need to write the logs to file and console at the same time.
-    // gin.DefaultWriter = io.MultiWriter(f, os.Stdout)
-
-    router := gin.Default()
-    router.GET("/ping", func(c *gin.Context) {
-        c.String(http.StatusOK, "pong")
-    })
-
-    router.Run(":8080")
-}
-```
-
-### Custom Log Format
-
-```go
-func main() {
-  router := gin.New()
-
-  // LoggerWithFormatter middleware will write the logs to gin.DefaultWriter
-  // By default gin.DefaultWriter = os.Stdout
-  router.Use(gin.LoggerWithFormatter(func(param gin.LogFormatterParams) string {
-
-    // your custom format
-    return fmt.Sprintf("%s - [%s] \"%s %s %s %d %s \"%s\" %s\"\n",
-        param.ClientIP,
-        param.TimeStamp.Format(time.RFC1123),
-        param.Method,
-        param.Path,
-        param.Request.Proto,
-        param.StatusCode,
-        param.Latency,
-        param.Request.UserAgent(),
-        param.ErrorMessage,
-    )
-  }))
-  router.Use(gin.Recovery())
-
-  router.GET("/ping", func(c *gin.Context) {
-    c.String(http.StatusOK, "pong")
-  })
-
-  router.Run(":8080")
-}
-```
-
-Sample Output
-
-```sh
-::1 - [Fri, 07 Dec 2018 17:04:38 JST] "GET /ping HTTP/1.1 200 122.767µs "Mozilla/5.0 (Macintosh; Intel Mac OS X 10_11_6) AppleWebKit/537.36 (KHTML, like Gecko) Chrome/71.0.3578.80 Safari/537.36" "
-```
-
-### Controlling Log output coloring
-
-By default, logs output on console should be colorized depending on the detected TTY.
-
-Never colorize logs:
-
-```go
-func main() {
-    // Disable log's color
-    gin.DisableConsoleColor()
-
-    // Creates a gin router with default middleware:
-    // logger and recovery (crash-free) middleware
-    router := gin.Default()
-
-    router.GET("/ping", func(c *gin.Context) {
-        c.String(http.StatusOK, "pong")
-    })
-
-    router.Run(":8080")
-}
-```
-
-Always colorize logs:
-
-```go
-func main() {
-    // Force log's color
-    gin.ForceConsoleColor()
-
-    // Creates a gin router with default middleware:
-    // logger and recovery (crash-free) middleware
-    router := gin.Default()
-
-    router.GET("/ping", func(c *gin.Context) {
-        c.String(http.StatusOK, "pong")
-    })
-
-    router.Run(":8080")
-}
-```
-
-### Model binding and validation
-
-To bind a request body into a type, use model binding. We currently support binding of JSON, XML, YAML, TOML and standard form values (foo=bar&boo=baz).
-
-Gin uses [**go-playground/validator/v10**](https://github.com/go-playground/validator) for validation. Check the full docs on tags usage [here](https://godoc.org/github.com/go-playground/validator#hdr-Baked_In_Validators_and_Tags).
-
-Note that you need to set the corresponding binding tag on all fields you want to bind. For example, when binding from JSON, set `json:"fieldname"`.
-
-Also, Gin provides two sets of methods for binding:
-
-- **Type** - Must bind
-  - **Methods** - `Bind`, `BindJSON`, `BindXML`, `BindQuery`, `BindYAML`, `BindHeader`, `BindTOML`
-  - **Behavior** - These methods use `MustBindWith` under the hood. If there is a binding error, the request is aborted with `c.AbortWithError(400, err).SetType(ErrorTypeBind)`. This sets the response status code to 400 and the `Content-Type` header is set to `text/plain; charset=utf-8`. Note that if you try to set the response code after this, it will result in a warning `[GIN-debug] [WARNING] Headers were already written. Wanted to override status code 400 with 422`. If you wish to have greater control over the behavior, consider using the `ShouldBind` equivalent method.
-- **Type** - Should bind
-  - **Methods** - `ShouldBind`, `ShouldBindJSON`, `ShouldBindXML`, `ShouldBindQuery`, `ShouldBindYAML`, `ShouldBindHeader`, `ShouldBindTOML`,
-  - **Behavior** - These methods use `ShouldBindWith` under the hood. If there is a binding error, the error is returned and it is the developer's responsibility to handle the request and error appropriately.
-
-When using the Bind-method, Gin tries to infer the binder depending on the Content-Type header. If you are sure what you are binding, you can use `MustBindWith` or `ShouldBindWith`.
-
-You can also specify that specific fields are required. If a field is decorated with `binding:"required"` and has a empty value when binding, an error will be returned.
-
-```go
-// Binding from JSON
-type Login struct {
-  User     string `form:"user" json:"user" xml:"user"  binding:"required"`
-  Password string `form:"password" json:"password" xml:"password" binding:"required"`
-}
-
-func main() {
-  router := gin.Default()
-
-  // Example for binding JSON ({"user": "manu", "password": "123"})
-  router.POST("/loginJSON", func(c *gin.Context) {
-    var json Login
-    if err := c.ShouldBindJSON(&json); err != nil {
-      c.JSON(http.StatusBadRequest, gin.H{"error": err.Error()})
-      return
-    }
-
-    if json.User != "manu" || json.Password != "123" {
-      c.JSON(http.StatusUnauthorized, gin.H{"status": "unauthorized"})
-      return
-    }
-
-    c.JSON(http.StatusOK, gin.H{"status": "you are logged in"})
-  })
-
-  // Example for binding XML (
-  //  <?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
-  //  <root>
-  //    <user>manu</user>
-  //    <password>123</password>
-  //  </root>)
-  router.POST("/loginXML", func(c *gin.Context) {
-    var xml Login
-    if err := c.ShouldBindXML(&xml); err != nil {
-      c.JSON(http.StatusBadRequest, gin.H{"error": err.Error()})
-      return
-    }
-
-    if xml.User != "manu" || xml.Password != "123" {
-      c.JSON(http.StatusUnauthorized, gin.H{"status": "unauthorized"})
-      return
-    }
-
-    c.JSON(http.StatusOK, gin.H{"status": "you are logged in"})
-  })
-
-  // Example for binding a HTML form (user=manu&password=123)
-  router.POST("/loginForm", func(c *gin.Context) {
-    var form Login
-    // This will infer what binder to use depending on the content-type header.
-    if err := c.ShouldBind(&form); err != nil {
-      c.JSON(http.StatusBadRequest, gin.H{"error": err.Error()})
-      return
-    }
-
-    if form.User != "manu" || form.Password != "123" {
-      c.JSON(http.StatusUnauthorized, gin.H{"status": "unauthorized"})
-      return
-    }
-
-    c.JSON(http.StatusOK, gin.H{"status": "you are logged in"})
-  })
-
-  // Listen and serve on 0.0.0.0:8080
-  router.Run(":8080")
-}
-```
-
-Sample request
-
-```sh
-$ curl -v -X POST \
-  http://localhost:8080/loginJSON \
-  -H 'content-type: application/json' \
-  -d '{ "user": "manu" }'
-> POST /loginJSON HTTP/1.1
-> Host: localhost:8080
-> User-Agent: curl/7.51.0
-> Accept: */*
-> content-type: application/json
-> Content-Length: 18
->
-* upload completely sent off: 18 out of 18 bytes
-< HTTP/1.1 400 Bad Request
-< Content-Type: application/json; charset=utf-8
-< Date: Fri, 04 Aug 2017 03:51:31 GMT
-< Content-Length: 100
-<
-{"error":"Key: 'Login.Password' Error:Field validation for 'Password' failed on the 'required' tag"}
-```
-
-Skip validate: when running the above example using the above the `curl` command, it returns error. Because the example use `binding:"required"` for `Password`. If use `binding:"-"` for `Password`, then it will not return error when running the above example again.
-
-### Custom Validators
-
-It is also possible to register custom validators. See the [example code](https://github.com/gin-gonic/examples/tree/master/custom-validation/server.go).
-
-```go
-package main
-
-import (
-  "net/http"
-  "time"
-
-  "github.com/gin-gonic/gin"
-  "github.com/gin-gonic/gin/binding"
-  "github.com/go-playground/validator/v10"
-)
-
-// Booking contains binded and validated data.
-type Booking struct {
-  CheckIn  time.Time `form:"check_in" binding:"required,bookabledate" time_format:"2006-01-02"`
-  CheckOut time.Time `form:"check_out" binding:"required,gtfield=CheckIn" time_format:"2006-01-02"`
-}
-
-var bookableDate validator.Func = func(fl validator.FieldLevel) bool {
-  date, ok := fl.Field().Interface().(time.Time)
-  if ok {
-    today := time.Now()
-    if today.After(date) {
-      return false
-    }
-  }
-  return true
-}
-
-func main() {
-  route := gin.Default()
-
-  if v, ok := binding.Validator.Engine().(*validator.Validate); ok {
-    v.RegisterValidation("bookabledate", bookableDate)
-  }
-
-  route.GET("/bookable", getBookable)
-  route.Run(":8085")
-}
-
-func getBookable(c *gin.Context) {
-  var b Booking
-  if err := c.ShouldBindWith(&b, binding.Query); err == nil {
-    c.JSON(http.StatusOK, gin.H{"message": "Booking dates are valid!"})
-  } else {
-    c.JSON(http.StatusBadRequest, gin.H{"error": err.Error()})
-  }
-}
-```
-
-```console
-$ curl "localhost:8085/bookable?check_in=2030-04-16&check_out=2030-04-17"
-{"message":"Booking dates are valid!"}
-
-$ curl "localhost:8085/bookable?check_in=2030-03-10&check_out=2030-03-09"
-{"error":"Key: 'Booking.CheckOut' Error:Field validation for 'CheckOut' failed on the 'gtfield' tag"}
-
-$ curl "localhost:8085/bookable?check_in=2000-03-09&check_out=2000-03-10"
-{"error":"Key: 'Booking.CheckIn' Error:Field validation for 'CheckIn' failed on the 'bookabledate' tag"}%
-```
-
-[Struct level validations](https://github.com/go-playground/validator/releases/tag/v8.7) can also be registered this way.
-See the [struct-lvl-validation example](https://github.com/gin-gonic/examples/tree/master/struct-lvl-validations) to learn more.
-
-### Only Bind Query String
-
-`ShouldBindQuery` function only binds the query params and not the post data. See the [detail information](https://github.com/gin-gonic/gin/issues/742#issuecomment-315953017).
-
-```go
-package main
-
-import (
-  "log"
-  "net/http"
-
-  "github.com/gin-gonic/gin"
-)
-
-type Person struct {
-  Name    string `form:"name"`
-  Address string `form:"address"`
-}
-
-func main() {
-  route := gin.Default()
-  route.Any("/testing", startPage)
-  route.Run(":8085")
-}
-
-func startPage(c *gin.Context) {
-  var person Person
-  if c.ShouldBindQuery(&person) == nil {
-    log.Println("====== Only Bind By Query String ======")
-    log.Println(person.Name)
-    log.Println(person.Address)
-  }
-  c.String(http.StatusOK, "Success")
-}
-
-```
-
-### Bind Query String or Post Data
-
-See the [detail information](https://github.com/gin-gonic/gin/issues/742#issuecomment-264681292).
-
-```go
-package main
-
-import (
-  "log"
-  "net/http"
-  "time"
-
-  "github.com/gin-gonic/gin"
-)
-
-type Person struct {
-        Name       string    `form:"name"`
-        Address    string    `form:"address"`
-        Birthday   time.Time `form:"birthday" time_format:"2006-01-02" time_utc:"1"`
-        CreateTime time.Time `form:"createTime" time_format:"unixNano"`
-        UnixTime   time.Time `form:"unixTime" time_format:"unix"`
-}
-
-func main() {
-  route := gin.Default()
-  route.GET("/testing", startPage)
-  route.Run(":8085")
-}
-
-func startPage(c *gin.Context) {
-  var person Person
-  // If `GET`, only `Form` binding engine (`query`) used.
-  // If `POST`, first checks the `content-type` for `JSON` or `XML`, then uses `Form` (`form-data`).
-  // See more at https://github.com/gin-gonic/gin/blob/master/binding/binding.go#L88
-        if c.ShouldBind(&person) == nil {
-                log.Println(person.Name)
-                log.Println(person.Address)
-                log.Println(person.Birthday)
-                log.Println(person.CreateTime)
-                log.Println(person.UnixTime)
-        }
-
-  c.String(http.StatusOK, "Success")
-}
-```
-
-Test it with:
-
-```sh
-curl -X GET "localhost:8085/testing?name=appleboy&address=xyz&birthday=1992-03-15&createTime=1562400033000000123&unixTime=1562400033"
-```
-
-### Bind Uri
-
-See the [detail information](https://github.com/gin-gonic/gin/issues/846).
-
-```go
-package main
-
-import (
-  "net/http"
-
-  "github.com/gin-gonic/gin"
-)
-
-type Person struct {
-  ID string `uri:"id" binding:"required,uuid"`
-  Name string `uri:"name" binding:"required"`
-}
-
-func main() {
-  route := gin.Default()
-  route.GET("/:name/:id", func(c *gin.Context) {
-    var person Person
-    if err := c.ShouldBindUri(&person); err != nil {
-      c.JSON(http.StatusBadRequest, gin.H{"msg": err.Error()})
-      return
-    }
-    c.JSON(http.StatusOK, gin.H{"name": person.Name, "uuid": person.ID})
-  })
-  route.Run(":8088")
-}
-```
-
-Test it with:
-
-```sh
-curl -v localhost:8088/thinkerou/987fbc97-4bed-5078-9f07-9141ba07c9f3
-curl -v localhost:8088/thinkerou/not-uuid
-```
-
-### Bind Header
-
-```go
-package main
-
-import (
-  "fmt"
-  "net/http"
-
-  "github.com/gin-gonic/gin"
-)
-
-type testHeader struct {
-  Rate   int    `header:"Rate"`
-  Domain string `header:"Domain"`
-}
-
-func main() {
-  r := gin.Default()
-  r.GET("/", func(c *gin.Context) {
-    h := testHeader{}
-
-    if err := c.ShouldBindHeader(&h); err != nil {
-      c.JSON(http.StatusOK, err)
-    }
-
-    fmt.Printf("%#v\n", h)
-    c.JSON(http.StatusOK, gin.H{"Rate": h.Rate, "Domain": h.Domain})
-  })
-
-  r.Run()
-
-// client
-// curl -H "rate:300" -H "domain:music" 127.0.0.1:8080/
-// output
-// {"Domain":"music","Rate":300}
-}
-```
-
-### Bind HTML checkboxes
-
-See the [detail information](https://github.com/gin-gonic/gin/issues/129#issuecomment-124260092)
-
-main.go
-
-```go
-...
-
-type myForm struct {
-    Colors []string `form:"colors[]"`
-}
-
-...
-
-func formHandler(c *gin.Context) {
-    var fakeForm myForm
-    c.ShouldBind(&fakeForm)
-    c.JSON(http.StatusOK, gin.H{"color": fakeForm.Colors})
-}
-
-...
-
-```
-
-form.html
-
-```html
-<form action="/" method="POST">
-    <p>Check some colors</p>
-    <label for="red">Red</label>
-    <input type="checkbox" name="colors[]" value="red" id="red">
-    <label for="green">Green</label>
-    <input type="checkbox" name="colors[]" value="green" id="green">
-    <label for="blue">Blue</label>
-    <input type="checkbox" name="colors[]" value="blue" id="blue">
-    <input type="submit">
-</form>
-```
-
-result:
-
-```json
-{"color":["red","green","blue"]}
-```
-
-### Multipart/Urlencoded binding
-
-```go
-type ProfileForm struct {
-  Name   string                `form:"name" binding:"required"`
-  Avatar *multipart.FileHeader `form:"avatar" binding:"required"`
-
-  // or for multiple files
-  // Avatars []*multipart.FileHeader `form:"avatar" binding:"required"`
-}
-
-func main() {
-  router := gin.Default()
-  router.POST("/profile", func(c *gin.Context) {
-    // you can bind multipart form with explicit binding declaration:
-    // c.ShouldBindWith(&form, binding.Form)
-    // or you can simply use autobinding with ShouldBind method:
-    var form ProfileForm
-    // in this case proper binding will be automatically selected
-    if err := c.ShouldBind(&form); err != nil {
-      c.String(http.StatusBadRequest, "bad request")
-      return
-    }
-
-    err := c.SaveUploadedFile(form.Avatar, form.Avatar.Filename)
-    if err != nil {
-      c.String(http.StatusInternalServerError, "unknown error")
-      return
-    }
-
-    // db.Save(&form)
-
-    c.String(http.StatusOK, "ok")
-  })
-  router.Run(":8080")
-}
-```
-
-Test it with:
-
-```sh
-curl -X POST -v --form name=user --form "avatar=@./avatar.png" http://localhost:8080/profile
-```
-
-### XML, JSON, YAML and ProtoBuf rendering
-
-```go
-func main() {
-  r := gin.Default()
-
-  // gin.H is a shortcut for map[string]interface{}
-  r.GET("/someJSON", func(c *gin.Context) {
-    c.JSON(http.StatusOK, gin.H{"message": "hey", "status": http.StatusOK})
-  })
-
-  r.GET("/moreJSON", func(c *gin.Context) {
-    // You also can use a struct
-    var msg struct {
-      Name    string `json:"user"`
-      Message string
-      Number  int
-    }
-    msg.Name = "Lena"
-    msg.Message = "hey"
-    msg.Number = 123
-    // Note that msg.Name becomes "user" in the JSON
-    // Will output  :   {"user": "Lena", "Message": "hey", "Number": 123}
-    c.JSON(http.StatusOK, msg)
-  })
-
-  r.GET("/someXML", func(c *gin.Context) {
-    c.XML(http.StatusOK, gin.H{"message": "hey", "status": http.StatusOK})
-  })
-
-  r.GET("/someYAML", func(c *gin.Context) {
-    c.YAML(http.StatusOK, gin.H{"message": "hey", "status": http.StatusOK})
-  })
-
-  r.GET("/someProtoBuf", func(c *gin.Context) {
-    reps := []int64{int64(1), int64(2)}
-    label := "test"
-    // The specific definition of protobuf is written in the testdata/protoexample file.
-    data := &protoexample.Test{
-      Label: &label,
-      Reps:  reps,
-    }
-    // Note that data becomes binary data in the response
-    // Will output protoexample.Test protobuf serialized data
-    c.ProtoBuf(http.StatusOK, data)
-  })
-
-  // Listen and serve on 0.0.0.0:8080
-  r.Run(":8080")
-}
-```
-
-#### SecureJSON
-
-Using SecureJSON to prevent json hijacking. Default prepends `"while(1),"` to response body if the given struct is array values.
-
-```go
-func main() {
-  r := gin.Default()
-
-  // You can also use your own secure json prefix
-  // r.SecureJsonPrefix(")]}',\n")
-
-  r.GET("/someJSON", func(c *gin.Context) {
-    names := []string{"lena", "austin", "foo"}
-
-    // Will output  :   while(1);["lena","austin","foo"]
-    c.SecureJSON(http.StatusOK, names)
-  })
-
-  // Listen and serve on 0.0.0.0:8080
-  r.Run(":8080")
-}
-```
-
-#### JSONP
-
-Using JSONP to request data from a server  in a different domain. Add callback to response body if the query parameter callback exists.
-
-```go
-func main() {
-  r := gin.Default()
-
-  r.GET("/JSONP", func(c *gin.Context) {
-    data := gin.H{
-      "foo": "bar",
-    }
-
-    //callback is x
-    // Will output  :   x({\"foo\":\"bar\"})
-    c.JSONP(http.StatusOK, data)
-  })
-
-  // Listen and serve on 0.0.0.0:8080
-  r.Run(":8080")
-
-        // client
-        // curl http://127.0.0.1:8080/JSONP?callback=x
-}
-```
-
-#### AsciiJSON
-
-Using AsciiJSON to Generates ASCII-only JSON with escaped non-ASCII characters.
-
-```go
-func main() {
-  r := gin.Default()
-
-  r.GET("/someJSON", func(c *gin.Context) {
-    data := gin.H{
-      "lang": "GO语言",
-      "tag":  "<br>",
-    }
-
-    // will output : {"lang":"GO\u8bed\u8a00","tag":"\u003cbr\u003e"}
-    c.AsciiJSON(http.StatusOK, data)
-  })
-
-  // Listen and serve on 0.0.0.0:8080
-  r.Run(":8080")
-}
-```
-
-#### PureJSON
-
-Normally, JSON replaces special HTML characters with their unicode entities, e.g. `<` becomes  `\u003c`. If you want to encode such characters literally, you can use PureJSON instead.
-This feature is unavailable in Go 1.6 and lower.
-
-```go
-func main() {
-  r := gin.Default()
-
-  // Serves unicode entities
-  r.GET("/json", func(c *gin.Context) {
-    c.JSON(http.StatusOK, gin.H{
-      "html": "<b>Hello, world!</b>",
-    })
-  })
-
-  // Serves literal characters
-  r.GET("/purejson", func(c *gin.Context) {
-    c.PureJSON(http.StatusOK, gin.H{
-      "html": "<b>Hello, world!</b>",
-    })
-  })
-
-  // listen and serve on 0.0.0.0:8080
-  r.Run(":8080")
-}
-```
-
-### Serving static files
-
-```go
-func main() {
-  router := gin.Default()
-  router.Static("/assets", "./assets")
-  router.StaticFS("/more_static", http.Dir("my_file_system"))
-  router.StaticFile("/favicon.ico", "./resources/favicon.ico")
-  router.StaticFileFS("/more_favicon.ico", "more_favicon.ico", http.Dir("my_file_system"))
-  
-  // Listen and serve on 0.0.0.0:8080
-  router.Run(":8080")
-}
-```
-
-### Serving data from file
-
-```go
-func main() {
-  router := gin.Default()
-
-  router.GET("/local/file", func(c *gin.Context) {
-    c.File("local/file.go")
-  })
-
-  var fs http.FileSystem = // ...
-  router.GET("/fs/file", func(c *gin.Context) {
-    c.FileFromFS("fs/file.go", fs)
-  })
-}
-
-```
-
-### Serving data from reader
-
-```go
-func main() {
-  router := gin.Default()
-  router.GET("/someDataFromReader", func(c *gin.Context) {
-    response, err := http.Get("https://raw.githubusercontent.com/gin-gonic/logo/master/color.png")
-    if err != nil || response.StatusCode != http.StatusOK {
-      c.Status(http.StatusServiceUnavailable)
-      return
-    }
-
-    reader := response.Body
-     defer reader.Close()
-    contentLength := response.ContentLength
-    contentType := response.Header.Get("Content-Type")
-
-    extraHeaders := map[string]string{
-      "Content-Disposition": `attachment; filename="gopher.png"`,
-    }
-
-    c.DataFromReader(http.StatusOK, contentLength, contentType, reader, extraHeaders)
-  })
-  router.Run(":8080")
-}
-```
-
-### HTML rendering
-
-Using LoadHTMLGlob() or LoadHTMLFiles()
-
-```go
-func main() {
-  router := gin.Default()
-  router.LoadHTMLGlob("templates/*")
-  //router.LoadHTMLFiles("templates/template1.html", "templates/template2.html")
-  router.GET("/index", func(c *gin.Context) {
-    c.HTML(http.StatusOK, "index.tmpl", gin.H{
-      "title": "Main website",
-    })
-  })
-  router.Run(":8080")
-}
-```
-
-templates/index.tmpl
-
-```html
-<html>
-  <h1>
-    {{ .title }}
-  </h1>
-</html>
-```
-
-Using templates with same name in different directories
-
-```go
-func main() {
-  router := gin.Default()
-  router.LoadHTMLGlob("templates/**/*")
-  router.GET("/posts/index", func(c *gin.Context) {
-    c.HTML(http.StatusOK, "posts/index.tmpl", gin.H{
-      "title": "Posts",
-    })
-  })
-  router.GET("/users/index", func(c *gin.Context) {
-    c.HTML(http.StatusOK, "users/index.tmpl", gin.H{
-      "title": "Users",
-    })
-  })
-  router.Run(":8080")
-}
-```
-
-templates/posts/index.tmpl
-
-```html
-{{ define "posts/index.tmpl" }}
-<html><h1>
-  {{ .title }}
-</h1>
-<p>Using posts/index.tmpl</p>
-</html>
-{{ end }}
-```
-
-templates/users/index.tmpl
-
-```html
-{{ define "users/index.tmpl" }}
-<html><h1>
-  {{ .title }}
-</h1>
-<p>Using users/index.tmpl</p>
-</html>
-{{ end }}
-```
-
-#### Custom Template renderer
-
-You can also use your own html template render
-
-```go
-import "html/template"
-
-func main() {
-  router := gin.Default()
-  html := template.Must(template.ParseFiles("file1", "file2"))
-  router.SetHTMLTemplate(html)
-  router.Run(":8080")
-}
-```
-
-#### Custom Delimiters
-
-You may use custom delims
-
-```go
-  r := gin.Default()
-  r.Delims("{[{", "}]}")
-  r.LoadHTMLGlob("/path/to/templates")
-```
-
-#### Custom Template Funcs
-
-See the detail [example code](https://github.com/gin-gonic/examples/tree/master/template).
-
-main.go
-
-```go
-import (
-    "fmt"
-    "html/template"
-    "net/http"
-    "time"
-
-    "github.com/gin-gonic/gin"
-)
-
-func formatAsDate(t time.Time) string {
-    year, month, day := t.Date()
-    return fmt.Sprintf("%d/%02d/%02d", year, month, day)
-}
-
-func main() {
-    router := gin.Default()
-    router.Delims("{[{", "}]}")
-    router.SetFuncMap(template.FuncMap{
-        "formatAsDate": formatAsDate,
-    })
-    router.LoadHTMLFiles("./testdata/template/raw.tmpl")
-
-    router.GET("/raw", func(c *gin.Context) {
-        c.HTML(http.StatusOK, "raw.tmpl", gin.H{
-            "now": time.Date(2017, 07, 01, 0, 0, 0, 0, time.UTC),
-        })
-    })
-
-    router.Run(":8080")
-}
-
-```
-
-raw.tmpl
-
-```html
-Date: {[{.now | formatAsDate}]}
-```
-
-Result:
-
-```sh
-Date: 2017/07/01
-```
-
-### Multitemplate
-
-Gin allow by default use only one html.Template. Check [a multitemplate render](https://github.com/gin-contrib/multitemplate) for using features like go 1.6 `block template`.
-
-### Redirects
-
-Issuing a HTTP redirect is easy. Both internal and external locations are supported.
-
-```go
-r.GET("/test", func(c *gin.Context) {
-  c.Redirect(http.StatusMovedPermanently, "http://www.google.com/")
-})
-```
-
-Issuing a HTTP redirect from POST. Refer to issue: [#444](https://github.com/gin-gonic/gin/issues/444)
-
-```go
-r.POST("/test", func(c *gin.Context) {
-  c.Redirect(http.StatusFound, "/foo")
-})
-```
-
-Issuing a Router redirect, use `HandleContext` like below.
-
-``` go
-r.GET("/test", func(c *gin.Context) {
-    c.Request.URL.Path = "/test2"
-    r.HandleContext(c)
-})
-r.GET("/test2", func(c *gin.Context) {
-    c.JSON(http.StatusOK, gin.H{"hello": "world"})
-})
-```
-
-### Custom Middleware
-
-```go
-func Logger() gin.HandlerFunc {
-  return func(c *gin.Context) {
-    t := time.Now()
-
-    // Set example variable
-    c.Set("example", "12345")
-
-    // before request
-
-    c.Next()
-
-    // after request
-    latency := time.Since(t)
-    log.Print(latency)
-
-    // access the status we are sending
-    status := c.Writer.Status()
-    log.Println(status)
-  }
-}
-
-func main() {
-  r := gin.New()
-  r.Use(Logger())
-
-  r.GET("/test", func(c *gin.Context) {
-    example := c.MustGet("example").(string)
-
-    // it would print: "12345"
-    log.Println(example)
-  })
-
-  // Listen and serve on 0.0.0.0:8080
-  r.Run(":8080")
-}
-```
-
-### Using BasicAuth() middleware
-
-```go
-// simulate some private data
-var secrets = gin.H{
-  "foo":    gin.H{"email": "foo@bar.com", "phone": "123433"},
-  "austin": gin.H{"email": "austin@example.com", "phone": "666"},
-  "lena":   gin.H{"email": "lena@guapa.com", "phone": "523443"},
-}
-
-func main() {
-  r := gin.Default()
-
-  // Group using gin.BasicAuth() middleware
-  // gin.Accounts is a shortcut for map[string]string
-  authorized := r.Group("/admin", gin.BasicAuth(gin.Accounts{
-    "foo":    "bar",
-    "austin": "1234",
-    "lena":   "hello2",
-    "manu":   "4321",
-  }))
-
-  // /admin/secrets endpoint
-  // hit "localhost:8080/admin/secrets
-  authorized.GET("/secrets", func(c *gin.Context) {
-    // get user, it was set by the BasicAuth middleware
-    user := c.MustGet(gin.AuthUserKey).(string)
-    if secret, ok := secrets[user]; ok {
-      c.JSON(http.StatusOK, gin.H{"user": user, "secret": secret})
-    } else {
-      c.JSON(http.StatusOK, gin.H{"user": user, "secret": "NO SECRET :("})
-    }
-  })
-
-  // Listen and serve on 0.0.0.0:8080
-  r.Run(":8080")
-}
-```
-
-### Goroutines inside a middleware
-
-When starting new Goroutines inside a middleware or handler, you **SHOULD NOT** use the original context inside it, you have to use a read-only copy.
-
-```go
-func main() {
-  r := gin.Default()
-
-  r.GET("/long_async", func(c *gin.Context) {
-    // create copy to be used inside the goroutine
-    cCp := c.Copy()
-    go func() {
-      // simulate a long task with time.Sleep(). 5 seconds
-      time.Sleep(5 * time.Second)
-
-      // note that you are using the copied context "cCp", IMPORTANT
-      log.Println("Done! in path " + cCp.Request.URL.Path)
-    }()
-  })
-
-  r.GET("/long_sync", func(c *gin.Context) {
-    // simulate a long task with time.Sleep(). 5 seconds
-    time.Sleep(5 * time.Second)
-
-    // since we are NOT using a goroutine, we do not have to copy the context
-    log.Println("Done! in path " + c.Request.URL.Path)
-  })
-
-  // Listen and serve on 0.0.0.0:8080
-  r.Run(":8080")
-}
-```
-
-### Custom HTTP configuration
-
-Use `http.ListenAndServe()` directly, like this:
-
-```go
-func main() {
-  router := gin.Default()
-  http.ListenAndServe(":8080", router)
-}
-```
-
-or
-
-```go
-func main() {
-  router := gin.Default()
-
-  s := &http.Server{
-    Addr:           ":8080",
-    Handler:        router,
-    ReadTimeout:    10 * time.Second,
-    WriteTimeout:   10 * time.Second,
-    MaxHeaderBytes: 1 << 20,
-  }
-  s.ListenAndServe()
-}
-```
-
-### Support Let's Encrypt
-
-example for 1-line LetsEncrypt HTTPS servers.
-
-```go
-package main
-
-import (
-  "log"
-  "net/http"
-
-  "github.com/gin-gonic/autotls"
-  "github.com/gin-gonic/gin"
-)
-
-func main() {
-  r := gin.Default()
-
-  // Ping handler
-  r.GET("/ping", func(c *gin.Context) {
-    c.String(http.StatusOK, "pong")
-  })
-
-  log.Fatal(autotls.Run(r, "example1.com", "example2.com"))
-}
-```
-
-example for custom autocert manager.
-
-```go
-package main
-
-import (
-  "log"
-  "net/http"
-
-  "github.com/gin-gonic/autotls"
-  "github.com/gin-gonic/gin"
-  "golang.org/x/crypto/acme/autocert"
-)
-
-func main() {
-  r := gin.Default()
-
-  // Ping handler
-  r.GET("/ping", func(c *gin.Context) {
-    c.String(http.StatusOK, "pong")
-  })
-
-  m := autocert.Manager{
-    Prompt:     autocert.AcceptTOS,
-    HostPolicy: autocert.HostWhitelist("example1.com", "example2.com"),
-    Cache:      autocert.DirCache("/var/www/.cache"),
-  }
-
-  log.Fatal(autotls.RunWithManager(r, &m))
-}
-```
-
-### Run multiple service using Gin
-
-See the [question](https://github.com/gin-gonic/gin/issues/346) and try the following example:
-
-```go
-package main
-
-import (
-  "log"
-  "net/http"
-  "time"
-
-  "github.com/gin-gonic/gin"
-  "golang.org/x/sync/errgroup"
-)
-
-var (
-  g errgroup.Group
-)
-
-func router01() http.Handler {
-  e := gin.New()
-  e.Use(gin.Recovery())
-  e.GET("/", func(c *gin.Context) {
-    c.JSON(
-      http.StatusOK,
-      gin.H{
-        "code":  http.StatusOK,
-        "error": "Welcome server 01",
-      },
-    )
-  })
-
-  return e
-}
-
-func router02() http.Handler {
-  e := gin.New()
-  e.Use(gin.Recovery())
-  e.GET("/", func(c *gin.Context) {
-    c.JSON(
-      http.StatusOK,
-      gin.H{
-        "code":  http.StatusOK,
-        "error": "Welcome server 02",
-      },
-    )
-  })
-
-  return e
-}
-
-func main() {
-  server01 := &http.Server{
-    Addr:         ":8080",
-    Handler:      router01(),
-    ReadTimeout:  5 * time.Second,
-    WriteTimeout: 10 * time.Second,
-  }
-
-  server02 := &http.Server{
-    Addr:         ":8081",
-    Handler:      router02(),
-    ReadTimeout:  5 * time.Second,
-    WriteTimeout: 10 * time.Second,
-  }
-
-  g.Go(func() error {
-    err := server01.ListenAndServe()
-    if err != nil && err != http.ErrServerClosed {
-      log.Fatal(err)
-    }
-    return err
-  })
-
-  g.Go(func() error {
-    err := server02.ListenAndServe()
-    if err != nil && err != http.ErrServerClosed {
-      log.Fatal(err)
-    }
-    return err
-  })
-
-  if err := g.Wait(); err != nil {
-    log.Fatal(err)
-  }
-}
-```
-
-### Graceful shutdown or restart
-
-There are a few approaches you can use to perform a graceful shutdown or restart. You can make use of third-party packages specifically built for that, or you can manually do the same with the functions and methods from the built-in packages.
-
-#### Third-party packages
-
-We can use [fvbock/endless](https://github.com/fvbock/endless) to replace the default `ListenAndServe`. Refer to issue [#296](https://github.com/gin-gonic/gin/issues/296) for more details.
-
-```go
-router := gin.Default()
-router.GET("/", handler)
-// [...]
-endless.ListenAndServe(":4242", router)
-```
-
-Alternatives:
-
-* [grace](https://github.com/facebookgo/grace): Graceful restart & zero downtime deploy for Go servers.
-* [graceful](https://github.com/tylerb/graceful): Graceful is a Go package enabling graceful shutdown of an http.Handler server.
-* [manners](https://github.com/braintree/manners): A polite Go HTTP server that shuts down gracefully.
-
-#### Manually
-
-In case you are using Go 1.8 or a later version, you may not need to use those libraries. Consider using `http.Server`'s built-in [Shutdown()](https://golang.org/pkg/net/http/#Server.Shutdown) method for graceful shutdowns. The example below describes its usage, and we've got more examples using gin [here](https://github.com/gin-gonic/examples/tree/master/graceful-shutdown).
-
-```go
-// +build go1.8
-
-package main
-
-import (
-  "context"
-  "log"
-  "net/http"
-  "os"
-  "os/signal"
-  "syscall"
-  "time"
-
-  "github.com/gin-gonic/gin"
-)
-
-func main() {
-  router := gin.Default()
-  router.GET("/", func(c *gin.Context) {
-    time.Sleep(5 * time.Second)
-    c.String(http.StatusOK, "Welcome Gin Server")
-  })
-
-  srv := &http.Server{
-    Addr:    ":8080",
-    Handler: router,
-  }
-
-  // Initializing the server in a goroutine so that
-  // it won't block the graceful shutdown handling below
-  go func() {
-    if err := srv.ListenAndServe(); err != nil && errors.Is(err, http.ErrServerClosed) {
-      log.Printf("listen: %s\n", err)
-    }
-  }()
-
-  // Wait for interrupt signal to gracefully shutdown the server with
-  // a timeout of 5 seconds.
-  quit := make(chan os.Signal)
-  // kill (no param) default send syscall.SIGTERM
-  // kill -2 is syscall.SIGINT
-  // kill -9 is syscall.SIGKILL but can't be caught, so don't need to add it
-  signal.Notify(quit, syscall.SIGINT, syscall.SIGTERM)
-  <-quit
-  log.Println("Shutting down server...")
-
-  // The context is used to inform the server it has 5 seconds to finish
-  // the request it is currently handling
-  ctx, cancel := context.WithTimeout(context.Background(), 5*time.Second)
-  defer cancel()
-
-  if err := srv.Shutdown(ctx); err != nil {
-    log.Fatal("Server forced to shutdown:", err)
-  }
-
-  log.Println("Server exiting")
-}
-```
-
-### Build a single binary with templates
-
-You can build a server into a single binary containing templates by using [go-assets][].
-
-[go-assets]: https://github.com/jessevdk/go-assets
-
-```go
-func main() {
-  r := gin.New()
-
-  t, err := loadTemplate()
-  if err != nil {
-    panic(err)
-  }
-  r.SetHTMLTemplate(t)
-
-  r.GET("/", func(c *gin.Context) {
-    c.HTML(http.StatusOK, "/html/index.tmpl",nil)
-  })
-  r.Run(":8080")
-}
-
-// loadTemplate loads templates embedded by go-assets-builder
-func loadTemplate() (*template.Template, error) {
-  t := template.New("")
-  for name, file := range Assets.Files {
-    defer file.Close()
-    if file.IsDir() || !strings.HasSuffix(name, ".tmpl") {
-      continue
-    }
-    h, err := ioutil.ReadAll(file)
-    if err != nil {
-      return nil, err
-    }
-    t, err = t.New(name).Parse(string(h))
-    if err != nil {
-      return nil, err
-    }
-  }
-  return t, nil
-}
-```
-
-See a complete example in the `https://github.com/gin-gonic/examples/tree/master/assets-in-binary` directory.
-
-### Bind form-data request with custom struct
-
-The follow example using custom struct:
-
-```go
-type StructA struct {
-    FieldA string `form:"field_a"`
-}
-
-type StructB struct {
-    NestedStruct StructA
-    FieldB string `form:"field_b"`
-}
-
-type StructC struct {
-    NestedStructPointer *StructA
-    FieldC string `form:"field_c"`
-}
-
-type StructD struct {
-    NestedAnonyStruct struct {
-        FieldX string `form:"field_x"`
-    }
-    FieldD string `form:"field_d"`
-}
-
-func GetDataB(c *gin.Context) {
-    var b StructB
-    c.Bind(&b)
-    c.JSON(http.StatusOK, gin.H{
-        "a": b.NestedStruct,
-        "b": b.FieldB,
-    })
-}
-
-func GetDataC(c *gin.Context) {
-    var b StructC
-    c.Bind(&b)
-    c.JSON(http.StatusOK, gin.H{
-        "a": b.NestedStructPointer,
-        "c": b.FieldC,
-    })
-}
-
-func GetDataD(c *gin.Context) {
-    var b StructD
-    c.Bind(&b)
-    c.JSON(http.StatusOK, gin.H{
-        "x": b.NestedAnonyStruct,
-        "d": b.FieldD,
-    })
-}
-
-func main() {
-    r := gin.Default()
-    r.GET("/getb", GetDataB)
-    r.GET("/getc", GetDataC)
-    r.GET("/getd", GetDataD)
-
-    r.Run()
-}
-```
-
-Using the command `curl` command result:
-
-```sh
-$ curl "http://localhost:8080/getb?field_a=hello&field_b=world"
-{"a":{"FieldA":"hello"},"b":"world"}
-$ curl "http://localhost:8080/getc?field_a=hello&field_c=world"
-{"a":{"FieldA":"hello"},"c":"world"}
-$ curl "http://localhost:8080/getd?field_x=hello&field_d=world"
-{"d":"world","x":{"FieldX":"hello"}}
-```
-
-### Try to bind body into different structs
-
-The normal methods for binding request body consumes `c.Request.Body` and they
-cannot be called multiple times.
-
-```go
-type formA struct {
-  Foo string `json:"foo" xml:"foo" binding:"required"`
-}
-
-type formB struct {
-  Bar string `json:"bar" xml:"bar" binding:"required"`
-}
-
-func SomeHandler(c *gin.Context) {
-  objA := formA{}
-  objB := formB{}
-  // This c.ShouldBind consumes c.Request.Body and it cannot be reused.
-  if errA := c.ShouldBind(&objA); errA == nil {
-    c.String(http.StatusOK, `the body should be formA`)
-  // Always an error is occurred by this because c.Request.Body is EOF now.
-  } else if errB := c.ShouldBind(&objB); errB == nil {
-    c.String(http.StatusOK, `the body should be formB`)
-  } else {
-    ...
-  }
-}
-```
-
-For this, you can use `c.ShouldBindBodyWith`.
-
-```go
-func SomeHandler(c *gin.Context) {
-  objA := formA{}
-  objB := formB{}
-  // This reads c.Request.Body and stores the result into the context.
-  if errA := c.ShouldBindBodyWith(&objA, binding.Form); errA == nil {
-    c.String(http.StatusOK, `the body should be formA`)
-  // At this time, it reuses body stored in the context.
-  } else if errB := c.ShouldBindBodyWith(&objB, binding.JSON); errB == nil {
-    c.String(http.StatusOK, `the body should be formB JSON`)
-  // And it can accepts other formats
-  } else if errB2 := c.ShouldBindBodyWith(&objB, binding.XML); errB2 == nil {
-    c.String(http.StatusOK, `the body should be formB XML`)
-  } else {
-    ...
-  }
-}
-```
-
-1. `c.ShouldBindBodyWith` stores body into the context before binding. This has
-a slight impact to performance, so you should not use this method if you are
-enough to call binding at once.
-2. This feature is only needed for some formats -- `JSON`, `XML`, `MsgPack`,
-`ProtoBuf`. For other formats, `Query`, `Form`, `FormPost`, `FormMultipart`,
-can be called by `c.ShouldBind()` multiple times without any damage to
-performance (See [#1341](https://github.com/gin-gonic/gin/pull/1341)).
-
-### Bind form-data request with custom struct and custom tag
-
-```go
-const (
-  customerTag = "url"
-  defaultMemory = 32 << 20
-)
-
-type customerBinding struct {}
-
-func (customerBinding) Name() string {
-  return "form"
-}
-
-func (customerBinding) Bind(req *http.Request, obj interface{}) error {
-  if err := req.ParseForm(); err != nil {
-    return err
-  }
-  if err := req.ParseMultipartForm(defaultMemory); err != nil {
-    if err != http.ErrNotMultipart {
-      return err
-    }
-  }
-  if err := binding.MapFormWithTag(obj, req.Form, customerTag); err != nil {
-    return err
-  }
-  return validate(obj)
-}
-
-func validate(obj interface{}) error {
-  if binding.Validator == nil {
-    return nil
-  }
-  return binding.Validator.ValidateStruct(obj)
-}
-
-// Now we can do this!!!
-// FormA is a external type that we can't modify it's tag
-type FormA struct {
-  FieldA string `url:"field_a"`
-}
-
-func ListHandler(s *Service) func(ctx *gin.Context) {
-  return func(ctx *gin.Context) {
-    var urlBinding = customerBinding{}
-    var opt FormA
-    err := ctx.MustBindWith(&opt, urlBinding)
-    if err != nil {
-      ...
-    }
-    ...
-  }
-}
-```
-
-### http2 server push
-
-http.Pusher is supported only **go1.8+**. See the [golang blog](https://blog.golang.org/h2push) for detail information.
-
-```go
-package main
-
-import (
-  "html/template"
-  "log"
-  "net/http"
-
-  "github.com/gin-gonic/gin"
-)
-
-var html = template.Must(template.New("https").Parse(`
-<html>
-<head>
-  <title>Https Test</title>
-  <script src="/assets/app.js"></script>
-</head>
-<body>
-  <h1 style="color:red;">Welcome, Ginner!</h1>
-</body>
-</html>
-`))
-
-func main() {
-  r := gin.Default()
-  r.Static("/assets", "./assets")
-  r.SetHTMLTemplate(html)
-
-  r.GET("/", func(c *gin.Context) {
-    if pusher := c.Writer.Pusher(); pusher != nil {
-      // use pusher.Push() to do server push
-      if err := pusher.Push("/assets/app.js", nil); err != nil {
-        log.Printf("Failed to push: %v", err)
-      }
-    }
-    c.HTML(http.StatusOK, "https", gin.H{
-      "status": "success",
-    })
-  })
-
-  // Listen and Server in https://127.0.0.1:8080
-  r.RunTLS(":8080", "./testdata/server.pem", "./testdata/server.key")
-}
-```
-
-### Define format for the log of routes
-
-The default log of routes is:
-
-```sh
-[GIN-debug] POST   /foo                      --> main.main.func1 (3 handlers)
-[GIN-debug] GET    /bar                      --> main.main.func2 (3 handlers)
-[GIN-debug] GET    /status                   --> main.main.func3 (3 handlers)
-```
-
-If you want to log this information in given format (e.g. JSON, key values or something else), then you can define this format with `gin.DebugPrintRouteFunc`.
-In the example below, we log all routes with standard log package but you can use another log tools that suits of your needs.
-
-```go
-import (
-  "log"
-  "net/http"
-
-  "github.com/gin-gonic/gin"
-)
-
-func main() {
-  r := gin.Default()
-  gin.DebugPrintRouteFunc = func(httpMethod, absolutePath, handlerName string, nuHandlers int) {
-    log.Printf("endpoint %v %v %v %v\n", httpMethod, absolutePath, handlerName, nuHandlers)
-  }
-
-  r.POST("/foo", func(c *gin.Context) {
-    c.JSON(http.StatusOK, "foo")
-  })
-
-  r.GET("/bar", func(c *gin.Context) {
-    c.JSON(http.StatusOK, "bar")
-  })
-
-  r.GET("/status", func(c *gin.Context) {
-    c.JSON(http.StatusOK, "ok")
-  })
-
-  // Listen and Server in http://0.0.0.0:8080
-  r.Run()
-}
-```
-
-### Set and get a cookie
-
-```go
-import (
-    "fmt"
-
-    "github.com/gin-gonic/gin"
-)
-
-func main() {
-
-    router := gin.Default()
-
-    router.GET("/cookie", func(c *gin.Context) {
-
-        cookie, err := c.Cookie("gin_cookie")
-
-        if err != nil {
-            cookie = "NotSet"
-            c.SetCookie("gin_cookie", "test", 3600, "/", "localhost", false, true)
-        }
-
-        fmt.Printf("Cookie value: %s \n", cookie)
-    })
-
-    router.Run()
-}
-```
-
-## Don't trust all proxies
-
-Gin lets you specify which headers to hold the real client IP (if any),
-as well as specifying which proxies (or direct clients) you trust to
-specify one of these headers.
-
-Use function `SetTrustedProxies()` on your `gin.Engine` to specify network addresses
-or network CIDRs from where clients which their request headers related to client
-IP can be trusted. They can be IPv4 addresses, IPv4 CIDRs, IPv6 addresses or
-IPv6 CIDRs.
-
-**Attention:** Gin trust all proxies by default if you don't specify a trusted 
-proxy using the function above, **this is NOT safe**. At the same time, if you don't
-use any proxy, you can disable this feature by using `Engine.SetTrustedProxies(nil)`,
-then `Context.ClientIP()` will return the remote address directly to avoid some
-unnecessary computation.
-
-```go
-import (
-  "fmt"
-
-  "github.com/gin-gonic/gin"
-)
-
-func main() {
-
-  router := gin.Default()
-  router.SetTrustedProxies([]string{"192.168.1.2"})
-
-  router.GET("/", func(c *gin.Context) {
-    // If the client is 192.168.1.2, use the X-Forwarded-For
-    // header to deduce the original client IP from the trust-
-    // worthy parts of that header.
-    // Otherwise, simply return the direct client IP
-    fmt.Printf("ClientIP: %s\n", c.ClientIP())
-  })
-  router.Run()
-}
-```
-
-**Notice:** If you are using a CDN service, you can set the `Engine.TrustedPlatform`
-to skip TrustedProxies check, it has a higher priority than TrustedProxies. 
-Look at the example below:
-
-```go
-import (
-  "fmt"
-
-  "github.com/gin-gonic/gin"
-)
-
-func main() {
-
-  router := gin.Default()
-  // Use predefined header gin.PlatformXXX
-  router.TrustedPlatform = gin.PlatformGoogleAppEngine
-  // Or set your own trusted request header for another trusted proxy service
-  // Don't set it to any suspect request header, it's unsafe
-  router.TrustedPlatform = "X-CDN-IP"
-
-  router.GET("/", func(c *gin.Context) {
-    // If you set TrustedPlatform, ClientIP() will resolve the
-    // corresponding header and return IP directly
-    fmt.Printf("ClientIP: %s\n", c.ClientIP())
-  })
-  router.Run()
-}
-```
-
-## Testing
-
-The `net/http/httptest` package is preferable way for HTTP testing.
-
-```go
-package main
-
-import (
-  "net/http"
-
-  "github.com/gin-gonic/gin"
-)
-
-func setupRouter() *gin.Engine {
-  r := gin.Default()
-  r.GET("/ping", func(c *gin.Context) {
-    c.String(http.StatusOK, "pong")
-  })
-  return r
-}
-
-func main() {
-  r := setupRouter()
-  r.Run(":8080")
-}
-```
-
-Test for code example above:
-
-```go
-package main
-
-import (
-  "net/http"
-  "net/http/httptest"
-  "testing"
-
-  "github.com/stretchr/testify/assert"
-)
-
-func TestPingRoute(t *testing.T) {
-  router := setupRouter()
-
-  w := httptest.NewRecorder()
-  req, _ := http.NewRequest(http.MethodGet, "/ping", nil)
-  router.ServeHTTP(w, req)
-
-  assert.Equal(t, http.StatusOK, w.Code)
-  assert.Equal(t, "pong", w.Body.String())
-}
-```
-
-## Users
-
-Awesome project lists using [Gin](https://github.com/gin-gonic/gin) web framework.
-
-* [gorush](https://github.com/appleboy/gorush): A push notification server written in Go.
-* [fnproject](https://github.com/fnproject/fn): The container native, cloud agnostic serverless platform.
-* [photoprism](https://github.com/photoprism/photoprism): Personal photo management powered by Go and Google TensorFlow.
-* [krakend](https://github.com/devopsfaith/krakend): Ultra performant API Gateway with middlewares.
-* [picfit](https://github.com/thoas/picfit): An image resizing server written in Go.
-* [brigade](https://github.com/brigadecore/brigade): Event-based Scripting for Kubernetes.
-* [dkron](https://github.com/distribworks/dkron): Distributed, fault tolerant job scheduling system.
+**All contributions are valued and help make Gin better for everyone!**
diff --git a/any.go b/any.go
deleted file mode 100644
index 42b1ea46..00000000
--- a/any.go
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,10 +0,0 @@
-// Copyright 2022 Gin Core Team. All rights reserved.
-// Use of this source code is governed by a MIT style
-// license that can be found in the LICENSE file.
-
-//go:build !go1.18
-// +build !go1.18
-
-package gin
-
-type any = interface{}
diff --git a/auth.go b/auth.go
index 2503c515..5d3222d5 100644
--- a/auth.go
+++ b/auth.go
@@ -16,6 +16,9 @@ import (
 // AuthUserKey is the cookie name for user credential in basic auth.
 const AuthUserKey = "user"
 
+// AuthProxyUserKey is the cookie name for proxy_user credential in basic auth for proxy.
+const AuthProxyUserKey = "proxy_user"
+
 // Accounts defines a key/value for user/pass list of authorized logins.
 type Accounts map[string]string
 
@@ -89,3 +92,25 @@ func authorizationHeader(user, password string) string {
 	base := user + ":" + password
 	return "Basic " + base64.StdEncoding.EncodeToString(bytesconv.StringToBytes(base))
 }
+
+// BasicAuthForProxy returns a Basic HTTP Proxy-Authorization middleware.
+// If the realm is empty, "Proxy Authorization Required" will be used by default.
+func BasicAuthForProxy(accounts Accounts, realm string) HandlerFunc {
+	if realm == "" {
+		realm = "Proxy Authorization Required"
+	}
+	realm = "Basic realm=" + strconv.Quote(realm)
+	pairs := processAccounts(accounts)
+	return func(c *Context) {
+		proxyUser, found := pairs.searchCredential(c.requestHeader("Proxy-Authorization"))
+		if !found {
+			// Credentials doesn't match, we return 407 and abort handlers chain.
+			c.Header("Proxy-Authenticate", realm)
+			c.AbortWithStatus(http.StatusProxyAuthRequired)
+			return
+		}
+		// The proxy_user credentials was found, set proxy_user's id to key AuthProxyUserKey in this context, the proxy_user's id can be read later using
+		// c.MustGet(gin.AuthProxyUserKey).
+		c.Set(AuthProxyUserKey, proxyUser)
+	}
+}
diff --git a/auth_test.go b/auth_test.go
index 42b6f8fd..9166e3b0 100644
--- a/auth_test.go
+++ b/auth_test.go
@@ -90,7 +90,7 @@ func TestBasicAuthSucceed(t *testing.T) {
 	})
 
 	w := httptest.NewRecorder()
-	req, _ := http.NewRequest("GET", "/login", nil)
+	req, _ := http.NewRequest(http.MethodGet, "/login", nil)
 	req.Header.Set("Authorization", authorizationHeader("admin", "password"))
 	router.ServeHTTP(w, req)
 
@@ -109,7 +109,7 @@ func TestBasicAuth401(t *testing.T) {
 	})
 
 	w := httptest.NewRecorder()
-	req, _ := http.NewRequest("GET", "/login", nil)
+	req, _ := http.NewRequest(http.MethodGet, "/login", nil)
 	req.Header.Set("Authorization", "Basic "+base64.StdEncoding.EncodeToString([]byte("admin:password")))
 	router.ServeHTTP(w, req)
 
@@ -129,7 +129,7 @@ func TestBasicAuth401WithCustomRealm(t *testing.T) {
 	})
 
 	w := httptest.NewRecorder()
-	req, _ := http.NewRequest("GET", "/login", nil)
+	req, _ := http.NewRequest(http.MethodGet, "/login", nil)
 	req.Header.Set("Authorization", "Basic "+base64.StdEncoding.EncodeToString([]byte("admin:password")))
 	router.ServeHTTP(w, req)
 
@@ -137,3 +137,40 @@ func TestBasicAuth401WithCustomRealm(t *testing.T) {
 	assert.Equal(t, http.StatusUnauthorized, w.Code)
 	assert.Equal(t, "Basic realm=\"My Custom \\\"Realm\\\"\"", w.Header().Get("WWW-Authenticate"))
 }
+
+func TestBasicAuthForProxySucceed(t *testing.T) {
+	accounts := Accounts{"admin": "password"}
+	router := New()
+	router.Use(BasicAuthForProxy(accounts, ""))
+	router.Any("/*proxyPath", func(c *Context) {
+		c.String(http.StatusOK, c.MustGet(AuthProxyUserKey).(string))
+	})
+
+	w := httptest.NewRecorder()
+	req, _ := http.NewRequest(http.MethodGet, "/test", nil)
+	req.Header.Set("Proxy-Authorization", authorizationHeader("admin", "password"))
+	router.ServeHTTP(w, req)
+
+	assert.Equal(t, http.StatusOK, w.Code)
+	assert.Equal(t, "admin", w.Body.String())
+}
+
+func TestBasicAuthForProxy407(t *testing.T) {
+	called := false
+	accounts := Accounts{"foo": "bar"}
+	router := New()
+	router.Use(BasicAuthForProxy(accounts, ""))
+	router.Any("/*proxyPath", func(c *Context) {
+		called = true
+		c.String(http.StatusOK, c.MustGet(AuthProxyUserKey).(string))
+	})
+
+	w := httptest.NewRecorder()
+	req, _ := http.NewRequest(http.MethodGet, "/test", nil)
+	req.Header.Set("Proxy-Authorization", "Basic "+base64.StdEncoding.EncodeToString([]byte("admin:password")))
+	router.ServeHTTP(w, req)
+
+	assert.False(t, called)
+	assert.Equal(t, http.StatusProxyAuthRequired, w.Code)
+	assert.Equal(t, "Basic realm=\"Proxy Authorization Required\"", w.Header().Get("Proxy-Authenticate"))
+}
diff --git a/benchmarks_test.go b/benchmarks_test.go
index 5b7929b8..ca504ecb 100644
--- a/benchmarks_test.go
+++ b/benchmarks_test.go
@@ -14,21 +14,21 @@ import (
 func BenchmarkOneRoute(B *testing.B) {
 	router := New()
 	router.GET("/ping", func(c *Context) {})
-	runRequest(B, router, "GET", "/ping")
+	runRequest(B, router, http.MethodGet, "/ping")
 }
 
 func BenchmarkRecoveryMiddleware(B *testing.B) {
 	router := New()
 	router.Use(Recovery())
 	router.GET("/", func(c *Context) {})
-	runRequest(B, router, "GET", "/")
+	runRequest(B, router, http.MethodGet, "/")
 }
 
 func BenchmarkLoggerMiddleware(B *testing.B) {
 	router := New()
 	router.Use(LoggerWithWriter(newMockWriter()))
 	router.GET("/", func(c *Context) {})
-	runRequest(B, router, "GET", "/")
+	runRequest(B, router, http.MethodGet, "/")
 }
 
 func BenchmarkManyHandlers(B *testing.B) {
@@ -37,7 +37,7 @@ func BenchmarkManyHandlers(B *testing.B) {
 	router.Use(func(c *Context) {})
 	router.Use(func(c *Context) {})
 	router.GET("/ping", func(c *Context) {})
-	runRequest(B, router, "GET", "/ping")
+	runRequest(B, router, http.MethodGet, "/ping")
 }
 
 func Benchmark5Params(B *testing.B) {
@@ -45,7 +45,7 @@ func Benchmark5Params(B *testing.B) {
 	router := New()
 	router.Use(func(c *Context) {})
 	router.GET("/param/:param1/:params2/:param3/:param4/:param5", func(c *Context) {})
-	runRequest(B, router, "GET", "/param/path/to/parameter/john/12345")
+	runRequest(B, router, http.MethodGet, "/param/path/to/parameter/john/12345")
 }
 
 func BenchmarkOneRouteJSON(B *testing.B) {
@@ -56,7 +56,7 @@ func BenchmarkOneRouteJSON(B *testing.B) {
 	router.GET("/json", func(c *Context) {
 		c.JSON(http.StatusOK, data)
 	})
-	runRequest(B, router, "GET", "/json")
+	runRequest(B, router, http.MethodGet, "/json")
 }
 
 func BenchmarkOneRouteHTML(B *testing.B) {
@@ -68,7 +68,7 @@ func BenchmarkOneRouteHTML(B *testing.B) {
 	router.GET("/html", func(c *Context) {
 		c.HTML(http.StatusOK, "index", "hola")
 	})
-	runRequest(B, router, "GET", "/html")
+	runRequest(B, router, http.MethodGet, "/html")
 }
 
 func BenchmarkOneRouteSet(B *testing.B) {
@@ -76,7 +76,7 @@ func BenchmarkOneRouteSet(B *testing.B) {
 	router.GET("/ping", func(c *Context) {
 		c.Set("key", "value")
 	})
-	runRequest(B, router, "GET", "/ping")
+	runRequest(B, router, http.MethodGet, "/ping")
 }
 
 func BenchmarkOneRouteString(B *testing.B) {
@@ -84,13 +84,13 @@ func BenchmarkOneRouteString(B *testing.B) {
 	router.GET("/text", func(c *Context) {
 		c.String(http.StatusOK, "this is a plain text")
 	})
-	runRequest(B, router, "GET", "/text")
+	runRequest(B, router, http.MethodGet, "/text")
 }
 
-func BenchmarkManyRoutesFist(B *testing.B) {
+func BenchmarkManyRoutesFirst(B *testing.B) {
 	router := New()
 	router.Any("/ping", func(c *Context) {})
-	runRequest(B, router, "GET", "/ping")
+	runRequest(B, router, http.MethodGet, "/ping")
 }
 
 func BenchmarkManyRoutesLast(B *testing.B) {
@@ -103,7 +103,7 @@ func Benchmark404(B *testing.B) {
 	router := New()
 	router.Any("/something", func(c *Context) {})
 	router.NoRoute(func(c *Context) {})
-	runRequest(B, router, "GET", "/ping")
+	runRequest(B, router, http.MethodGet, "/ping")
 }
 
 func Benchmark404Many(B *testing.B) {
@@ -118,7 +118,7 @@ func Benchmark404Many(B *testing.B) {
 	router.GET("/user/:id/:mode", func(c *Context) {})
 
 	router.NoRoute(func(c *Context) {})
-	runRequest(B, router, "GET", "/viewfake")
+	runRequest(B, router, http.MethodGet, "/viewfake")
 }
 
 type mockWriter struct {
diff --git a/binding/any.go b/binding/any.go
deleted file mode 100644
index d8251a7c..00000000
--- a/binding/any.go
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,10 +0,0 @@
-// Copyright 2022 Gin Core Team. All rights reserved.
-// Use of this source code is governed by a MIT style
-// license that can be found in the LICENSE file.
-
-//go:build !go1.18
-// +build !go1.18
-
-package binding
-
-type any = interface{}
diff --git a/binding/binding.go b/binding/binding.go
index a58924ed..702d0e82 100644
--- a/binding/binding.go
+++ b/binding/binding.go
@@ -3,7 +3,6 @@
 // license that can be found in the LICENSE file.
 
 //go:build !nomsgpack
-// +build !nomsgpack
 
 package binding
 
@@ -22,6 +21,7 @@ const (
 	MIMEMSGPACK           = "application/x-msgpack"
 	MIMEMSGPACK2          = "application/msgpack"
 	MIMEYAML              = "application/x-yaml"
+	MIMEYAML2             = "application/yaml"
 	MIMETOML              = "application/toml"
 )
 
@@ -73,18 +73,19 @@ var Validator StructValidator = &defaultValidator{}
 // These implement the Binding interface and can be used to bind the data
 // present in the request to struct instances.
 var (
-	JSON          = jsonBinding{}
-	XML           = xmlBinding{}
-	Form          = formBinding{}
-	Query         = queryBinding{}
-	FormPost      = formPostBinding{}
-	FormMultipart = formMultipartBinding{}
-	ProtoBuf      = protobufBinding{}
-	MsgPack       = msgpackBinding{}
-	YAML          = yamlBinding{}
-	Uri           = uriBinding{}
-	Header        = headerBinding{}
-	TOML          = tomlBinding{}
+	JSON          BindingBody = jsonBinding{}
+	XML           BindingBody = xmlBinding{}
+	Form          Binding     = formBinding{}
+	Query         Binding     = queryBinding{}
+	FormPost      Binding     = formPostBinding{}
+	FormMultipart Binding     = formMultipartBinding{}
+	ProtoBuf      BindingBody = protobufBinding{}
+	MsgPack       BindingBody = msgpackBinding{}
+	YAML          BindingBody = yamlBinding{}
+	Uri           BindingUri  = uriBinding{}
+	Header        Binding     = headerBinding{}
+	Plain         BindingBody = plainBinding{}
+	TOML          BindingBody = tomlBinding{}
 )
 
 // Default returns the appropriate Binding instance based on the HTTP method
@@ -103,7 +104,7 @@ func Default(method, contentType string) Binding {
 		return ProtoBuf
 	case MIMEMSGPACK, MIMEMSGPACK2:
 		return MsgPack
-	case MIMEYAML:
+	case MIMEYAML, MIMEYAML2:
 		return YAML
 	case MIMETOML:
 		return TOML
diff --git a/binding/binding_msgpack_test.go b/binding/binding_msgpack_test.go
index 04d94079..7a5db34b 100644
--- a/binding/binding_msgpack_test.go
+++ b/binding/binding_msgpack_test.go
@@ -3,15 +3,16 @@
 // license that can be found in the LICENSE file.
 
 //go:build !nomsgpack
-// +build !nomsgpack
 
 package binding
 
 import (
 	"bytes"
+	"net/http"
 	"testing"
 
 	"github.com/stretchr/testify/assert"
+	"github.com/stretchr/testify/require"
 	"github.com/ugorji/go/codec"
 )
 
@@ -25,7 +26,7 @@ func TestBindingMsgPack(t *testing.T) {
 	buf := bytes.NewBuffer([]byte{})
 	assert.NotNil(t, buf)
 	err := codec.NewEncoder(buf, h).Encode(test)
-	assert.NoError(t, err)
+	require.NoError(t, err)
 
 	data := buf.Bytes()
 
@@ -39,20 +40,20 @@ func testMsgPackBodyBinding(t *testing.T, b Binding, name, path, badPath, body,
 	assert.Equal(t, name, b.Name())
 
 	obj := FooStruct{}
-	req := requestWithBody("POST", path, body)
+	req := requestWithBody(http.MethodPost, path, body)
 	req.Header.Add("Content-Type", MIMEMSGPACK)
 	err := b.Bind(req, &obj)
-	assert.NoError(t, err)
+	require.NoError(t, err)
 	assert.Equal(t, "bar", obj.Foo)
 
 	obj = FooStruct{}
-	req = requestWithBody("POST", badPath, badBody)
+	req = requestWithBody(http.MethodPost, badPath, badBody)
 	req.Header.Add("Content-Type", MIMEMSGPACK)
 	err = MsgPack.Bind(req, &obj)
-	assert.Error(t, err)
+	require.Error(t, err)
 }
 
 func TestBindingDefaultMsgPack(t *testing.T) {
-	assert.Equal(t, MsgPack, Default("POST", MIMEMSGPACK))
-	assert.Equal(t, MsgPack, Default("PUT", MIMEMSGPACK2))
+	assert.Equal(t, MsgPack, Default(http.MethodPost, MIMEMSGPACK))
+	assert.Equal(t, MsgPack, Default(http.MethodPut, MIMEMSGPACK2))
 }
diff --git a/binding/binding_nomsgpack.go b/binding/binding_nomsgpack.go
index 7f6a904a..c8e61310 100644
--- a/binding/binding_nomsgpack.go
+++ b/binding/binding_nomsgpack.go
@@ -3,7 +3,6 @@
 // license that can be found in the LICENSE file.
 
 //go:build nomsgpack
-// +build nomsgpack
 
 package binding
 
@@ -20,6 +19,7 @@ const (
 	MIMEMultipartPOSTForm = "multipart/form-data"
 	MIMEPROTOBUF          = "application/x-protobuf"
 	MIMEYAML              = "application/x-yaml"
+	MIMEYAML2             = "application/yaml"
 	MIMETOML              = "application/toml"
 )
 
@@ -81,6 +81,7 @@ var (
 	Uri           = uriBinding{}
 	Header        = headerBinding{}
 	TOML          = tomlBinding{}
+	Plain         = plainBinding{}
 )
 
 // Default returns the appropriate Binding instance based on the HTTP method
@@ -97,7 +98,7 @@ func Default(method, contentType string) Binding {
 		return XML
 	case MIMEPROTOBUF:
 		return ProtoBuf
-	case MIMEYAML:
+	case MIMEYAML, MIMEYAML2:
 		return YAML
 	case MIMEMultipartPOSTForm:
 		return FormMultipart
diff --git a/binding/binding_test.go b/binding/binding_test.go
index f0996216..07619ebf 100644
--- a/binding/binding_test.go
+++ b/binding/binding_test.go
@@ -9,7 +9,6 @@ import (
 	"encoding/json"
 	"errors"
 	"io"
-	"io/ioutil"
 	"mime/multipart"
 	"net/http"
 	"os"
@@ -21,6 +20,7 @@ import (
 
 	"github.com/gin-gonic/gin/testdata/protoexample"
 	"github.com/stretchr/testify/assert"
+	"github.com/stretchr/testify/require"
 	"google.golang.org/protobuf/proto"
 )
 
@@ -51,8 +51,6 @@ type FooBarFileStruct struct {
 type FooBarFileFailStruct struct {
 	FooBarStruct
 	File *multipart.FileHeader `invalid_name:"file" binding:"required"`
-	// for unexport test
-	data *multipart.FileHeader `form:"data" binding:"required"`
 }
 
 type FooDefaultBarStruct struct {
@@ -69,15 +67,19 @@ type FooStructDisallowUnknownFields struct {
 }
 
 type FooBarStructForTimeType struct {
-	TimeFoo    time.Time `form:"time_foo" time_format:"2006-01-02" time_utc:"1" time_location:"Asia/Chongqing"`
-	TimeBar    time.Time `form:"time_bar" time_format:"2006-01-02" time_utc:"1"`
-	CreateTime time.Time `form:"createTime" time_format:"unixNano"`
-	UnixTime   time.Time `form:"unixTime" time_format:"unix"`
+	TimeFoo       time.Time `form:"time_foo" time_format:"2006-01-02" time_utc:"1" time_location:"Asia/Chongqing"`
+	TimeBar       time.Time `form:"time_bar" time_format:"2006-01-02" time_utc:"1"`
+	CreateTime    time.Time `form:"createTime" time_format:"unixNano"`
+	UnixTime      time.Time `form:"unixTime" time_format:"unix"`
+	UnixMilliTime time.Time `form:"unixMilliTime" time_format:"unixmilli"`
+	UnixMicroTime time.Time `form:"unixMicroTime" time_format:"uNiXmiCrO"`
 }
 
 type FooStructForTimeTypeNotUnixFormat struct {
-	CreateTime time.Time `form:"createTime" time_format:"unixNano"`
-	UnixTime   time.Time `form:"unixTime" time_format:"unix"`
+	CreateTime    time.Time `form:"createTime" time_format:"unixNano"`
+	UnixTime      time.Time `form:"unixTime" time_format:"unix"`
+	UnixMilliTime time.Time `form:"unixMilliTime" time_format:"unixMilli"`
+	UnixMicroTime time.Time `form:"unixMicroTime" time_format:"unixMicro"`
 }
 
 type FooStructForTimeTypeNotFormat struct {
@@ -145,36 +147,38 @@ type FooStructForMapPtrType struct {
 }
 
 func TestBindingDefault(t *testing.T) {
-	assert.Equal(t, Form, Default("GET", ""))
-	assert.Equal(t, Form, Default("GET", MIMEJSON))
+	assert.Equal(t, Form, Default(http.MethodGet, ""))
+	assert.Equal(t, Form, Default(http.MethodGet, MIMEJSON))
 
-	assert.Equal(t, JSON, Default("POST", MIMEJSON))
-	assert.Equal(t, JSON, Default("PUT", MIMEJSON))
+	assert.Equal(t, JSON, Default(http.MethodPost, MIMEJSON))
+	assert.Equal(t, JSON, Default(http.MethodPut, MIMEJSON))
 
-	assert.Equal(t, XML, Default("POST", MIMEXML))
-	assert.Equal(t, XML, Default("PUT", MIMEXML2))
+	assert.Equal(t, XML, Default(http.MethodPost, MIMEXML))
+	assert.Equal(t, XML, Default(http.MethodPut, MIMEXML2))
 
-	assert.Equal(t, Form, Default("POST", MIMEPOSTForm))
-	assert.Equal(t, Form, Default("PUT", MIMEPOSTForm))
+	assert.Equal(t, Form, Default(http.MethodPost, MIMEPOSTForm))
+	assert.Equal(t, Form, Default(http.MethodPut, MIMEPOSTForm))
 
-	assert.Equal(t, FormMultipart, Default("POST", MIMEMultipartPOSTForm))
-	assert.Equal(t, FormMultipart, Default("PUT", MIMEMultipartPOSTForm))
+	assert.Equal(t, FormMultipart, Default(http.MethodPost, MIMEMultipartPOSTForm))
+	assert.Equal(t, FormMultipart, Default(http.MethodPut, MIMEMultipartPOSTForm))
 
-	assert.Equal(t, ProtoBuf, Default("POST", MIMEPROTOBUF))
-	assert.Equal(t, ProtoBuf, Default("PUT", MIMEPROTOBUF))
+	assert.Equal(t, ProtoBuf, Default(http.MethodPost, MIMEPROTOBUF))
+	assert.Equal(t, ProtoBuf, Default(http.MethodPut, MIMEPROTOBUF))
 
-	assert.Equal(t, YAML, Default("POST", MIMEYAML))
-	assert.Equal(t, YAML, Default("PUT", MIMEYAML))
+	assert.Equal(t, YAML, Default(http.MethodPost, MIMEYAML))
+	assert.Equal(t, YAML, Default(http.MethodPut, MIMEYAML))
+	assert.Equal(t, YAML, Default(http.MethodPost, MIMEYAML2))
+	assert.Equal(t, YAML, Default(http.MethodPut, MIMEYAML2))
 
-	assert.Equal(t, TOML, Default("POST", MIMETOML))
-	assert.Equal(t, TOML, Default("PUT", MIMETOML))
+	assert.Equal(t, TOML, Default(http.MethodPost, MIMETOML))
+	assert.Equal(t, TOML, Default(http.MethodPut, MIMETOML))
 }
 
 func TestBindingJSONNilBody(t *testing.T) {
 	var obj FooStruct
 	req, _ := http.NewRequest(http.MethodPost, "/", nil)
 	err := JSON.Bind(req, &obj)
-	assert.Error(t, err)
+	require.Error(t, err)
 }
 
 func TestBindingJSON(t *testing.T) {
@@ -225,137 +229,137 @@ func TestBindingJSONStringMap(t *testing.T) {
 }
 
 func TestBindingForm(t *testing.T) {
-	testFormBinding(t, "POST",
+	testFormBinding(t, http.MethodPost,
 		"/", "/",
 		"foo=bar&bar=foo", "bar2=foo")
 }
 
 func TestBindingForm2(t *testing.T) {
-	testFormBinding(t, "GET",
+	testFormBinding(t, http.MethodGet,
 		"/?foo=bar&bar=foo", "/?bar2=foo",
 		"", "")
 }
 
 func TestBindingFormEmbeddedStruct(t *testing.T) {
-	testFormBindingEmbeddedStruct(t, "POST",
+	testFormBindingEmbeddedStruct(t, http.MethodPost,
 		"/", "/",
 		"page=1&size=2&appkey=test-appkey", "bar2=foo")
 }
 
 func TestBindingFormEmbeddedStruct2(t *testing.T) {
-	testFormBindingEmbeddedStruct(t, "GET",
+	testFormBindingEmbeddedStruct(t, http.MethodGet,
 		"/?page=1&size=2&appkey=test-appkey", "/?bar2=foo",
 		"", "")
 }
 
 func TestBindingFormDefaultValue(t *testing.T) {
-	testFormBindingDefaultValue(t, "POST",
+	testFormBindingDefaultValue(t, http.MethodPost,
 		"/", "/",
 		"foo=bar", "bar2=foo")
 }
 
 func TestBindingFormDefaultValue2(t *testing.T) {
-	testFormBindingDefaultValue(t, "GET",
+	testFormBindingDefaultValue(t, http.MethodGet,
 		"/?foo=bar", "/?bar2=foo",
 		"", "")
 }
 
 func TestBindingFormForTime(t *testing.T) {
-	testFormBindingForTime(t, "POST",
+	testFormBindingForTime(t, http.MethodPost,
 		"/", "/",
-		"time_foo=2017-11-15&time_bar=&createTime=1562400033000000123&unixTime=1562400033", "bar2=foo")
-	testFormBindingForTimeNotUnixFormat(t, "POST",
+		"time_foo=2017-11-15&time_bar=&createTime=1562400033000000123&unixTime=1562400033&unixMilliTime=1562400033001&unixMicroTime=1562400033000012", "bar2=foo")
+	testFormBindingForTimeNotUnixFormat(t, http.MethodPost,
 		"/", "/",
-		"time_foo=2017-11-15&createTime=bad&unixTime=bad", "bar2=foo")
-	testFormBindingForTimeNotFormat(t, "POST",
+		"time_foo=2017-11-15&createTime=bad&unixTime=bad&unixMilliTime=bad&unixMicroTime=bad", "bar2=foo")
+	testFormBindingForTimeNotFormat(t, http.MethodPost,
 		"/", "/",
 		"time_foo=2017-11-15", "bar2=foo")
-	testFormBindingForTimeFailFormat(t, "POST",
+	testFormBindingForTimeFailFormat(t, http.MethodPost,
 		"/", "/",
 		"time_foo=2017-11-15", "bar2=foo")
-	testFormBindingForTimeFailLocation(t, "POST",
+	testFormBindingForTimeFailLocation(t, http.MethodPost,
 		"/", "/",
 		"time_foo=2017-11-15", "bar2=foo")
 }
 
 func TestBindingFormForTime2(t *testing.T) {
-	testFormBindingForTime(t, "GET",
-		"/?time_foo=2017-11-15&time_bar=&createTime=1562400033000000123&unixTime=1562400033", "/?bar2=foo",
+	testFormBindingForTime(t, http.MethodGet,
+		"/?time_foo=2017-11-15&time_bar=&createTime=1562400033000000123&unixTime=1562400033&unixMilliTime=1562400033001&unixMicroTime=1562400033000012", "/?bar2=foo",
 		"", "")
-	testFormBindingForTimeNotUnixFormat(t, "POST",
+	testFormBindingForTimeNotUnixFormat(t, http.MethodPost,
 		"/", "/",
-		"time_foo=2017-11-15&createTime=bad&unixTime=bad", "bar2=foo")
-	testFormBindingForTimeNotFormat(t, "GET",
+		"time_foo=2017-11-15&createTime=bad&unixTime=bad&unixMilliTime=bad&unixMicroTime=bad", "bar2=foo")
+	testFormBindingForTimeNotFormat(t, http.MethodGet,
 		"/?time_foo=2017-11-15", "/?bar2=foo",
 		"", "")
-	testFormBindingForTimeFailFormat(t, "GET",
+	testFormBindingForTimeFailFormat(t, http.MethodGet,
 		"/?time_foo=2017-11-15", "/?bar2=foo",
 		"", "")
-	testFormBindingForTimeFailLocation(t, "GET",
+	testFormBindingForTimeFailLocation(t, http.MethodGet,
 		"/?time_foo=2017-11-15", "/?bar2=foo",
 		"", "")
 }
 
 func TestFormBindingIgnoreField(t *testing.T) {
-	testFormBindingIgnoreField(t, "POST",
+	testFormBindingIgnoreField(t, http.MethodPost,
 		"/", "/",
 		"-=bar", "")
 }
 
 func TestBindingFormInvalidName(t *testing.T) {
-	testFormBindingInvalidName(t, "POST",
+	testFormBindingInvalidName(t, http.MethodPost,
 		"/", "/",
 		"test_name=bar", "bar2=foo")
 }
 
 func TestBindingFormInvalidName2(t *testing.T) {
-	testFormBindingInvalidName2(t, "POST",
+	testFormBindingInvalidName2(t, http.MethodPost,
 		"/", "/",
 		"map_foo=bar", "bar2=foo")
 }
 
 func TestBindingFormForType(t *testing.T) {
-	testFormBindingForType(t, "POST",
+	testFormBindingForType(t, http.MethodPost,
 		"/", "/",
 		"map_foo={\"bar\":123}", "map_foo=1", "Map")
 
-	testFormBindingForType(t, "POST",
+	testFormBindingForType(t, http.MethodPost,
 		"/", "/",
 		"slice_foo=1&slice_foo=2", "bar2=1&bar2=2", "Slice")
 
-	testFormBindingForType(t, "GET",
+	testFormBindingForType(t, http.MethodGet,
 		"/?slice_foo=1&slice_foo=2", "/?bar2=1&bar2=2",
 		"", "", "Slice")
 
-	testFormBindingForType(t, "POST",
+	testFormBindingForType(t, http.MethodPost,
 		"/", "/",
 		"slice_map_foo=1&slice_map_foo=2", "bar2=1&bar2=2", "SliceMap")
 
-	testFormBindingForType(t, "GET",
+	testFormBindingForType(t, http.MethodGet,
 		"/?slice_map_foo=1&slice_map_foo=2", "/?bar2=1&bar2=2",
 		"", "", "SliceMap")
 
-	testFormBindingForType(t, "POST",
+	testFormBindingForType(t, http.MethodPost,
 		"/", "/",
 		"ptr_bar=test", "bar2=test", "Ptr")
 
-	testFormBindingForType(t, "GET",
+	testFormBindingForType(t, http.MethodGet,
 		"/?ptr_bar=test", "/?bar2=test",
 		"", "", "Ptr")
 
-	testFormBindingForType(t, "POST",
+	testFormBindingForType(t, http.MethodPost,
 		"/", "/",
 		"idx=123", "id1=1", "Struct")
 
-	testFormBindingForType(t, "GET",
+	testFormBindingForType(t, http.MethodGet,
 		"/?idx=123", "/?id1=1",
 		"", "", "Struct")
 
-	testFormBindingForType(t, "POST",
+	testFormBindingForType(t, http.MethodPost,
 		"/", "/",
 		"name=thinkerou", "name1=ou", "StructPointer")
 
-	testFormBindingForType(t, "GET",
+	testFormBindingForType(t, http.MethodGet,
 		"/?name=thinkerou", "/?name1=ou",
 		"", "", "StructPointer")
 }
@@ -372,10 +376,10 @@ func TestBindingFormStringMap(t *testing.T) {
 
 func TestBindingFormStringSliceMap(t *testing.T) {
 	obj := make(map[string][]string)
-	req := requestWithBody("POST", "/", "foo=something&foo=bar&hello=world")
+	req := requestWithBody(http.MethodPost, "/", "foo=something&foo=bar&hello=world")
 	req.Header.Add("Content-Type", MIMEPOSTForm)
 	err := Form.Bind(req, &obj)
-	assert.NoError(t, err)
+	require.NoError(t, err)
 	assert.NotNil(t, obj)
 	assert.Len(t, obj, 2)
 	target := map[string][]string{
@@ -385,38 +389,38 @@ func TestBindingFormStringSliceMap(t *testing.T) {
 	assert.True(t, reflect.DeepEqual(obj, target))
 
 	objInvalid := make(map[string][]int)
-	req = requestWithBody("POST", "/", "foo=something&foo=bar&hello=world")
+	req = requestWithBody(http.MethodPost, "/", "foo=something&foo=bar&hello=world")
 	req.Header.Add("Content-Type", MIMEPOSTForm)
 	err = Form.Bind(req, &objInvalid)
-	assert.Error(t, err)
+	require.Error(t, err)
 }
 
 func TestBindingQuery(t *testing.T) {
-	testQueryBinding(t, "POST",
+	testQueryBinding(t, http.MethodPost,
 		"/?foo=bar&bar=foo", "/",
 		"foo=unused", "bar2=foo")
 }
 
 func TestBindingQuery2(t *testing.T) {
-	testQueryBinding(t, "GET",
+	testQueryBinding(t, http.MethodGet,
 		"/?foo=bar&bar=foo", "/?bar2=foo",
 		"foo=unused", "")
 }
 
 func TestBindingQueryFail(t *testing.T) {
-	testQueryBindingFail(t, "POST",
+	testQueryBindingFail(t, http.MethodPost,
 		"/?map_foo=", "/",
 		"map_foo=unused", "bar2=foo")
 }
 
 func TestBindingQueryFail2(t *testing.T) {
-	testQueryBindingFail(t, "GET",
+	testQueryBindingFail(t, http.MethodGet,
 		"/?map_foo=", "/?bar2=foo",
 		"map_foo=unused", "")
 }
 
 func TestBindingQueryBoolFail(t *testing.T) {
-	testQueryBindingBoolFail(t, "GET",
+	testQueryBindingBoolFail(t, http.MethodGet,
 		"/?bool_foo=fasl", "/?bar2=foo",
 		"bool_foo=unused", "")
 }
@@ -425,18 +429,18 @@ func TestBindingQueryStringMap(t *testing.T) {
 	b := Query
 
 	obj := make(map[string]string)
-	req := requestWithBody("GET", "/?foo=bar&hello=world", "")
+	req := requestWithBody(http.MethodGet, "/?foo=bar&hello=world", "")
 	err := b.Bind(req, &obj)
-	assert.NoError(t, err)
+	require.NoError(t, err)
 	assert.NotNil(t, obj)
 	assert.Len(t, obj, 2)
 	assert.Equal(t, "bar", obj["foo"])
 	assert.Equal(t, "world", obj["hello"])
 
 	obj = make(map[string]string)
-	req = requestWithBody("GET", "/?foo=bar&foo=2&hello=world", "") // should pick last
+	req = requestWithBody(http.MethodGet, "/?foo=bar&foo=2&hello=world", "") // should pick last
 	err = b.Bind(req, &obj)
-	assert.NoError(t, err)
+	require.NoError(t, err)
 	assert.NotNil(t, obj)
 	assert.Len(t, obj, 2)
 	assert.Equal(t, "2", obj["foo"])
@@ -493,29 +497,29 @@ func TestBindingYAMLFail(t *testing.T) {
 }
 
 func createFormPostRequest(t *testing.T) *http.Request {
-	req, err := http.NewRequest("POST", "/?foo=getfoo&bar=getbar", bytes.NewBufferString("foo=bar&bar=foo"))
-	assert.NoError(t, err)
+	req, err := http.NewRequest(http.MethodPost, "/?foo=getfoo&bar=getbar", bytes.NewBufferString("foo=bar&bar=foo"))
+	require.NoError(t, err)
 	req.Header.Set("Content-Type", MIMEPOSTForm)
 	return req
 }
 
 func createDefaultFormPostRequest(t *testing.T) *http.Request {
-	req, err := http.NewRequest("POST", "/?foo=getfoo&bar=getbar", bytes.NewBufferString("foo=bar"))
-	assert.NoError(t, err)
+	req, err := http.NewRequest(http.MethodPost, "/?foo=getfoo&bar=getbar", bytes.NewBufferString("foo=bar"))
+	require.NoError(t, err)
 	req.Header.Set("Content-Type", MIMEPOSTForm)
 	return req
 }
 
 func createFormPostRequestForMap(t *testing.T) *http.Request {
-	req, err := http.NewRequest("POST", "/?map_foo=getfoo", bytes.NewBufferString("map_foo={\"bar\":123}"))
-	assert.NoError(t, err)
+	req, err := http.NewRequest(http.MethodPost, "/?map_foo=getfoo", bytes.NewBufferString("map_foo={\"bar\":123}"))
+	require.NoError(t, err)
 	req.Header.Set("Content-Type", MIMEPOSTForm)
 	return req
 }
 
 func createFormPostRequestForMapFail(t *testing.T) *http.Request {
-	req, err := http.NewRequest("POST", "/?map_foo=getfoo", bytes.NewBufferString("map_foo=hello"))
-	assert.NoError(t, err)
+	req, err := http.NewRequest(http.MethodPost, "/?map_foo=getfoo", bytes.NewBufferString("map_foo=hello"))
+	require.NoError(t, err)
 	req.Header.Set("Content-Type", MIMEPOSTForm)
 	return req
 }
@@ -526,20 +530,20 @@ func createFormFilesMultipartRequest(t *testing.T) *http.Request {
 	mw := multipart.NewWriter(body)
 	defer mw.Close()
 
-	assert.NoError(t, mw.SetBoundary(boundary))
-	assert.NoError(t, mw.WriteField("foo", "bar"))
-	assert.NoError(t, mw.WriteField("bar", "foo"))
+	require.NoError(t, mw.SetBoundary(boundary))
+	require.NoError(t, mw.WriteField("foo", "bar"))
+	require.NoError(t, mw.WriteField("bar", "foo"))
 
 	f, err := os.Open("form.go")
-	assert.NoError(t, err)
+	require.NoError(t, err)
 	defer f.Close()
 	fw, err1 := mw.CreateFormFile("file", "form.go")
-	assert.NoError(t, err1)
+	require.NoError(t, err1)
 	_, err = io.Copy(fw, f)
-	assert.NoError(t, err)
+	require.NoError(t, err)
 
-	req, err2 := http.NewRequest("POST", "/?foo=getfoo&bar=getbar", body)
-	assert.NoError(t, err2)
+	req, err2 := http.NewRequest(http.MethodPost, "/?foo=getfoo&bar=getbar", body)
+	require.NoError(t, err2)
 	req.Header.Set("Content-Type", MIMEMultipartPOSTForm+"; boundary="+boundary)
 
 	return req
@@ -551,20 +555,20 @@ func createFormFilesMultipartRequestFail(t *testing.T) *http.Request {
 	mw := multipart.NewWriter(body)
 	defer mw.Close()
 
-	assert.NoError(t, mw.SetBoundary(boundary))
-	assert.NoError(t, mw.WriteField("foo", "bar"))
-	assert.NoError(t, mw.WriteField("bar", "foo"))
+	require.NoError(t, mw.SetBoundary(boundary))
+	require.NoError(t, mw.WriteField("foo", "bar"))
+	require.NoError(t, mw.WriteField("bar", "foo"))
 
 	f, err := os.Open("form.go")
-	assert.NoError(t, err)
+	require.NoError(t, err)
 	defer f.Close()
 	fw, err1 := mw.CreateFormFile("file_foo", "form_foo.go")
-	assert.NoError(t, err1)
+	require.NoError(t, err1)
 	_, err = io.Copy(fw, f)
-	assert.NoError(t, err)
+	require.NoError(t, err)
 
-	req, err2 := http.NewRequest("POST", "/?foo=getfoo&bar=getbar", body)
-	assert.NoError(t, err2)
+	req, err2 := http.NewRequest(http.MethodPost, "/?foo=getfoo&bar=getbar", body)
+	require.NoError(t, err2)
 	req.Header.Set("Content-Type", MIMEMultipartPOSTForm+"; boundary="+boundary)
 
 	return req
@@ -576,11 +580,11 @@ func createFormMultipartRequest(t *testing.T) *http.Request {
 	mw := multipart.NewWriter(body)
 	defer mw.Close()
 
-	assert.NoError(t, mw.SetBoundary(boundary))
-	assert.NoError(t, mw.WriteField("foo", "bar"))
-	assert.NoError(t, mw.WriteField("bar", "foo"))
-	req, err := http.NewRequest("POST", "/?foo=getfoo&bar=getbar", body)
-	assert.NoError(t, err)
+	require.NoError(t, mw.SetBoundary(boundary))
+	require.NoError(t, mw.WriteField("foo", "bar"))
+	require.NoError(t, mw.WriteField("bar", "foo"))
+	req, err := http.NewRequest(http.MethodPost, "/?foo=getfoo&bar=getbar", body)
+	require.NoError(t, err)
 	req.Header.Set("Content-Type", MIMEMultipartPOSTForm+"; boundary="+boundary)
 	return req
 }
@@ -591,10 +595,10 @@ func createFormMultipartRequestForMap(t *testing.T) *http.Request {
 	mw := multipart.NewWriter(body)
 	defer mw.Close()
 
-	assert.NoError(t, mw.SetBoundary(boundary))
-	assert.NoError(t, mw.WriteField("map_foo", "{\"bar\":123, \"name\":\"thinkerou\", \"pai\": 3.14}"))
-	req, err := http.NewRequest("POST", "/?map_foo=getfoo", body)
-	assert.NoError(t, err)
+	require.NoError(t, mw.SetBoundary(boundary))
+	require.NoError(t, mw.WriteField("map_foo", "{\"bar\":123, \"name\":\"thinkerou\", \"pai\": 3.14}"))
+	req, err := http.NewRequest(http.MethodPost, "/?map_foo=getfoo", body)
+	require.NoError(t, err)
 	req.Header.Set("Content-Type", MIMEMultipartPOSTForm+"; boundary="+boundary)
 	return req
 }
@@ -605,10 +609,10 @@ func createFormMultipartRequestForMapFail(t *testing.T) *http.Request {
 	mw := multipart.NewWriter(body)
 	defer mw.Close()
 
-	assert.NoError(t, mw.SetBoundary(boundary))
-	assert.NoError(t, mw.WriteField("map_foo", "3.14"))
-	req, err := http.NewRequest("POST", "/?map_foo=getfoo", body)
-	assert.NoError(t, err)
+	require.NoError(t, mw.SetBoundary(boundary))
+	require.NoError(t, mw.WriteField("map_foo", "3.14"))
+	req, err := http.NewRequest(http.MethodPost, "/?map_foo=getfoo", body)
+	require.NoError(t, err)
 	req.Header.Set("Content-Type", MIMEMultipartPOSTForm+"; boundary="+boundary)
 	return req
 }
@@ -616,7 +620,7 @@ func createFormMultipartRequestForMapFail(t *testing.T) *http.Request {
 func TestBindingFormPost(t *testing.T) {
 	req := createFormPostRequest(t)
 	var obj FooBarStruct
-	assert.NoError(t, FormPost.Bind(req, &obj))
+	require.NoError(t, FormPost.Bind(req, &obj))
 
 	assert.Equal(t, "form-urlencoded", FormPost.Name())
 	assert.Equal(t, "bar", obj.Foo)
@@ -626,7 +630,7 @@ func TestBindingFormPost(t *testing.T) {
 func TestBindingDefaultValueFormPost(t *testing.T) {
 	req := createDefaultFormPostRequest(t)
 	var obj FooDefaultBarStruct
-	assert.NoError(t, FormPost.Bind(req, &obj))
+	require.NoError(t, FormPost.Bind(req, &obj))
 
 	assert.Equal(t, "bar", obj.Foo)
 	assert.Equal(t, "hello", obj.Bar)
@@ -636,36 +640,36 @@ func TestBindingFormPostForMap(t *testing.T) {
 	req := createFormPostRequestForMap(t)
 	var obj FooStructForMapType
 	err := FormPost.Bind(req, &obj)
-	assert.NoError(t, err)
-	assert.Equal(t, float64(123), obj.MapFoo["bar"].(float64))
+	require.NoError(t, err)
+	assert.InDelta(t, float64(123), obj.MapFoo["bar"].(float64), 0.01)
 }
 
 func TestBindingFormPostForMapFail(t *testing.T) {
 	req := createFormPostRequestForMapFail(t)
 	var obj FooStructForMapType
 	err := FormPost.Bind(req, &obj)
-	assert.Error(t, err)
+	require.Error(t, err)
 }
 
 func TestBindingFormFilesMultipart(t *testing.T) {
 	req := createFormFilesMultipartRequest(t)
 	var obj FooBarFileStruct
 	err := FormMultipart.Bind(req, &obj)
-	assert.NoError(t, err)
+	require.NoError(t, err)
 
 	// file from os
 	f, _ := os.Open("form.go")
 	defer f.Close()
-	fileActual, _ := ioutil.ReadAll(f)
+	fileActual, _ := io.ReadAll(f)
 
 	// file from multipart
 	mf, _ := obj.File.Open()
 	defer mf.Close()
-	fileExpect, _ := ioutil.ReadAll(mf)
+	fileExpect, _ := io.ReadAll(mf)
 
-	assert.Equal(t, FormMultipart.Name(), "multipart/form-data")
-	assert.Equal(t, obj.Foo, "bar")
-	assert.Equal(t, obj.Bar, "foo")
+	assert.Equal(t, "multipart/form-data", FormMultipart.Name())
+	assert.Equal(t, "bar", obj.Foo)
+	assert.Equal(t, "foo", obj.Bar)
 	assert.Equal(t, fileExpect, fileActual)
 }
 
@@ -673,13 +677,13 @@ func TestBindingFormFilesMultipartFail(t *testing.T) {
 	req := createFormFilesMultipartRequestFail(t)
 	var obj FooBarFileFailStruct
 	err := FormMultipart.Bind(req, &obj)
-	assert.Error(t, err)
+	require.Error(t, err)
 }
 
 func TestBindingFormMultipart(t *testing.T) {
 	req := createFormMultipartRequest(t)
 	var obj FooBarStruct
-	assert.NoError(t, FormMultipart.Bind(req, &obj))
+	require.NoError(t, FormMultipart.Bind(req, &obj))
 
 	assert.Equal(t, "multipart/form-data", FormMultipart.Name())
 	assert.Equal(t, "bar", obj.Foo)
@@ -690,17 +694,17 @@ func TestBindingFormMultipartForMap(t *testing.T) {
 	req := createFormMultipartRequestForMap(t)
 	var obj FooStructForMapType
 	err := FormMultipart.Bind(req, &obj)
-	assert.NoError(t, err)
-	assert.Equal(t, float64(123), obj.MapFoo["bar"].(float64))
+	require.NoError(t, err)
+	assert.InDelta(t, float64(123), obj.MapFoo["bar"].(float64), 0.01)
 	assert.Equal(t, "thinkerou", obj.MapFoo["name"].(string))
-	assert.Equal(t, float64(3.14), obj.MapFoo["pai"].(float64))
+	assert.InDelta(t, float64(3.14), obj.MapFoo["pai"].(float64), 0.01)
 }
 
 func TestBindingFormMultipartForMapFail(t *testing.T) {
 	req := createFormMultipartRequestForMapFail(t)
 	var obj FooStructForMapType
 	err := FormMultipart.Bind(req, &obj)
-	assert.Error(t, err)
+	require.Error(t, err)
 }
 
 func TestBindingProtoBuf(t *testing.T) {
@@ -729,9 +733,9 @@ func TestBindingProtoBufFail(t *testing.T) {
 
 func TestValidationFails(t *testing.T) {
 	var obj FooStruct
-	req := requestWithBody("POST", "/", `{"bar": "foo"}`)
+	req := requestWithBody(http.MethodPost, "/", `{"bar": "foo"}`)
 	err := JSON.Bind(req, &obj)
-	assert.Error(t, err)
+	require.Error(t, err)
 }
 
 func TestValidationDisabled(t *testing.T) {
@@ -740,9 +744,9 @@ func TestValidationDisabled(t *testing.T) {
 	defer func() { Validator = backup }()
 
 	var obj FooStruct
-	req := requestWithBody("POST", "/", `{"bar": "foo"}`)
+	req := requestWithBody(http.MethodPost, "/", `{"bar": "foo"}`)
 	err := JSON.Bind(req, &obj)
-	assert.NoError(t, err)
+	require.NoError(t, err)
 }
 
 func TestRequiredSucceeds(t *testing.T) {
@@ -751,9 +755,9 @@ func TestRequiredSucceeds(t *testing.T) {
 	}
 
 	var obj HogeStruct
-	req := requestWithBody("POST", "/", `{"hoge": 0}`)
+	req := requestWithBody(http.MethodPost, "/", `{"hoge": 0}`)
 	err := JSON.Bind(req, &obj)
-	assert.NoError(t, err)
+	require.NoError(t, err)
 }
 
 func TestRequiredFails(t *testing.T) {
@@ -762,9 +766,9 @@ func TestRequiredFails(t *testing.T) {
 	}
 
 	var obj HogeStruct
-	req := requestWithBody("POST", "/", `{"boen": 0}`)
+	req := requestWithBody(http.MethodPost, "/", `{"boen": 0}`)
 	err := JSON.Bind(req, &obj)
-	assert.Error(t, err)
+	require.Error(t, err)
 }
 
 func TestHeaderBinding(t *testing.T) {
@@ -776,12 +780,12 @@ func TestHeaderBinding(t *testing.T) {
 	}
 
 	var theader tHeader
-	req := requestWithBody("GET", "/", "")
+	req := requestWithBody(http.MethodGet, "/", "")
 	req.Header.Add("limit", "1000")
-	assert.NoError(t, h.Bind(req, &theader))
+	require.NoError(t, h.Bind(req, &theader))
 	assert.Equal(t, 1000, theader.Limit)
 
-	req = requestWithBody("GET", "/", "")
+	req = requestWithBody(http.MethodGet, "/", "")
 	req.Header.Add("fail", `{fail:fail}`)
 
 	type failStruct struct {
@@ -789,7 +793,7 @@ func TestHeaderBinding(t *testing.T) {
 	}
 
 	err := h.Bind(req, &failStruct{})
-	assert.Error(t, err)
+	require.Error(t, err)
 }
 
 func TestUriBinding(t *testing.T) {
@@ -802,14 +806,14 @@ func TestUriBinding(t *testing.T) {
 	var tag Tag
 	m := make(map[string][]string)
 	m["name"] = []string{"thinkerou"}
-	assert.NoError(t, b.BindUri(m, &tag))
+	require.NoError(t, b.BindUri(m, &tag))
 	assert.Equal(t, "thinkerou", tag.Name)
 
 	type NotSupportStruct struct {
 		Name map[string]any `uri:"name"`
 	}
 	var not NotSupportStruct
-	assert.Error(t, b.BindUri(m, &not))
+	require.Error(t, b.BindUri(m, &not))
 	assert.Equal(t, map[string]any(nil), not.Name)
 }
 
@@ -830,9 +834,9 @@ func TestUriInnerBinding(t *testing.T) {
 	}
 
 	var tag Tag
-	assert.NoError(t, Uri.BindUri(m, &tag))
-	assert.Equal(t, tag.Name, expectedName)
-	assert.Equal(t, tag.S.Age, expectedAge)
+	require.NoError(t, Uri.BindUri(m, &tag))
+	assert.Equal(t, expectedName, tag.Name)
+	assert.Equal(t, expectedAge, tag.S.Age)
 }
 
 func testFormBindingEmbeddedStruct(t *testing.T, method, path, badPath, body, badBody string) {
@@ -841,11 +845,11 @@ func testFormBindingEmbeddedStruct(t *testing.T, method, path, badPath, body, ba
 
 	obj := QueryTest{}
 	req := requestWithBody(method, path, body)
-	if method == "POST" {
+	if method == http.MethodPost {
 		req.Header.Add("Content-Type", MIMEPOSTForm)
 	}
 	err := b.Bind(req, &obj)
-	assert.NoError(t, err)
+	require.NoError(t, err)
 	assert.Equal(t, 1, obj.Page)
 	assert.Equal(t, 2, obj.Size)
 	assert.Equal(t, "test-appkey", obj.Appkey)
@@ -857,18 +861,18 @@ func testFormBinding(t *testing.T, method, path, badPath, body, badBody string)
 
 	obj := FooBarStruct{}
 	req := requestWithBody(method, path, body)
-	if method == "POST" {
+	if method == http.MethodPost {
 		req.Header.Add("Content-Type", MIMEPOSTForm)
 	}
 	err := b.Bind(req, &obj)
-	assert.NoError(t, err)
+	require.NoError(t, err)
 	assert.Equal(t, "bar", obj.Foo)
 	assert.Equal(t, "foo", obj.Bar)
 
 	obj = FooBarStruct{}
 	req = requestWithBody(method, badPath, badBody)
 	err = JSON.Bind(req, &obj)
-	assert.Error(t, err)
+	require.Error(t, err)
 }
 
 func testFormBindingDefaultValue(t *testing.T, method, path, badPath, body, badBody string) {
@@ -877,18 +881,18 @@ func testFormBindingDefaultValue(t *testing.T, method, path, badPath, body, badB
 
 	obj := FooDefaultBarStruct{}
 	req := requestWithBody(method, path, body)
-	if method == "POST" {
+	if method == http.MethodPost {
 		req.Header.Add("Content-Type", MIMEPOSTForm)
 	}
 	err := b.Bind(req, &obj)
-	assert.NoError(t, err)
+	require.NoError(t, err)
 	assert.Equal(t, "bar", obj.Foo)
 	assert.Equal(t, "hello", obj.Bar)
 
 	obj = FooDefaultBarStruct{}
 	req = requestWithBody(method, badPath, badBody)
 	err = JSON.Bind(req, &obj)
-	assert.Error(t, err)
+	require.Error(t, err)
 }
 
 func TestFormBindingFail(t *testing.T) {
@@ -896,20 +900,20 @@ func TestFormBindingFail(t *testing.T) {
 	assert.Equal(t, "form", b.Name())
 
 	obj := FooBarStruct{}
-	req, _ := http.NewRequest("POST", "/", nil)
+	req, _ := http.NewRequest(http.MethodPost, "/", nil)
 	err := b.Bind(req, &obj)
-	assert.Error(t, err)
+	require.Error(t, err)
 }
 
 func TestFormBindingMultipartFail(t *testing.T) {
 	obj := FooBarStruct{}
-	req, err := http.NewRequest("POST", "/", strings.NewReader("foo=bar"))
-	assert.NoError(t, err)
+	req, err := http.NewRequest(http.MethodPost, "/", strings.NewReader("foo=bar"))
+	require.NoError(t, err)
 	req.Header.Set("Content-Type", MIMEMultipartPOSTForm+";boundary=testboundary")
 	_, err = req.MultipartReader()
-	assert.NoError(t, err)
+	require.NoError(t, err)
 	err = Form.Bind(req, &obj)
-	assert.Error(t, err)
+	require.Error(t, err)
 }
 
 func TestFormPostBindingFail(t *testing.T) {
@@ -917,9 +921,9 @@ func TestFormPostBindingFail(t *testing.T) {
 	assert.Equal(t, "form-urlencoded", b.Name())
 
 	obj := FooBarStruct{}
-	req, _ := http.NewRequest("POST", "/", nil)
+	req, _ := http.NewRequest(http.MethodPost, "/", nil)
 	err := b.Bind(req, &obj)
-	assert.Error(t, err)
+	require.Error(t, err)
 }
 
 func TestFormMultipartBindingFail(t *testing.T) {
@@ -927,9 +931,9 @@ func TestFormMultipartBindingFail(t *testing.T) {
 	assert.Equal(t, "multipart/form-data", b.Name())
 
 	obj := FooBarStruct{}
-	req, _ := http.NewRequest("POST", "/", nil)
+	req, _ := http.NewRequest(http.MethodPost, "/", nil)
 	err := b.Bind(req, &obj)
-	assert.Error(t, err)
+	require.Error(t, err)
 }
 
 func testFormBindingForTime(t *testing.T, method, path, badPath, body, badBody string) {
@@ -938,23 +942,25 @@ func testFormBindingForTime(t *testing.T, method, path, badPath, body, badBody s
 
 	obj := FooBarStructForTimeType{}
 	req := requestWithBody(method, path, body)
-	if method == "POST" {
+	if method == http.MethodPost {
 		req.Header.Add("Content-Type", MIMEPOSTForm)
 	}
 	err := b.Bind(req, &obj)
 
-	assert.NoError(t, err)
+	require.NoError(t, err)
 	assert.Equal(t, int64(1510675200), obj.TimeFoo.Unix())
 	assert.Equal(t, "Asia/Chongqing", obj.TimeFoo.Location().String())
 	assert.Equal(t, int64(-62135596800), obj.TimeBar.Unix())
 	assert.Equal(t, "UTC", obj.TimeBar.Location().String())
 	assert.Equal(t, int64(1562400033000000123), obj.CreateTime.UnixNano())
 	assert.Equal(t, int64(1562400033), obj.UnixTime.Unix())
+	assert.Equal(t, int64(1562400033001), obj.UnixMilliTime.UnixMilli())
+	assert.Equal(t, int64(1562400033000012), obj.UnixMicroTime.UnixMicro())
 
 	obj = FooBarStructForTimeType{}
 	req = requestWithBody(method, badPath, badBody)
 	err = JSON.Bind(req, &obj)
-	assert.Error(t, err)
+	require.Error(t, err)
 }
 
 func testFormBindingForTimeNotUnixFormat(t *testing.T, method, path, badPath, body, badBody string) {
@@ -963,16 +969,16 @@ func testFormBindingForTimeNotUnixFormat(t *testing.T, method, path, badPath, bo
 
 	obj := FooStructForTimeTypeNotUnixFormat{}
 	req := requestWithBody(method, path, body)
-	if method == "POST" {
+	if method == http.MethodPost {
 		req.Header.Add("Content-Type", MIMEPOSTForm)
 	}
 	err := b.Bind(req, &obj)
-	assert.Error(t, err)
+	require.Error(t, err)
 
 	obj = FooStructForTimeTypeNotUnixFormat{}
 	req = requestWithBody(method, badPath, badBody)
 	err = JSON.Bind(req, &obj)
-	assert.Error(t, err)
+	require.Error(t, err)
 }
 
 func testFormBindingForTimeNotFormat(t *testing.T, method, path, badPath, body, badBody string) {
@@ -981,16 +987,16 @@ func testFormBindingForTimeNotFormat(t *testing.T, method, path, badPath, body,
 
 	obj := FooStructForTimeTypeNotFormat{}
 	req := requestWithBody(method, path, body)
-	if method == "POST" {
+	if method == http.MethodPost {
 		req.Header.Add("Content-Type", MIMEPOSTForm)
 	}
 	err := b.Bind(req, &obj)
-	assert.Error(t, err)
+	require.Error(t, err)
 
 	obj = FooStructForTimeTypeNotFormat{}
 	req = requestWithBody(method, badPath, badBody)
 	err = JSON.Bind(req, &obj)
-	assert.Error(t, err)
+	require.Error(t, err)
 }
 
 func testFormBindingForTimeFailFormat(t *testing.T, method, path, badPath, body, badBody string) {
@@ -999,16 +1005,16 @@ func testFormBindingForTimeFailFormat(t *testing.T, method, path, badPath, body,
 
 	obj := FooStructForTimeTypeFailFormat{}
 	req := requestWithBody(method, path, body)
-	if method == "POST" {
+	if method == http.MethodPost {
 		req.Header.Add("Content-Type", MIMEPOSTForm)
 	}
 	err := b.Bind(req, &obj)
-	assert.Error(t, err)
+	require.Error(t, err)
 
 	obj = FooStructForTimeTypeFailFormat{}
 	req = requestWithBody(method, badPath, badBody)
 	err = JSON.Bind(req, &obj)
-	assert.Error(t, err)
+	require.Error(t, err)
 }
 
 func testFormBindingForTimeFailLocation(t *testing.T, method, path, badPath, body, badBody string) {
@@ -1017,16 +1023,16 @@ func testFormBindingForTimeFailLocation(t *testing.T, method, path, badPath, bod
 
 	obj := FooStructForTimeTypeFailLocation{}
 	req := requestWithBody(method, path, body)
-	if method == "POST" {
+	if method == http.MethodPost {
 		req.Header.Add("Content-Type", MIMEPOSTForm)
 	}
 	err := b.Bind(req, &obj)
-	assert.Error(t, err)
+	require.Error(t, err)
 
 	obj = FooStructForTimeTypeFailLocation{}
 	req = requestWithBody(method, badPath, badBody)
 	err = JSON.Bind(req, &obj)
-	assert.Error(t, err)
+	require.Error(t, err)
 }
 
 func testFormBindingIgnoreField(t *testing.T, method, path, badPath, body, badBody string) {
@@ -1035,11 +1041,11 @@ func testFormBindingIgnoreField(t *testing.T, method, path, badPath, body, badBo
 
 	obj := FooStructForIgnoreFormTag{}
 	req := requestWithBody(method, path, body)
-	if method == "POST" {
+	if method == http.MethodPost {
 		req.Header.Add("Content-Type", MIMEPOSTForm)
 	}
 	err := b.Bind(req, &obj)
-	assert.NoError(t, err)
+	require.NoError(t, err)
 
 	assert.Nil(t, obj.Foo)
 }
@@ -1050,17 +1056,17 @@ func testFormBindingInvalidName(t *testing.T, method, path, badPath, body, badBo
 
 	obj := InvalidNameType{}
 	req := requestWithBody(method, path, body)
-	if method == "POST" {
+	if method == http.MethodPost {
 		req.Header.Add("Content-Type", MIMEPOSTForm)
 	}
 	err := b.Bind(req, &obj)
-	assert.NoError(t, err)
-	assert.Equal(t, "", obj.TestName)
+	require.NoError(t, err)
+	assert.Empty(t, obj.TestName)
 
 	obj = InvalidNameType{}
 	req = requestWithBody(method, badPath, badBody)
 	err = JSON.Bind(req, &obj)
-	assert.Error(t, err)
+	require.Error(t, err)
 }
 
 func testFormBindingInvalidName2(t *testing.T, method, path, badPath, body, badBody string) {
@@ -1069,16 +1075,16 @@ func testFormBindingInvalidName2(t *testing.T, method, path, badPath, body, badB
 
 	obj := InvalidNameMapType{}
 	req := requestWithBody(method, path, body)
-	if method == "POST" {
+	if method == http.MethodPost {
 		req.Header.Add("Content-Type", MIMEPOSTForm)
 	}
 	err := b.Bind(req, &obj)
-	assert.Error(t, err)
+	require.Error(t, err)
 
 	obj = InvalidNameMapType{}
 	req = requestWithBody(method, badPath, badBody)
 	err = JSON.Bind(req, &obj)
-	assert.Error(t, err)
+	require.Error(t, err)
 }
 
 func testFormBindingForType(t *testing.T, method, path, badPath, body, badBody string, typ string) {
@@ -1086,72 +1092,68 @@ func testFormBindingForType(t *testing.T, method, path, badPath, body, badBody s
 	assert.Equal(t, "form", b.Name())
 
 	req := requestWithBody(method, path, body)
-	if method == "POST" {
+	if method == http.MethodPost {
 		req.Header.Add("Content-Type", MIMEPOSTForm)
 	}
 	switch typ {
 	case "Slice":
 		obj := FooStructForSliceType{}
 		err := b.Bind(req, &obj)
-		assert.NoError(t, err)
+		require.NoError(t, err)
 		assert.Equal(t, []int{1, 2}, obj.SliceFoo)
 
 		obj = FooStructForSliceType{}
 		req = requestWithBody(method, badPath, badBody)
 		err = JSON.Bind(req, &obj)
-		assert.Error(t, err)
+		require.Error(t, err)
 	case "Struct":
 		obj := FooStructForStructType{}
 		err := b.Bind(req, &obj)
-		assert.NoError(t, err)
+		require.NoError(t, err)
 		assert.Equal(t,
 			struct {
 				Idx int "form:\"idx\""
-			}(struct {
-				Idx int "form:\"idx\""
-			}{Idx: 123}),
+			}{Idx: 123},
 			obj.StructFoo)
 	case "StructPointer":
 		obj := FooStructForStructPointerType{}
 		err := b.Bind(req, &obj)
-		assert.NoError(t, err)
+		require.NoError(t, err)
 		assert.Equal(t,
 			struct {
 				Name string "form:\"name\""
-			}(struct {
-				Name string "form:\"name\""
-			}{Name: "thinkerou"}),
+			}{Name: "thinkerou"},
 			*obj.StructPointerFoo)
 	case "Map":
 		obj := FooStructForMapType{}
 		err := b.Bind(req, &obj)
-		assert.NoError(t, err)
-		assert.Equal(t, float64(123), obj.MapFoo["bar"].(float64))
+		require.NoError(t, err)
+		assert.InDelta(t, float64(123), obj.MapFoo["bar"].(float64), 0.01)
 	case "SliceMap":
 		obj := FooStructForSliceMapType{}
 		err := b.Bind(req, &obj)
-		assert.Error(t, err)
+		require.Error(t, err)
 	case "Ptr":
 		obj := FooStructForStringPtrType{}
 		err := b.Bind(req, &obj)
-		assert.NoError(t, err)
+		require.NoError(t, err)
 		assert.Nil(t, obj.PtrFoo)
 		assert.Equal(t, "test", *obj.PtrBar)
 
 		obj = FooStructForStringPtrType{}
 		obj.PtrBar = new(string)
 		err = b.Bind(req, &obj)
-		assert.NoError(t, err)
+		require.NoError(t, err)
 		assert.Equal(t, "test", *obj.PtrBar)
 
 		objErr := FooStructForMapPtrType{}
 		err = b.Bind(req, &objErr)
-		assert.Error(t, err)
+		require.Error(t, err)
 
 		obj = FooStructForStringPtrType{}
 		req = requestWithBody(method, badPath, badBody)
 		err = b.Bind(req, &obj)
-		assert.Error(t, err)
+		require.Error(t, err)
 	}
 }
 
@@ -1161,11 +1163,11 @@ func testQueryBinding(t *testing.T, method, path, badPath, body, badBody string)
 
 	obj := FooBarStruct{}
 	req := requestWithBody(method, path, body)
-	if method == "POST" {
+	if method == http.MethodPost {
 		req.Header.Add("Content-Type", MIMEPOSTForm)
 	}
 	err := b.Bind(req, &obj)
-	assert.NoError(t, err)
+	require.NoError(t, err)
 	assert.Equal(t, "bar", obj.Foo)
 	assert.Equal(t, "foo", obj.Bar)
 }
@@ -1176,11 +1178,11 @@ func testQueryBindingFail(t *testing.T, method, path, badPath, body, badBody str
 
 	obj := FooStructForMapType{}
 	req := requestWithBody(method, path, body)
-	if method == "POST" {
+	if method == http.MethodPost {
 		req.Header.Add("Content-Type", MIMEPOSTForm)
 	}
 	err := b.Bind(req, &obj)
-	assert.Error(t, err)
+	require.Error(t, err)
 }
 
 func testQueryBindingBoolFail(t *testing.T, method, path, badPath, body, badBody string) {
@@ -1189,50 +1191,50 @@ func testQueryBindingBoolFail(t *testing.T, method, path, badPath, body, badBody
 
 	obj := FooStructForBoolType{}
 	req := requestWithBody(method, path, body)
-	if method == "POST" {
+	if method == http.MethodPost {
 		req.Header.Add("Content-Type", MIMEPOSTForm)
 	}
 	err := b.Bind(req, &obj)
-	assert.Error(t, err)
+	require.Error(t, err)
 }
 
 func testBodyBinding(t *testing.T, b Binding, name, path, badPath, body, badBody string) {
 	assert.Equal(t, name, b.Name())
 
 	obj := FooStruct{}
-	req := requestWithBody("POST", path, body)
+	req := requestWithBody(http.MethodPost, path, body)
 	err := b.Bind(req, &obj)
-	assert.NoError(t, err)
+	require.NoError(t, err)
 	assert.Equal(t, "bar", obj.Foo)
 
 	obj = FooStruct{}
-	req = requestWithBody("POST", badPath, badBody)
+	req = requestWithBody(http.MethodPost, badPath, badBody)
 	err = JSON.Bind(req, &obj)
-	assert.Error(t, err)
+	require.Error(t, err)
 }
 
 func testBodyBindingSlice(t *testing.T, b Binding, name, path, badPath, body, badBody string) {
 	assert.Equal(t, name, b.Name())
 
 	var obj1 []FooStruct
-	req := requestWithBody("POST", path, body)
+	req := requestWithBody(http.MethodPost, path, body)
 	err := b.Bind(req, &obj1)
-	assert.NoError(t, err)
+	require.NoError(t, err)
 
 	var obj2 []FooStruct
-	req = requestWithBody("POST", badPath, badBody)
+	req = requestWithBody(http.MethodPost, badPath, badBody)
 	err = JSON.Bind(req, &obj2)
-	assert.Error(t, err)
+	require.Error(t, err)
 }
 
 func testBodyBindingStringMap(t *testing.T, b Binding, path, badPath, body, badBody string) {
 	obj := make(map[string]string)
-	req := requestWithBody("POST", path, body)
+	req := requestWithBody(http.MethodPost, path, body)
 	if b.Name() == "form" {
 		req.Header.Add("Content-Type", MIMEPOSTForm)
 	}
 	err := b.Bind(req, &obj)
-	assert.NoError(t, err)
+	require.NoError(t, err)
 	assert.NotNil(t, obj)
 	assert.Len(t, obj, 2)
 	assert.Equal(t, "bar", obj["foo"])
@@ -1240,52 +1242,52 @@ func testBodyBindingStringMap(t *testing.T, b Binding, path, badPath, body, badB
 
 	if badPath != "" && badBody != "" {
 		obj = make(map[string]string)
-		req = requestWithBody("POST", badPath, badBody)
+		req = requestWithBody(http.MethodPost, badPath, badBody)
 		err = b.Bind(req, &obj)
-		assert.Error(t, err)
+		require.Error(t, err)
 	}
 
 	objInt := make(map[string]int)
-	req = requestWithBody("POST", path, body)
+	req = requestWithBody(http.MethodPost, path, body)
 	err = b.Bind(req, &objInt)
-	assert.Error(t, err)
+	require.Error(t, err)
 }
 
 func testBodyBindingUseNumber(t *testing.T, b Binding, name, path, badPath, body, badBody string) {
 	assert.Equal(t, name, b.Name())
 
 	obj := FooStructUseNumber{}
-	req := requestWithBody("POST", path, body)
+	req := requestWithBody(http.MethodPost, path, body)
 	EnableDecoderUseNumber = true
 	err := b.Bind(req, &obj)
-	assert.NoError(t, err)
+	require.NoError(t, err)
 	// we hope it is int64(123)
 	v, e := obj.Foo.(json.Number).Int64()
-	assert.NoError(t, e)
+	require.NoError(t, e)
 	assert.Equal(t, int64(123), v)
 
 	obj = FooStructUseNumber{}
-	req = requestWithBody("POST", badPath, badBody)
+	req = requestWithBody(http.MethodPost, badPath, badBody)
 	err = JSON.Bind(req, &obj)
-	assert.Error(t, err)
+	require.Error(t, err)
 }
 
 func testBodyBindingUseNumber2(t *testing.T, b Binding, name, path, badPath, body, badBody string) {
 	assert.Equal(t, name, b.Name())
 
 	obj := FooStructUseNumber{}
-	req := requestWithBody("POST", path, body)
+	req := requestWithBody(http.MethodPost, path, body)
 	EnableDecoderUseNumber = false
 	err := b.Bind(req, &obj)
-	assert.NoError(t, err)
+	require.NoError(t, err)
 	// it will return float64(123) if not use EnableDecoderUseNumber
 	// maybe it is not hoped
-	assert.Equal(t, float64(123), obj.Foo)
+	assert.InDelta(t, float64(123), obj.Foo, 0.01)
 
 	obj = FooStructUseNumber{}
-	req = requestWithBody("POST", badPath, badBody)
+	req = requestWithBody(http.MethodPost, badPath, badBody)
 	err = JSON.Bind(req, &obj)
-	assert.Error(t, err)
+	require.Error(t, err)
 }
 
 func testBodyBindingDisallowUnknownFields(t *testing.T, b Binding, path, badPath, body, badBody string) {
@@ -1295,15 +1297,15 @@ func testBodyBindingDisallowUnknownFields(t *testing.T, b Binding, path, badPath
 	}()
 
 	obj := FooStructDisallowUnknownFields{}
-	req := requestWithBody("POST", path, body)
+	req := requestWithBody(http.MethodPost, path, body)
 	err := b.Bind(req, &obj)
-	assert.NoError(t, err)
+	require.NoError(t, err)
 	assert.Equal(t, "bar", obj.Foo)
 
 	obj = FooStructDisallowUnknownFields{}
-	req = requestWithBody("POST", badPath, badBody)
+	req = requestWithBody(http.MethodPost, badPath, badBody)
 	err = JSON.Bind(req, &obj)
-	assert.Error(t, err)
+	require.Error(t, err)
 	assert.Contains(t, err.Error(), "what")
 }
 
@@ -1311,32 +1313,32 @@ func testBodyBindingFail(t *testing.T, b Binding, name, path, badPath, body, bad
 	assert.Equal(t, name, b.Name())
 
 	obj := FooStruct{}
-	req := requestWithBody("POST", path, body)
+	req := requestWithBody(http.MethodPost, path, body)
 	err := b.Bind(req, &obj)
-	assert.Error(t, err)
-	assert.Equal(t, "", obj.Foo)
+	require.Error(t, err)
+	assert.Empty(t, obj.Foo)
 
 	obj = FooStruct{}
-	req = requestWithBody("POST", badPath, badBody)
+	req = requestWithBody(http.MethodPost, badPath, badBody)
 	err = JSON.Bind(req, &obj)
-	assert.Error(t, err)
+	require.Error(t, err)
 }
 
 func testProtoBodyBinding(t *testing.T, b Binding, name, path, badPath, body, badBody string) {
 	assert.Equal(t, name, b.Name())
 
 	obj := protoexample.Test{}
-	req := requestWithBody("POST", path, body)
+	req := requestWithBody(http.MethodPost, path, body)
 	req.Header.Add("Content-Type", MIMEPROTOBUF)
 	err := b.Bind(req, &obj)
-	assert.NoError(t, err)
+	require.NoError(t, err)
 	assert.Equal(t, "yes", *obj.Label)
 
 	obj = protoexample.Test{}
-	req = requestWithBody("POST", badPath, badBody)
+	req = requestWithBody(http.MethodPost, badPath, badBody)
 	req.Header.Add("Content-Type", MIMEPROTOBUF)
 	err = ProtoBuf.Bind(req, &obj)
-	assert.Error(t, err)
+	require.Error(t, err)
 }
 
 type hook struct{}
@@ -1345,29 +1347,69 @@ func (h hook) Read([]byte) (int, error) {
 	return 0, errors.New("error")
 }
 
+type failRead struct{}
+
+func (f *failRead) Read(b []byte) (n int, err error) {
+	return 0, errors.New("my fail")
+}
+
+func (f *failRead) Close() error {
+	return nil
+}
+
+func TestPlainBinding(t *testing.T) {
+	p := Plain
+	assert.Equal(t, "plain", p.Name())
+
+	var s string
+	req := requestWithBody(http.MethodPost, "/", "test string")
+	require.NoError(t, p.Bind(req, &s))
+	assert.Equal(t, "test string", s)
+
+	var bs []byte
+	req = requestWithBody(http.MethodPost, "/", "test []byte")
+	require.NoError(t, p.Bind(req, &bs))
+	assert.Equal(t, bs, []byte("test []byte"))
+
+	var i int
+	req = requestWithBody(http.MethodPost, "/", "test fail")
+	require.Error(t, p.Bind(req, &i))
+
+	req = requestWithBody(http.MethodPost, "/", "")
+	req.Body = &failRead{}
+	require.Error(t, p.Bind(req, &s))
+
+	req = requestWithBody(http.MethodPost, "/", "")
+	require.NoError(t, p.Bind(req, nil))
+
+	var ptr *string
+	req = requestWithBody(http.MethodPost, "/", "")
+	require.NoError(t, p.Bind(req, ptr))
+}
+
 func testProtoBodyBindingFail(t *testing.T, b Binding, name, path, badPath, body, badBody string) {
 	assert.Equal(t, name, b.Name())
 
 	obj := protoexample.Test{}
-	req := requestWithBody("POST", path, body)
+	req := requestWithBody(http.MethodPost, path, body)
 
-	req.Body = ioutil.NopCloser(&hook{})
+	req.Body = io.NopCloser(&hook{})
 	req.Header.Add("Content-Type", MIMEPROTOBUF)
 	err := b.Bind(req, &obj)
-	assert.Error(t, err)
+	require.Error(t, err)
 
 	invalidobj := FooStruct{}
-	req.Body = ioutil.NopCloser(strings.NewReader(`{"msg":"hello"}`))
+	req.Body = io.NopCloser(strings.NewReader(`{"msg":"hello"}`))
 	req.Header.Add("Content-Type", MIMEPROTOBUF)
 	err = b.Bind(req, &invalidobj)
-	assert.Error(t, err)
-	assert.Equal(t, err.Error(), "obj is not ProtoMessage")
+	require.Error(t, err)
+	assert.Equal(t, "obj is not ProtoMessage", err.Error())
 
 	obj = protoexample.Test{}
-	req = requestWithBody("POST", badPath, badBody)
+	req = requestWithBody(http.MethodPost, badPath, badBody)
 	req.Header.Add("Content-Type", MIMEPROTOBUF)
 	err = ProtoBuf.Bind(req, &obj)
-	assert.Error(t, err)
+	require.Error(t, err)
 }
 
 func requestWithBody(method, path, body string) (req *http.Request) {
diff --git a/binding/default_validator.go b/binding/default_validator.go
index c03afe75..44b7a2ac 100644
--- a/binding/default_validator.go
+++ b/binding/default_validator.go
@@ -5,8 +5,8 @@
 package binding
 
 import (
-	"fmt"
 	"reflect"
+	"strconv"
 	"strings"
 	"sync"
 
@@ -22,28 +22,23 @@ type SliceValidationError []error
 
 // Error concatenates all error elements in SliceValidationError into a single string separated by \n.
 func (err SliceValidationError) Error() string {
-	n := len(err)
-	switch n {
-	case 0:
+	if len(err) == 0 {
 		return ""
-	default:
-		var b strings.Builder
-		if err[0] != nil {
-			fmt.Fprintf(&b, "[%d]: %s", 0, err[0].Error())
-		}
-		if n > 1 {
-			for i := 1; i < n; i++ {
-				if err[i] != nil {
-					b.WriteString("\n")
-					fmt.Fprintf(&b, "[%d]: %s", i, err[i].Error())
-				}
-			}
-		}
-		return b.String()
 	}
+
+	var b strings.Builder
+	for i := 0; i < len(err); i++ {
+		if err[i] != nil {
+			if b.Len() > 0 {
+				b.WriteString("\n")
+			}
+			b.WriteString("[" + strconv.Itoa(i) + "]: " + err[i].Error())
+		}
+	}
+	return b.String()
 }
 
-var _ StructValidator = &defaultValidator{}
+var _ StructValidator = (*defaultValidator)(nil)
 
 // ValidateStruct receives any kind of type, but only performed struct or pointer to struct type.
 func (v *defaultValidator) ValidateStruct(obj any) error {
@@ -54,7 +49,10 @@ func (v *defaultValidator) ValidateStruct(obj any) error {
 	value := reflect.ValueOf(obj)
 	switch value.Kind() {
 	case reflect.Ptr:
-		return v.ValidateStruct(value.Elem().Interface())
+		if value.Elem().Kind() != reflect.Struct {
+			return v.ValidateStruct(value.Elem().Interface())
+		}
+		return v.validateStruct(obj)
 	case reflect.Struct:
 		return v.validateStruct(obj)
 	case reflect.Slice, reflect.Array:
diff --git a/binding/default_validator_benchmark_test.go b/binding/default_validator_benchmark_test.go
index 9292e2aa..a7b22696 100644
--- a/binding/default_validator_benchmark_test.go
+++ b/binding/default_validator_benchmark_test.go
@@ -12,11 +12,14 @@ import (
 
 func BenchmarkSliceValidationError(b *testing.B) {
 	const size int = 100
-	for i := 0; i < b.N; i++ {
-		e := make(SliceValidationError, size)
-		for j := 0; j < size; j++ {
-			e[j] = errors.New(strconv.Itoa(j))
-		}
+	e := make(SliceValidationError, size)
+	for j := 0; j < size; j++ {
+		e[j] = errors.New(strconv.Itoa(j))
+	}
+
+	b.ReportAllocs()
+
+	for b.Loop() {
 		if len(e.Error()) == 0 {
 			b.Errorf("error")
 		}
diff --git a/binding/default_validator_test.go b/binding/default_validator_test.go
index df7742b7..fc819eb4 100644
--- a/binding/default_validator_test.go
+++ b/binding/default_validator_test.go
@@ -18,14 +18,16 @@ func TestSliceValidationError(t *testing.T) {
 		{"has nil elements", SliceValidationError{errors.New("test error"), nil}, "[0]: test error"},
 		{"has zero elements", SliceValidationError{}, ""},
 		{"has one element", SliceValidationError{errors.New("test one error")}, "[0]: test one error"},
-		{"has two elements",
+		{
+			"has two elements",
 			SliceValidationError{
 				errors.New("first error"),
 				errors.New("second error"),
 			},
 			"[0]: first error\n[1]: second error",
 		},
-		{"has many elements",
+		{
+			"has many elements",
 			SliceValidationError{
 				errors.New("first error"),
 				errors.New("second error"),
diff --git a/binding/form.go b/binding/form.go
index b17352ba..06732e97 100644
--- a/binding/form.go
+++ b/binding/form.go
@@ -11,9 +11,11 @@ import (
 
 const defaultMemory = 32 << 20
 
-type formBinding struct{}
-type formPostBinding struct{}
-type formMultipartBinding struct{}
+type (
+	formBinding          struct{}
+	formPostBinding      struct{}
+	formMultipartBinding struct{}
+)
 
 func (formBinding) Name() string {
 	return "form"
diff --git a/binding/form_mapping.go b/binding/form_mapping.go
index 98cebfec..e76e7510 100644
--- a/binding/form_mapping.go
+++ b/binding/form_mapping.go
@@ -7,19 +7,21 @@ package binding
 import (
 	"errors"
 	"fmt"
+	"maps"
+	"mime/multipart"
 	"reflect"
 	"strconv"
 	"strings"
 	"time"
 
+	"github.com/gin-gonic/gin/codec/json"
 	"github.com/gin-gonic/gin/internal/bytesconv"
-	"github.com/gin-gonic/gin/internal/json"
 )
 
 var (
 	errUnknownType = errors.New("unknown type")
 
-	// ErrConvertMapStringSlice can not covert to map[string][]string
+	// ErrConvertMapStringSlice can not convert to map[string][]string
 	ErrConvertMapStringSlice = errors.New("can not convert to map slices of strings")
 
 	// ErrConvertToMapString can not convert to map[string]string
@@ -158,12 +160,69 @@ func tryToSetValue(value reflect.Value, field reflect.StructField, setter setter
 		if k, v := head(opt, "="); k == "default" {
 			setOpt.isDefaultExists = true
 			setOpt.defaultValue = v
+
+			// convert semicolon-separated default values to csv-separated values for processing in setByForm
+			if field.Type.Kind() == reflect.Slice || field.Type.Kind() == reflect.Array {
+				cfTag := field.Tag.Get("collection_format")
+				if cfTag == "" || cfTag == "multi" || cfTag == "csv" {
+					setOpt.defaultValue = strings.ReplaceAll(v, ";", ",")
+				}
+			}
 		}
 	}
 
 	return setter.TrySet(value, field, tagValue, setOpt)
 }
 
+// BindUnmarshaler is the interface used to wrap the UnmarshalParam method.
+type BindUnmarshaler interface {
+	// UnmarshalParam decodes and assigns a value from a form or query param.
+	UnmarshalParam(param string) error
+}
+
+// trySetCustom tries to set a custom type value
+// If the value implements the BindUnmarshaler interface, it will be used to set the value, we will return `true`
+// to skip the default value setting.
+func trySetCustom(val string, value reflect.Value) (isSet bool, err error) {
+	switch v := value.Addr().Interface().(type) {
+	case BindUnmarshaler:
+		return true, v.UnmarshalParam(val)
+	}
+	return false, nil
+}
+
+func trySplit(vs []string, field reflect.StructField) (newVs []string, err error) {
+	cfTag := field.Tag.Get("collection_format")
+	if cfTag == "" || cfTag == "multi" {
+		return vs, nil
+	}
+
+	var sep string
+	switch cfTag {
+	case "csv":
+		sep = ","
+	case "ssv":
+		sep = " "
+	case "tsv":
+		sep = "\t"
+	case "pipes":
+		sep = "|"
+	default:
+		return vs, fmt.Errorf("%s is not supported in the collection_format. (csv, ssv, pipes)", cfTag)
+	}
+
+	totalLength := 0
+	for _, v := range vs {
+		totalLength += strings.Count(v, sep) + 1
+	}
+	newVs = make([]string, 0, totalLength)
+	for _, v := range vs {
+		newVs = append(newVs, strings.Split(v, sep)...)
+	}
+
+	return newVs, nil
+}
+
 func setByForm(value reflect.Value, field reflect.StructField, form map[string][]string, tagValue string, opt setOptions) (isSet bool, err error) {
 	vs, ok := form[tagValue]
 	if !ok && !opt.isDefaultExists {
@@ -172,17 +231,54 @@ func setByForm(value reflect.Value, field reflect.StructField, form map[string][
 
 	switch value.Kind() {
 	case reflect.Slice:
-		if !ok {
+		if len(vs) == 0 {
+			if !opt.isDefaultExists {
+				return false, nil
+			}
+
 			vs = []string{opt.defaultValue}
+			// pre-process the default value for multi if present
+			cfTag := field.Tag.Get("collection_format")
+			if cfTag == "" || cfTag == "multi" {
+				vs = strings.Split(opt.defaultValue, ",")
+			}
 		}
+
+		if ok, err = trySetCustom(vs[0], value); ok {
+			return ok, err
+		}
+
+		if vs, err = trySplit(vs, field); err != nil {
+			return false, err
+		}
+
 		return true, setSlice(vs, value, field)
 	case reflect.Array:
-		if !ok {
+		if len(vs) == 0 {
+			if !opt.isDefaultExists {
+				return false, nil
+			}
+
 			vs = []string{opt.defaultValue}
+			// pre-process the default value for multi if present
+			cfTag := field.Tag.Get("collection_format")
+			if cfTag == "" || cfTag == "multi" {
+				vs = strings.Split(opt.defaultValue, ",")
+			}
 		}
+
+		if ok, err = trySetCustom(vs[0], value); ok {
+			return ok, err
+		}
+
+		if vs, err = trySplit(vs, field); err != nil {
+			return false, err
+		}
+
 		if len(vs) != value.Len() {
 			return false, fmt.Errorf("%q is not valid value for %s", vs, value.Type().String())
 		}
+
 		return true, setArray(vs, value, field)
 	default:
 		var val string
@@ -192,12 +288,23 @@ func setByForm(value reflect.Value, field reflect.StructField, form map[string][
 
 		if len(vs) > 0 {
 			val = vs[0]
+			if val == "" {
+				val = opt.defaultValue
+			}
+		}
+		if ok, err := trySetCustom(val, value); ok {
+			return ok, err
 		}
 		return true, setWithProperType(val, value, field)
 	}
 }
 
 func setWithProperType(val string, value reflect.Value, field reflect.StructField) error {
+	// If it is a string type, no spaces are removed, and the user data is not modified here
+	if value.Kind() != reflect.String {
+		val = strings.TrimSpace(val)
+	}
+
 	switch value.Kind() {
 	case reflect.Int:
 		return setIntField(val, 0, value)
@@ -235,10 +342,17 @@ func setWithProperType(val string, value reflect.Value, field reflect.StructFiel
 		switch value.Interface().(type) {
 		case time.Time:
 			return setTimeField(val, field, value)
+		case multipart.FileHeader:
+			return nil
 		}
-		return json.Unmarshal(bytesconv.StringToBytes(val), value.Addr().Interface())
+		return json.API.Unmarshal(bytesconv.StringToBytes(val), value.Addr().Interface())
 	case reflect.Map:
-		return json.Unmarshal(bytesconv.StringToBytes(val), value.Addr().Interface())
+		return json.API.Unmarshal(bytesconv.StringToBytes(val), value.Addr().Interface())
+	case reflect.Ptr:
+		if !value.Elem().IsValid() {
+			value.Set(reflect.New(value.Type().Elem()))
+		}
+		return setWithProperType(val, value.Elem(), field)
 	default:
 		return errUnknownType
 	}
@@ -295,28 +409,34 @@ func setTimeField(val string, structField reflect.StructField, value reflect.Val
 		timeFormat = time.RFC3339
 	}
 
+	if val == "" {
+		value.Set(reflect.ValueOf(time.Time{}))
+		return nil
+	}
+
 	switch tf := strings.ToLower(timeFormat); tf {
-	case "unix", "unixnano":
+	case "unix", "unixmilli", "unixmicro", "unixnano":
 		tv, err := strconv.ParseInt(val, 10, 64)
 		if err != nil {
 			return err
 		}
 
-		d := time.Duration(1)
-		if tf == "unixnano" {
-			d = time.Second
+		var t time.Time
+		switch tf {
+		case "unix":
+			t = time.Unix(tv, 0)
+		case "unixmilli":
+			t = time.UnixMilli(tv)
+		case "unixmicro":
+			t = time.UnixMicro(tv)
+		default:
+			t = time.Unix(0, tv)
 		}
 
-		t := time.Unix(tv/int64(d), tv%int64(d))
 		value.Set(reflect.ValueOf(t))
 		return nil
 	}
 
-	if val == "" {
-		value.Set(reflect.ValueOf(time.Time{}))
-		return nil
-	}
-
 	l := time.Local
 	if isUTC, _ := strconv.ParseBool(structField.Tag.Get("time_utc")); isUTC {
 		l = time.UTC
@@ -360,6 +480,10 @@ func setSlice(vals []string, value reflect.Value, field reflect.StructField) err
 }
 
 func setTimeDuration(val string, value reflect.Value) error {
+	if val == "" {
+		val = "0"
+	}
+
 	d, err := time.ParseDuration(val)
 	if err != nil {
 		return err
@@ -369,11 +493,8 @@ func setTimeDuration(val string, value reflect.Value) error {
 }
 
 func head(str, sep string) (head string, tail string) {
-	idx := strings.Index(str, sep)
-	if idx < 0 {
-		return str, ""
-	}
-	return str[:idx], str[idx+len(sep):]
+	head, tail, _ = strings.Cut(str, sep)
+	return head, tail
 }
 
 func setFormMap(ptr any, form map[string][]string) error {
@@ -384,9 +505,7 @@ func setFormMap(ptr any, form map[string][]string) error {
 		if !ok {
 			return ErrConvertMapStringSlice
 		}
-		for k, v := range form {
-			ptrMap[k] = v
-		}
+		maps.Copy(ptrMap, form)
 
 		return nil
 	}
diff --git a/binding/form_mapping_benchmark_test.go b/binding/form_mapping_benchmark_test.go
index 5788133f..d40699e9 100644
--- a/binding/form_mapping_benchmark_test.go
+++ b/binding/form_mapping_benchmark_test.go
@@ -31,7 +31,7 @@ type structFull struct {
 
 func BenchmarkMapFormFull(b *testing.B) {
 	var s structFull
-	for i := 0; i < b.N; i++ {
+	for b.Loop() {
 		err := mapForm(&s, form)
 		if err != nil {
 			b.Fatalf("Error on a form mapping")
@@ -54,7 +54,7 @@ type structName struct {
 
 func BenchmarkMapFormName(b *testing.B) {
 	var s structName
-	for i := 0; i < b.N; i++ {
+	for b.Loop() {
 		err := mapForm(&s, form)
 		if err != nil {
 			b.Fatalf("Error on a form mapping")
diff --git a/binding/form_mapping_test.go b/binding/form_mapping_test.go
index 78f4df0e..e007573c 100644
--- a/binding/form_mapping_test.go
+++ b/binding/form_mapping_test.go
@@ -5,11 +5,17 @@
 package binding
 
 import (
+	"encoding/hex"
+	"errors"
+	"mime/multipart"
 	"reflect"
+	"strconv"
+	"strings"
 	"testing"
 	"time"
 
 	"github.com/stretchr/testify/assert"
+	"github.com/stretchr/testify/require"
 )
 
 func TestMappingBaseTypes(t *testing.T) {
@@ -43,6 +49,7 @@ func TestMappingBaseTypes(t *testing.T) {
 		{"zero value", struct{ F uint }{}, "", uint(0)},
 		{"zero value", struct{ F bool }{}, "", false},
 		{"zero value", struct{ F float32 }{}, "", float32(0)},
+		{"file value", struct{ F *multipart.FileHeader }{}, "", &multipart.FileHeader{}},
 	} {
 		tp := reflect.TypeOf(tt.value)
 		testName := tt.name + ":" + tp.Field(0).Type.String()
@@ -53,7 +60,7 @@ func TestMappingBaseTypes(t *testing.T) {
 		field := val.Elem().Type().Field(0)
 
 		_, err := mapping(val, emptyField, formSource{field.Name: {tt.form}}, "form")
-		assert.NoError(t, err, testName)
+		require.NoError(t, err, testName)
 
 		actual := val.Elem().Field(0).Interface()
 		assert.Equal(t, tt.expect, actual, testName)
@@ -62,13 +69,15 @@ func TestMappingBaseTypes(t *testing.T) {
 
 func TestMappingDefault(t *testing.T) {
 	var s struct {
+		Str   string `form:",default=defaultVal"`
 		Int   int    `form:",default=9"`
 		Slice []int  `form:",default=9"`
 		Array [1]int `form:",default=9"`
 	}
 	err := mappingByPtr(&s, formSource{}, "form")
-	assert.NoError(t, err)
+	require.NoError(t, err)
 
+	assert.Equal(t, "defaultVal", s.Str)
 	assert.Equal(t, 9, s.Int)
 	assert.Equal(t, []int{9}, s.Slice)
 	assert.Equal(t, [1]int{9}, s.Array)
@@ -79,7 +88,7 @@ func TestMappingSkipField(t *testing.T) {
 		A int
 	}
 	err := mappingByPtr(&s, formSource{}, "form")
-	assert.NoError(t, err)
+	require.NoError(t, err)
 
 	assert.Equal(t, 0, s.A)
 }
@@ -90,7 +99,7 @@ func TestMappingIgnoreField(t *testing.T) {
 		B int `form:"-"`
 	}
 	err := mappingByPtr(&s, formSource{"A": {"9"}, "B": {"9"}}, "form")
-	assert.NoError(t, err)
+	require.NoError(t, err)
 
 	assert.Equal(t, 9, s.A)
 	assert.Equal(t, 0, s.B)
@@ -102,7 +111,7 @@ func TestMappingUnexportedField(t *testing.T) {
 		b int `form:"b"`
 	}
 	err := mappingByPtr(&s, formSource{"a": {"9"}, "b": {"9"}}, "form")
-	assert.NoError(t, err)
+	require.NoError(t, err)
 
 	assert.Equal(t, 9, s.A)
 	assert.Equal(t, 0, s.b)
@@ -113,8 +122,8 @@ func TestMappingPrivateField(t *testing.T) {
 		f int `form:"field"`
 	}
 	err := mappingByPtr(&s, formSource{"field": {"6"}}, "form")
-	assert.NoError(t, err)
-	assert.Equal(t, int(0), s.f)
+	require.NoError(t, err)
+	assert.Equal(t, 0, s.f)
 }
 
 func TestMappingUnknownFieldType(t *testing.T) {
@@ -123,7 +132,7 @@ func TestMappingUnknownFieldType(t *testing.T) {
 	}
 
 	err := mappingByPtr(&s, formSource{"U": {"unknown"}}, "form")
-	assert.Error(t, err)
+	require.Error(t, err)
 	assert.Equal(t, errUnknownType, err)
 }
 
@@ -132,8 +141,8 @@ func TestMappingURI(t *testing.T) {
 		F int `uri:"field"`
 	}
 	err := mapURI(&s, map[string][]string{"field": {"6"}})
-	assert.NoError(t, err)
-	assert.Equal(t, int(6), s.F)
+	require.NoError(t, err)
+	assert.Equal(t, 6, s.F)
 }
 
 func TestMappingForm(t *testing.T) {
@@ -141,8 +150,26 @@ func TestMappingForm(t *testing.T) {
 		F int `form:"field"`
 	}
 	err := mapForm(&s, map[string][]string{"field": {"6"}})
-	assert.NoError(t, err)
-	assert.Equal(t, int(6), s.F)
+	require.NoError(t, err)
+	assert.Equal(t, 6, s.F)
+}
+
+func TestMappingFormFieldNotSent(t *testing.T) {
+	var s struct {
+		F string `form:"field,default=defVal"`
+	}
+	err := mapForm(&s, map[string][]string{})
+	require.NoError(t, err)
+	assert.Equal(t, "defVal", s.F)
+}
+
+func TestMappingFormWithEmptyToDefault(t *testing.T) {
+	var s struct {
+		F string `form:"field,default=DefVal"`
+	}
+	err := mapForm(&s, map[string][]string{"field": {""}})
+	require.NoError(t, err)
+	assert.Equal(t, "DefVal", s.F)
 }
 
 func TestMapFormWithTag(t *testing.T) {
@@ -150,8 +177,8 @@ func TestMapFormWithTag(t *testing.T) {
 		F int `externalTag:"field"`
 	}
 	err := MapFormWithTag(&s, map[string][]string{"field": {"6"}}, "externalTag")
-	assert.NoError(t, err)
-	assert.Equal(t, int(6), s.F)
+	require.NoError(t, err)
+	assert.Equal(t, 6, s.F)
 }
 
 func TestMappingTime(t *testing.T) {
@@ -165,7 +192,7 @@ func TestMappingTime(t *testing.T) {
 
 	var err error
 	time.Local, err = time.LoadLocation("Europe/Berlin")
-	assert.NoError(t, err)
+	require.NoError(t, err)
 
 	err = mapForm(&s, map[string][]string{
 		"Time":      {"2019-01-20T16:02:58Z"},
@@ -174,7 +201,7 @@ func TestMappingTime(t *testing.T) {
 		"CSTTime":   {"2019-01-20"},
 		"UTCTime":   {"2019-01-20"},
 	})
-	assert.NoError(t, err)
+	require.NoError(t, err)
 
 	assert.Equal(t, "2019-01-20 16:02:58 +0000 UTC", s.Time.String())
 	assert.Equal(t, "2019-01-20 00:00:00 +0100 CET", s.LocalTime.String())
@@ -189,29 +216,68 @@ func TestMappingTime(t *testing.T) {
 		Time time.Time `time_location:"wrong"`
 	}
 	err = mapForm(&wrongLoc, map[string][]string{"Time": {"2019-01-20T16:02:58Z"}})
-	assert.Error(t, err)
+	require.Error(t, err)
 
 	// wrong time value
 	var wrongTime struct {
 		Time time.Time
 	}
 	err = mapForm(&wrongTime, map[string][]string{"Time": {"wrong"}})
-	assert.Error(t, err)
+	require.Error(t, err)
+}
+
+type bindTestData struct {
+	need any
+	got  any
+	in   map[string][]string
+}
+
+func TestMappingTimeUnixNano(t *testing.T) {
+	type needFixUnixNanoEmpty struct {
+		CreateTime time.Time `form:"createTime" time_format:"unixNano"`
+	}
+
+	// ok
+	tests := []bindTestData{
+		{need: &needFixUnixNanoEmpty{}, got: &needFixUnixNanoEmpty{}, in: formSource{"createTime": []string{"   "}}},
+		{need: &needFixUnixNanoEmpty{}, got: &needFixUnixNanoEmpty{}, in: formSource{"createTime": []string{}}},
+	}
+
+	for _, v := range tests {
+		err := mapForm(v.got, v.in)
+		require.NoError(t, err)
+		assert.Equal(t, v.need, v.got)
+	}
 }
 
 func TestMappingTimeDuration(t *testing.T) {
+	type needFixDurationEmpty struct {
+		Duration time.Duration `form:"duration"`
+	}
+
 	var s struct {
 		D time.Duration
 	}
 
 	// ok
 	err := mappingByPtr(&s, formSource{"D": {"5s"}}, "form")
-	assert.NoError(t, err)
+	require.NoError(t, err)
 	assert.Equal(t, 5*time.Second, s.D)
 
+	// ok
+	tests := []bindTestData{
+		{need: &needFixDurationEmpty{}, got: &needFixDurationEmpty{}, in: formSource{"duration": []string{"   "}}},
+		{need: &needFixDurationEmpty{}, got: &needFixDurationEmpty{}, in: formSource{"duration": []string{}}},
+	}
+
+	for _, v := range tests {
+		err := mapForm(v.got, v.in)
+		require.NoError(t, err)
+		assert.Equal(t, v.need, v.got)
+	}
 	// error
 	err = mappingByPtr(&s, formSource{"D": {"wrong"}}, "form")
-	assert.Error(t, err)
+	require.Error(t, err)
 }
 
 func TestMappingSlice(t *testing.T) {
@@ -221,17 +287,17 @@ func TestMappingSlice(t *testing.T) {
 
 	// default value
 	err := mappingByPtr(&s, formSource{}, "form")
-	assert.NoError(t, err)
+	require.NoError(t, err)
 	assert.Equal(t, []int{9}, s.Slice)
 
 	// ok
 	err = mappingByPtr(&s, formSource{"slice": {"3", "4"}}, "form")
-	assert.NoError(t, err)
+	require.NoError(t, err)
 	assert.Equal(t, []int{3, 4}, s.Slice)
 
 	// error
 	err = mappingByPtr(&s, formSource{"slice": {"wrong"}}, "form")
-	assert.Error(t, err)
+	require.Error(t, err)
 }
 
 func TestMappingArray(t *testing.T) {
@@ -241,20 +307,125 @@ func TestMappingArray(t *testing.T) {
 
 	// wrong default
 	err := mappingByPtr(&s, formSource{}, "form")
-	assert.Error(t, err)
+	require.Error(t, err)
 
 	// ok
 	err = mappingByPtr(&s, formSource{"array": {"3", "4"}}, "form")
-	assert.NoError(t, err)
+	require.NoError(t, err)
 	assert.Equal(t, [2]int{3, 4}, s.Array)
 
 	// error - not enough vals
 	err = mappingByPtr(&s, formSource{"array": {"3"}}, "form")
-	assert.Error(t, err)
+	require.Error(t, err)
 
 	// error - wrong value
 	err = mappingByPtr(&s, formSource{"array": {"wrong"}}, "form")
-	assert.Error(t, err)
+	require.Error(t, err)
+}
+
+func TestMappingCollectionFormat(t *testing.T) {
+	var s struct {
+		SliceMulti []int  `form:"slice_multi" collection_format:"multi"`
+		SliceCsv   []int  `form:"slice_csv" collection_format:"csv"`
+		SliceSsv   []int  `form:"slice_ssv" collection_format:"ssv"`
+		SliceTsv   []int  `form:"slice_tsv" collection_format:"tsv"`
+		SlicePipes []int  `form:"slice_pipes" collection_format:"pipes"`
+		ArrayMulti [2]int `form:"array_multi" collection_format:"multi"`
+		ArrayCsv   [2]int `form:"array_csv" collection_format:"csv"`
+		ArraySsv   [2]int `form:"array_ssv" collection_format:"ssv"`
+		ArrayTsv   [2]int `form:"array_tsv" collection_format:"tsv"`
+		ArrayPipes [2]int `form:"array_pipes" collection_format:"pipes"`
+	}
+	err := mappingByPtr(&s, formSource{
+		"slice_multi": {"1", "2"},
+		"slice_csv":   {"1,2"},
+		"slice_ssv":   {"1 2"},
+		"slice_tsv":   {"1	2"},
+		"slice_pipes": {"1|2"},
+		"array_multi": {"1", "2"},
+		"array_csv":   {"1,2"},
+		"array_ssv":   {"1 2"},
+		"array_tsv":   {"1	2"},
+		"array_pipes": {"1|2"},
+	}, "form")
+	require.NoError(t, err)
+
+	assert.Equal(t, []int{1, 2}, s.SliceMulti)
+	assert.Equal(t, []int{1, 2}, s.SliceCsv)
+	assert.Equal(t, []int{1, 2}, s.SliceSsv)
+	assert.Equal(t, []int{1, 2}, s.SliceTsv)
+	assert.Equal(t, []int{1, 2}, s.SlicePipes)
+	assert.Equal(t, [2]int{1, 2}, s.ArrayMulti)
+	assert.Equal(t, [2]int{1, 2}, s.ArrayCsv)
+	assert.Equal(t, [2]int{1, 2}, s.ArraySsv)
+	assert.Equal(t, [2]int{1, 2}, s.ArrayTsv)
+	assert.Equal(t, [2]int{1, 2}, s.ArrayPipes)
+}
+
+func TestMappingCollectionFormatInvalid(t *testing.T) {
+	var s struct {
+		SliceCsv []int `form:"slice_csv" collection_format:"xxx"`
+	}
+	err := mappingByPtr(&s, formSource{
+		"slice_csv": {"1,2"},
+	}, "form")
+	require.Error(t, err)
+
+	var s2 struct {
+		ArrayCsv [2]int `form:"array_csv" collection_format:"xxx"`
+	}
+	err = mappingByPtr(&s2, formSource{
+		"array_csv": {"1,2"},
+	}, "form")
+	require.Error(t, err)
+}
+
+func TestMappingMultipleDefaultWithCollectionFormat(t *testing.T) {
+	var s struct {
+		SliceMulti       []int     `form:",default=1;2;3" collection_format:"multi"`
+		SliceCsv         []int     `form:",default=1;2;3" collection_format:"csv"`
+		SliceSsv         []int     `form:",default=1 2 3" collection_format:"ssv"`
+		SliceTsv         []int     `form:",default=1\t2\t3" collection_format:"tsv"`
+		SlicePipes       []int     `form:",default=1|2|3" collection_format:"pipes"`
+		ArrayMulti       [2]int    `form:",default=1;2" collection_format:"multi"`
+		ArrayCsv         [2]int    `form:",default=1;2" collection_format:"csv"`
+		ArraySsv         [2]int    `form:",default=1 2" collection_format:"ssv"`
+		ArrayTsv         [2]int    `form:",default=1\t2" collection_format:"tsv"`
+		ArrayPipes       [2]int    `form:",default=1|2" collection_format:"pipes"`
+		SliceStringMulti []string  `form:",default=1;2;3" collection_format:"multi"`
+		SliceStringCsv   []string  `form:",default=1;2;3" collection_format:"csv"`
+		SliceStringSsv   []string  `form:",default=1 2 3" collection_format:"ssv"`
+		SliceStringTsv   []string  `form:",default=1\t2\t3" collection_format:"tsv"`
+		SliceStringPipes []string  `form:",default=1|2|3" collection_format:"pipes"`
+		ArrayStringMulti [2]string `form:",default=1;2" collection_format:"multi"`
+		ArrayStringCsv   [2]string `form:",default=1;2" collection_format:"csv"`
+		ArrayStringSsv   [2]string `form:",default=1 2" collection_format:"ssv"`
+		ArrayStringTsv   [2]string `form:",default=1\t2" collection_format:"tsv"`
+		ArrayStringPipes [2]string `form:",default=1|2" collection_format:"pipes"`
+	}
+	err := mappingByPtr(&s, formSource{}, "form")
+	require.NoError(t, err)
+
+	assert.Equal(t, []int{1, 2, 3}, s.SliceMulti)
+	assert.Equal(t, []int{1, 2, 3}, s.SliceCsv)
+	assert.Equal(t, []int{1, 2, 3}, s.SliceSsv)
+	assert.Equal(t, []int{1, 2, 3}, s.SliceTsv)
+	assert.Equal(t, []int{1, 2, 3}, s.SlicePipes)
+	assert.Equal(t, [2]int{1, 2}, s.ArrayMulti)
+	assert.Equal(t, [2]int{1, 2}, s.ArrayCsv)
+	assert.Equal(t, [2]int{1, 2}, s.ArraySsv)
+	assert.Equal(t, [2]int{1, 2}, s.ArrayTsv)
+	assert.Equal(t, [2]int{1, 2}, s.ArrayPipes)
+	assert.Equal(t, []string{"1", "2", "3"}, s.SliceStringMulti)
+	assert.Equal(t, []string{"1", "2", "3"}, s.SliceStringCsv)
+	assert.Equal(t, []string{"1", "2", "3"}, s.SliceStringSsv)
+	assert.Equal(t, []string{"1", "2", "3"}, s.SliceStringTsv)
+	assert.Equal(t, []string{"1", "2", "3"}, s.SliceStringPipes)
+	assert.Equal(t, [2]string{"1", "2"}, s.ArrayStringMulti)
+	assert.Equal(t, [2]string{"1", "2"}, s.ArrayStringCsv)
+	assert.Equal(t, [2]string{"1", "2"}, s.ArrayStringSsv)
+	assert.Equal(t, [2]string{"1", "2"}, s.ArrayStringTsv)
+	assert.Equal(t, [2]string{"1", "2"}, s.ArrayStringPipes)
 }
 
 func TestMappingStructField(t *testing.T) {
@@ -265,17 +436,50 @@ func TestMappingStructField(t *testing.T) {
 	}
 
 	err := mappingByPtr(&s, formSource{"J": {`{"I": 9}`}}, "form")
-	assert.NoError(t, err)
+	require.NoError(t, err)
 	assert.Equal(t, 9, s.J.I)
 }
 
+func TestMappingPtrField(t *testing.T) {
+	type ptrStruct struct {
+		Key int64 `json:"key"`
+	}
+
+	type ptrRequest struct {
+		Items []*ptrStruct `json:"items" form:"items"`
+	}
+
+	var err error
+
+	// With 0 items.
+	var req0 ptrRequest
+	err = mappingByPtr(&req0, formSource{}, "form")
+	require.NoError(t, err)
+	assert.Empty(t, req0.Items)
+
+	// With 1 item.
+	var req1 ptrRequest
+	err = mappingByPtr(&req1, formSource{"items": {`{"key": 1}`}}, "form")
+	require.NoError(t, err)
+	assert.Len(t, req1.Items, 1)
+	assert.EqualValues(t, 1, req1.Items[0].Key)
+
+	// With 2 items.
+	var req2 ptrRequest
+	err = mappingByPtr(&req2, formSource{"items": {`{"key": 1}`, `{"key": 2}`}}, "form")
+	require.NoError(t, err)
+	assert.Len(t, req2.Items, 2)
+	assert.EqualValues(t, 1, req2.Items[0].Key)
+	assert.EqualValues(t, 2, req2.Items[1].Key)
+}
+
 func TestMappingMapField(t *testing.T) {
 	var s struct {
 		M map[string]int
 	}
 
 	err := mappingByPtr(&s, formSource{"M": {`{"one": 1}`}}, "form")
-	assert.NoError(t, err)
+	require.NoError(t, err)
 	assert.Equal(t, map[string]int{"one": 1}, s.M)
 }
 
@@ -286,5 +490,267 @@ func TestMappingIgnoredCircularRef(t *testing.T) {
 	var s S
 
 	err := mappingByPtr(&s, formSource{}, "form")
-	assert.NoError(t, err)
+	require.NoError(t, err)
+}
+
+type customUnmarshalParamHex int
+
+func (f *customUnmarshalParamHex) UnmarshalParam(param string) error {
+	v, err := strconv.ParseInt(param, 16, 64)
+	if err != nil {
+		return err
+	}
+	*f = customUnmarshalParamHex(v)
+	return nil
+}
+
+func TestMappingCustomUnmarshalParamHexWithFormTag(t *testing.T) {
+	var s struct {
+		Foo customUnmarshalParamHex `form:"foo"`
+	}
+	err := mappingByPtr(&s, formSource{"foo": {`f5`}}, "form")
+	require.NoError(t, err)
+
+	assert.EqualValues(t, 245, s.Foo)
+}
+
+func TestMappingCustomUnmarshalParamHexWithURITag(t *testing.T) {
+	var s struct {
+		Foo customUnmarshalParamHex `uri:"foo"`
+	}
+	err := mappingByPtr(&s, formSource{"foo": {`f5`}}, "uri")
+	require.NoError(t, err)
+
+	assert.EqualValues(t, 245, s.Foo)
+}
+
+type customUnmarshalParamType struct {
+	Protocol string
+	Path     string
+	Name     string
+}
+
+func (f *customUnmarshalParamType) UnmarshalParam(param string) error {
+	parts := strings.Split(param, ":")
+	if len(parts) != 3 {
+		return errors.New("invalid format")
+	}
+	f.Protocol = parts[0]
+	f.Path = parts[1]
+	f.Name = parts[2]
+	return nil
+}
+
+func TestMappingCustomStructTypeWithFormTag(t *testing.T) {
+	var s struct {
+		FileData customUnmarshalParamType `form:"data"`
+	}
+	err := mappingByPtr(&s, formSource{"data": {`file:/foo:happiness`}}, "form")
+	require.NoError(t, err)
+
+	assert.Equal(t, "file", s.FileData.Protocol)
+	assert.Equal(t, "/foo", s.FileData.Path)
+	assert.Equal(t, "happiness", s.FileData.Name)
+}
+
+func TestMappingCustomStructTypeWithURITag(t *testing.T) {
+	var s struct {
+		FileData customUnmarshalParamType `uri:"data"`
+	}
+	err := mappingByPtr(&s, formSource{"data": {`file:/foo:happiness`}}, "uri")
+	require.NoError(t, err)
+
+	assert.Equal(t, "file", s.FileData.Protocol)
+	assert.Equal(t, "/foo", s.FileData.Path)
+	assert.Equal(t, "happiness", s.FileData.Name)
+}
+
+func TestMappingCustomPointerStructTypeWithFormTag(t *testing.T) {
+	var s struct {
+		FileData *customUnmarshalParamType `form:"data"`
+	}
+	err := mappingByPtr(&s, formSource{"data": {`file:/foo:happiness`}}, "form")
+	require.NoError(t, err)
+
+	assert.Equal(t, "file", s.FileData.Protocol)
+	assert.Equal(t, "/foo", s.FileData.Path)
+	assert.Equal(t, "happiness", s.FileData.Name)
+}
+
+func TestMappingCustomPointerStructTypeWithURITag(t *testing.T) {
+	var s struct {
+		FileData *customUnmarshalParamType `uri:"data"`
+	}
+	err := mappingByPtr(&s, formSource{"data": {`file:/foo:happiness`}}, "uri")
+	require.NoError(t, err)
+
+	assert.Equal(t, "file", s.FileData.Protocol)
+	assert.Equal(t, "/foo", s.FileData.Path)
+	assert.Equal(t, "happiness", s.FileData.Name)
+}
+
+type customPath []string
+
+func (p *customPath) UnmarshalParam(param string) error {
+	elems := strings.Split(param, "/")
+	n := len(elems)
+	if n < 2 {
+		return errors.New("invalid format")
+	}
+
+	*p = elems
+	return nil
+}
+
+func TestMappingCustomSliceUri(t *testing.T) {
+	var s struct {
+		FileData customPath `uri:"path"`
+	}
+	err := mappingByPtr(&s, formSource{"path": {`bar/foo`}}, "uri")
+	require.NoError(t, err)
+
+	assert.Equal(t, "bar", s.FileData[0])
+	assert.Equal(t, "foo", s.FileData[1])
+}
+
+func TestMappingCustomSliceForm(t *testing.T) {
+	var s struct {
+		FileData customPath `form:"path"`
+	}
+	err := mappingByPtr(&s, formSource{"path": {`bar/foo`}}, "form")
+	require.NoError(t, err)
+
+	assert.Equal(t, "bar", s.FileData[0])
+	assert.Equal(t, "foo", s.FileData[1])
+}
+
+type objectID [12]byte
+
+func (o *objectID) UnmarshalParam(param string) error {
+	oid, err := convertTo(param)
+	if err != nil {
+		return err
+	}
+
+	*o = oid
+	return nil
+}
+
+func convertTo(s string) (objectID, error) {
+	var nilObjectID objectID
+	if len(s) != 24 {
+		return nilObjectID, errors.New("invalid format")
+	}
+
+	var oid [12]byte
+	_, err := hex.Decode(oid[:], []byte(s))
+	if err != nil {
+		return nilObjectID, err
+	}
+
+	return oid, nil
+}
+
+func TestMappingCustomArrayUri(t *testing.T) {
+	var s struct {
+		FileData objectID `uri:"id"`
+	}
+	val := `664a062ac74a8ad104e0e80f`
+	err := mappingByPtr(&s, formSource{"id": {val}}, "uri")
+	require.NoError(t, err)
+
+	expected, _ := convertTo(val)
+	assert.Equal(t, expected, s.FileData)
+}
+
+func TestMappingCustomArrayForm(t *testing.T) {
+	var s struct {
+		FileData objectID `form:"id"`
+	}
+	val := `664a062ac74a8ad104e0e80f`
+	err := mappingByPtr(&s, formSource{"id": {val}}, "form")
+	require.NoError(t, err)
+
+	expected, _ := convertTo(val)
+	assert.Equal(t, expected, s.FileData)
+}
+
+func TestMappingEmptyValues(t *testing.T) {
+	t.Run("slice with default", func(t *testing.T) {
+		var s struct {
+			Slice []int `form:"slice,default=5"`
+		}
+
+		// field not present
+		err := mappingByPtr(&s, formSource{}, "form")
+		require.NoError(t, err)
+		assert.Equal(t, []int{5}, s.Slice)
+
+		// field present but empty
+		err = mappingByPtr(&s, formSource{"slice": {}}, "form")
+		require.NoError(t, err)
+		assert.Equal(t, []int{5}, s.Slice)
+
+		// field present with values
+		err = mappingByPtr(&s, formSource{"slice": {"1", "2", "3"}}, "form")
+		require.NoError(t, err)
+		assert.Equal(t, []int{1, 2, 3}, s.Slice)
+	})
+
+	t.Run("array with default", func(t *testing.T) {
+		var s struct {
+			Array [1]int `form:"array,default=5"`
+		}
+
+		// field not present
+		err := mappingByPtr(&s, formSource{}, "form")
+		require.NoError(t, err)
+		assert.Equal(t, [1]int{5}, s.Array)
+
+		// field present but empty
+		err = mappingByPtr(&s, formSource{"array": {}}, "form")
+		require.NoError(t, err)
+		assert.Equal(t, [1]int{5}, s.Array)
+	})
+
+	t.Run("slice without default", func(t *testing.T) {
+		var s struct {
+			Slice []int `form:"slice"`
+		}
+
+		// field present but empty
+		err := mappingByPtr(&s, formSource{"slice": {}}, "form")
+		require.NoError(t, err)
+		assert.Equal(t, []int(nil), s.Slice)
+	})
+
+	t.Run("array without default", func(t *testing.T) {
+		var s struct {
+			Array [1]int `form:"array"`
+		}
+
+		// field present but empty
+		err := mappingByPtr(&s, formSource{"array": {}}, "form")
+		require.NoError(t, err)
+		assert.Equal(t, [1]int{0}, s.Array)
+	})
+
+	t.Run("slice with collection format", func(t *testing.T) {
+		var s struct {
+			SliceMulti []int `form:"slice_multi,default=1;2;3" collection_format:"multi"`
+			SliceCsv   []int `form:"slice_csv,default=1;2;3" collection_format:"csv"`
+		}
+
+		// field not present
+		err := mappingByPtr(&s, formSource{}, "form")
+		require.NoError(t, err)
+		assert.Equal(t, []int{1, 2, 3}, s.SliceMulti)
+		assert.Equal(t, []int{1, 2, 3}, s.SliceCsv)
+
+		// field present but empty
+		err = mappingByPtr(&s, formSource{"slice_multi": {}, "slice_csv": {}}, "form")
+		require.NoError(t, err)
+		assert.Equal(t, []int{1, 2, 3}, s.SliceMulti)
+		assert.Equal(t, []int{1, 2, 3}, s.SliceCsv)
+	})
 }
diff --git a/binding/header.go b/binding/header.go
index 03bc78da..6ed8c0c5 100644
--- a/binding/header.go
+++ b/binding/header.go
@@ -17,7 +17,6 @@ func (headerBinding) Name() string {
 }
 
 func (headerBinding) Bind(req *http.Request, obj any) error {
-
 	if err := mapHeader(obj, req.Header); err != nil {
 		return err
 	}
diff --git a/binding/json.go b/binding/json.go
index 36eb27a3..f4ae921a 100644
--- a/binding/json.go
+++ b/binding/json.go
@@ -10,12 +10,12 @@ import (
 	"io"
 	"net/http"
 
-	"github.com/gin-gonic/gin/internal/json"
+	"github.com/gin-gonic/gin/codec/json"
 )
 
 // EnableDecoderUseNumber is used to call the UseNumber method on the JSON
 // Decoder instance. UseNumber causes the Decoder to unmarshal a number into an
-// interface{} as a Number instead of as a float64.
+// any as a Number instead of as a float64.
 var EnableDecoderUseNumber = false
 
 // EnableDecoderDisallowUnknownFields is used to call the DisallowUnknownFields method
@@ -42,7 +42,7 @@ func (jsonBinding) BindBody(body []byte, obj any) error {
 }
 
 func decodeJSON(r io.Reader, obj any) error {
-	decoder := json.NewDecoder(r)
+	decoder := json.API.NewDecoder(r)
 	if EnableDecoderUseNumber {
 		decoder.UseNumber()
 	}
diff --git a/binding/json_test.go b/binding/json_test.go
index fbd5c527..942ee3eb 100644
--- a/binding/json_test.go
+++ b/binding/json_test.go
@@ -5,8 +5,16 @@
 package binding
 
 import (
+	"io"
+	"net/http/httptest"
 	"testing"
+	"time"
+	"unsafe"
 
+	"github.com/gin-gonic/gin/codec/json"
+	"github.com/gin-gonic/gin/render"
+	jsoniter "github.com/json-iterator/go"
+	"github.com/modern-go/reflect2"
 	"github.com/stretchr/testify/assert"
 	"github.com/stretchr/testify/require"
 )
@@ -28,3 +36,181 @@ func TestJSONBindingBindBodyMap(t *testing.T) {
 	assert.Equal(t, "FOO", s["foo"])
 	assert.Equal(t, "world", s["hello"])
 }
+
+func TestCustomJsonCodec(t *testing.T) {
+	// Restore json encoding configuration after testing
+	oldMarshal := json.API
+	defer func() {
+		json.API = oldMarshal
+	}()
+	// Custom json api
+	json.API = customJsonApi{}
+
+	// test decode json
+	obj := customReq{}
+	err := jsonBinding{}.BindBody([]byte(`{"time_empty":null,"time_struct": "2001-12-05 10:01:02.345","time_nil":null,"time_pointer":"2002-12-05 10:01:02.345"}`), &obj)
+	require.NoError(t, err)
+	assert.Equal(t, zeroTime, obj.TimeEmpty)
+	assert.Equal(t, time.Date(2001, 12, 5, 10, 1, 2, 345000000, time.Local), obj.TimeStruct)
+	assert.Nil(t, obj.TimeNil)
+	assert.Equal(t, time.Date(2002, 12, 5, 10, 1, 2, 345000000, time.Local), *obj.TimePointer)
+	// test encode json
+	w := httptest.NewRecorder()
+	err2 := (render.PureJSON{Data: obj}).Render(w)
+	require.NoError(t, err2)
+	assert.JSONEq(t, "{\"time_empty\":null,\"time_struct\":\"2001-12-05 10:01:02.345\",\"time_nil\":null,\"time_pointer\":\"2002-12-05 10:01:02.345\"}\n", w.Body.String())
+	assert.Equal(t, "application/json; charset=utf-8", w.Header().Get("Content-Type"))
+}
+
+type customReq struct {
+	TimeEmpty   time.Time  `json:"time_empty"`
+	TimeStruct  time.Time  `json:"time_struct"`
+	TimeNil     *time.Time `json:"time_nil"`
+	TimePointer *time.Time `json:"time_pointer"`
+}
+
+var customConfig = jsoniter.Config{
+	EscapeHTML:             true,
+	SortMapKeys:            true,
+	ValidateJsonRawMessage: true,
+}.Froze()
+
+func init() {
+	customConfig.RegisterExtension(&TimeEx{})
+	customConfig.RegisterExtension(&TimePointerEx{})
+}
+
+type customJsonApi struct{}
+
+func (j customJsonApi) Marshal(v any) ([]byte, error) {
+	return customConfig.Marshal(v)
+}
+
+func (j customJsonApi) Unmarshal(data []byte, v any) error {
+	return customConfig.Unmarshal(data, v)
+}
+
+func (j customJsonApi) MarshalIndent(v any, prefix, indent string) ([]byte, error) {
+	return customConfig.MarshalIndent(v, prefix, indent)
+}
+
+func (j customJsonApi) NewEncoder(writer io.Writer) json.Encoder {
+	return customConfig.NewEncoder(writer)
+}
+
+func (j customJsonApi) NewDecoder(reader io.Reader) json.Decoder {
+	return customConfig.NewDecoder(reader)
+}
+
+// region Time Extension
+
+var (
+	zeroTime         = time.Time{}
+	timeType         = reflect2.TypeOfPtr((*time.Time)(nil)).Elem()
+	defaultTimeCodec = &timeCodec{}
+)
+
+type TimeEx struct {
+	jsoniter.DummyExtension
+}
+
+func (te *TimeEx) CreateDecoder(typ reflect2.Type) jsoniter.ValDecoder {
+	if typ == timeType {
+		return defaultTimeCodec
+	}
+	return nil
+}
+
+func (te *TimeEx) CreateEncoder(typ reflect2.Type) jsoniter.ValEncoder {
+	if typ == timeType {
+		return defaultTimeCodec
+	}
+	return nil
+}
+
+type timeCodec struct{}
+
+func (tc timeCodec) IsEmpty(ptr unsafe.Pointer) bool {
+	t := *((*time.Time)(ptr))
+	return t.Equal(zeroTime)
+}
+
+func (tc timeCodec) Encode(ptr unsafe.Pointer, stream *jsoniter.Stream) {
+	t := *((*time.Time)(ptr))
+	if t.Equal(zeroTime) {
+		stream.WriteNil()
+		return
+	}
+	stream.WriteString(t.In(time.Local).Format("2006-01-02 15:04:05.000"))
+}
+
+func (tc timeCodec) Decode(ptr unsafe.Pointer, iter *jsoniter.Iterator) {
+	ts := iter.ReadString()
+	if len(ts) == 0 {
+		*((*time.Time)(ptr)) = zeroTime
+		return
+	}
+	t, err := time.ParseInLocation("2006-01-02 15:04:05.000", ts, time.Local)
+	if err != nil {
+		panic(err)
+	}
+	*((*time.Time)(ptr)) = t
+}
+
+// endregion
+
+// region *Time Extension
+
+var (
+	timePointerType         = reflect2.TypeOfPtr((**time.Time)(nil)).Elem()
+	defaultTimePointerCodec = &timePointerCodec{}
+)
+
+type TimePointerEx struct {
+	jsoniter.DummyExtension
+}
+
+func (tpe *TimePointerEx) CreateDecoder(typ reflect2.Type) jsoniter.ValDecoder {
+	if typ == timePointerType {
+		return defaultTimePointerCodec
+	}
+	return nil
+}
+
+func (tpe *TimePointerEx) CreateEncoder(typ reflect2.Type) jsoniter.ValEncoder {
+	if typ == timePointerType {
+		return defaultTimePointerCodec
+	}
+	return nil
+}
+
+type timePointerCodec struct{}
+
+func (tpc timePointerCodec) IsEmpty(ptr unsafe.Pointer) bool {
+	t := *((**time.Time)(ptr))
+	return t == nil || (*t).Equal(zeroTime)
+}
+
+func (tpc timePointerCodec) Encode(ptr unsafe.Pointer, stream *jsoniter.Stream) {
+	t := *((**time.Time)(ptr))
+	if t == nil || (*t).Equal(zeroTime) {
+		stream.WriteNil()
+		return
+	}
+	stream.WriteString(t.In(time.Local).Format("2006-01-02 15:04:05.000"))
+}
+
+func (tpc timePointerCodec) Decode(ptr unsafe.Pointer, iter *jsoniter.Iterator) {
+	ts := iter.ReadString()
+	if len(ts) == 0 {
+		*((**time.Time)(ptr)) = nil
+		return
+	}
+	t, err := time.ParseInLocation("2006-01-02 15:04:05.000", ts, time.Local)
+	if err != nil {
+		panic(err)
+	}
+	*((**time.Time)(ptr)) = &t
+}
+
+// endregion
diff --git a/binding/msgpack.go b/binding/msgpack.go
index d1f035e4..22de9b55 100644
--- a/binding/msgpack.go
+++ b/binding/msgpack.go
@@ -3,7 +3,6 @@
 // license that can be found in the LICENSE file.
 
 //go:build !nomsgpack
-// +build !nomsgpack
 
 package binding
 
diff --git a/binding/msgpack_test.go b/binding/msgpack_test.go
index 11561c84..df386a6d 100644
--- a/binding/msgpack_test.go
+++ b/binding/msgpack_test.go
@@ -3,7 +3,6 @@
 // license that can be found in the LICENSE file.
 
 //go:build !nomsgpack
-// +build !nomsgpack
 
 package binding
 
diff --git a/binding/multipart_form_mapping_test.go b/binding/multipart_form_mapping_test.go
index 99328603..c93f2141 100644
--- a/binding/multipart_form_mapping_test.go
+++ b/binding/multipart_form_mapping_test.go
@@ -6,12 +6,13 @@ package binding
 
 import (
 	"bytes"
-	"io/ioutil"
+	"io"
 	"mime/multipart"
 	"net/http"
 	"testing"
 
 	"github.com/stretchr/testify/assert"
+	"github.com/stretchr/testify/require"
 )
 
 func TestFormMultipartBindingBindOneFile(t *testing.T) {
@@ -27,7 +28,7 @@ func TestFormMultipartBindingBindOneFile(t *testing.T) {
 
 	req := createRequestMultipartFiles(t, file)
 	err := FormMultipart.Bind(req, &s)
-	assert.NoError(t, err)
+	require.NoError(t, err)
 
 	assertMultipartFileHeader(t, &s.FileValue, file)
 	assertMultipartFileHeader(t, s.FilePtr, file)
@@ -53,7 +54,7 @@ func TestFormMultipartBindingBindTwoFiles(t *testing.T) {
 
 	req := createRequestMultipartFiles(t, files...)
 	err := FormMultipart.Bind(req, &s)
-	assert.NoError(t, err)
+	require.NoError(t, err)
 
 	assert.Len(t, s.SliceValues, len(files))
 	assert.Len(t, s.SlicePtrs, len(files))
@@ -90,7 +91,7 @@ func TestFormMultipartBindingBindError(t *testing.T) {
 	} {
 		req := createRequestMultipartFiles(t, files...)
 		err := FormMultipart.Bind(req, tt.s)
-		assert.Error(t, err)
+		require.Error(t, err)
 	}
 }
 
@@ -106,17 +107,17 @@ func createRequestMultipartFiles(t *testing.T, files ...testFile) *http.Request
 	mw := multipart.NewWriter(&body)
 	for _, file := range files {
 		fw, err := mw.CreateFormFile(file.Fieldname, file.Filename)
-		assert.NoError(t, err)
+		require.NoError(t, err)
 
 		n, err := fw.Write(file.Content)
-		assert.NoError(t, err)
+		require.NoError(t, err)
 		assert.Equal(t, len(file.Content), n)
 	}
 	err := mw.Close()
-	assert.NoError(t, err)
+	require.NoError(t, err)
 
-	req, err := http.NewRequest("POST", "/", &body)
-	assert.NoError(t, err)
+	req, err := http.NewRequest(http.MethodPost, "/", &body)
+	require.NoError(t, err)
 
 	req.Header.Set("Content-Type", MIMEMultipartPOSTForm+"; boundary="+mw.Boundary())
 	return req
@@ -127,12 +128,12 @@ func assertMultipartFileHeader(t *testing.T, fh *multipart.FileHeader, file test
 	assert.Equal(t, int64(len(file.Content)), fh.Size)
 
 	fl, err := fh.Open()
-	assert.NoError(t, err)
+	require.NoError(t, err)
 
-	body, err := ioutil.ReadAll(fl)
-	assert.NoError(t, err)
+	body, err := io.ReadAll(fl)
+	require.NoError(t, err)
 	assert.Equal(t, string(file.Content), string(body))
 
 	err = fl.Close()
-	assert.NoError(t, err)
+	require.NoError(t, err)
 }
diff --git a/binding/plain.go b/binding/plain.go
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..5d466bdd
--- /dev/null
+++ b/binding/plain.go
@@ -0,0 +1,56 @@
+package binding
+
+import (
+	"fmt"
+	"io"
+	"net/http"
+	"reflect"
+
+	"github.com/gin-gonic/gin/internal/bytesconv"
+)
+
+type plainBinding struct{}
+
+func (plainBinding) Name() string {
+	return "plain"
+}
+
+func (plainBinding) Bind(req *http.Request, obj any) error {
+	all, err := io.ReadAll(req.Body)
+	if err != nil {
+		return err
+	}
+
+	return decodePlain(all, obj)
+}
+
+func (plainBinding) BindBody(body []byte, obj any) error {
+	return decodePlain(body, obj)
+}
+
+func decodePlain(data []byte, obj any) error {
+	if obj == nil {
+		return nil
+	}
+
+	v := reflect.ValueOf(obj)
+
+	for v.Kind() == reflect.Ptr {
+		if v.IsNil() {
+			return nil
+		}
+		v = v.Elem()
+	}
+
+	if v.Kind() == reflect.String {
+		v.SetString(bytesconv.BytesToString(data))
+		return nil
+	}
+
+	if _, ok := v.Interface().([]byte); ok {
+		v.SetBytes(data)
+		return nil
+	}
+
+	return fmt.Errorf("type (%T) unknown type", v)
+}
diff --git a/binding/protobuf.go b/binding/protobuf.go
index 44f2fdb9..259ae8e7 100644
--- a/binding/protobuf.go
+++ b/binding/protobuf.go
@@ -6,7 +6,7 @@ package binding
 
 import (
 	"errors"
-	"io/ioutil"
+	"io"
 	"net/http"
 
 	"google.golang.org/protobuf/proto"
@@ -19,7 +19,7 @@ func (protobufBinding) Name() string {
 }
 
 func (b protobufBinding) Bind(req *http.Request, obj any) error {
-	buf, err := ioutil.ReadAll(req.Body)
+	buf, err := io.ReadAll(req.Body)
 	if err != nil {
 		return err
 	}
@@ -34,7 +34,7 @@ func (protobufBinding) BindBody(body []byte, obj any) error {
 	if err := proto.Unmarshal(body, msg); err != nil {
 		return err
 	}
-	// Here it's same to return validate(obj), but util now we can't add
+	// Here it's same to return validate(obj), but until now we can't add
 	// `binding:""` to the struct which automatically generate by gen-proto
 	return nil
 	// return validate(obj)
diff --git a/binding/toml.go b/binding/toml.go
index a6b8a90a..2681231d 100644
--- a/binding/toml.go
+++ b/binding/toml.go
@@ -18,14 +18,6 @@ func (tomlBinding) Name() string {
 	return "toml"
 }
 
-func decodeToml(r io.Reader, obj any) error {
-	decoder := toml.NewDecoder(r)
-	if err := decoder.Decode(obj); err != nil {
-		return err
-	}
-	return decoder.Decode(obj)
-}
-
 func (tomlBinding) Bind(req *http.Request, obj any) error {
 	return decodeToml(req.Body, obj)
 }
@@ -33,3 +25,11 @@ func (tomlBinding) Bind(req *http.Request, obj any) error {
 func (tomlBinding) BindBody(body []byte, obj any) error {
 	return decodeToml(bytes.NewReader(body), obj)
 }
+
+func decodeToml(r io.Reader, obj any) error {
+	decoder := toml.NewDecoder(r)
+	if err := decoder.Decode(obj); err != nil {
+		return err
+	}
+	return validate(obj)
+}
diff --git a/binding/validate_test.go b/binding/validate_test.go
index 801bd9b7..792f64c4 100644
--- a/binding/validate_test.go
+++ b/binding/validate_test.go
@@ -11,6 +11,7 @@ import (
 
 	"github.com/go-playground/validator/v10"
 	"github.com/stretchr/testify/assert"
+	"github.com/stretchr/testify/require"
 )
 
 type testInterface interface {
@@ -113,10 +114,10 @@ func TestValidateNoValidationValues(t *testing.T) {
 	test := createNoValidationValues()
 	empty := structNoValidationValues{}
 
-	assert.Nil(t, validate(test))
-	assert.Nil(t, validate(&test))
-	assert.Nil(t, validate(empty))
-	assert.Nil(t, validate(&empty))
+	require.NoError(t, validate(test))
+	require.NoError(t, validate(&test))
+	require.NoError(t, validate(empty))
+	require.NoError(t, validate(&empty))
 
 	assert.Equal(t, origin, test)
 }
@@ -157,41 +158,65 @@ type structNoValidationPointer struct {
 }
 
 func TestValidateNoValidationPointers(t *testing.T) {
-	//origin := createNoValidation_values()
-	//test := createNoValidation_values()
+	// origin := createNoValidation_values()
+	// test := createNoValidation_values()
 	empty := structNoValidationPointer{}
 
-	//assert.Nil(t, validate(test))
-	//assert.Nil(t, validate(&test))
-	assert.Nil(t, validate(empty))
-	assert.Nil(t, validate(&empty))
+	// assert.Nil(t, validate(test))
+	// assert.Nil(t, validate(&test))
+	require.NoError(t, validate(empty))
+	require.NoError(t, validate(&empty))
 
-	//assert.Equal(t, origin, test)
+	// assert.Equal(t, origin, test)
 }
 
 type Object map[string]any
 
 func TestValidatePrimitives(t *testing.T) {
 	obj := Object{"foo": "bar", "bar": 1}
-	assert.NoError(t, validate(obj))
-	assert.NoError(t, validate(&obj))
+	require.NoError(t, validate(obj))
+	require.NoError(t, validate(&obj))
 	assert.Equal(t, Object{"foo": "bar", "bar": 1}, obj)
 
 	obj2 := []Object{{"foo": "bar", "bar": 1}, {"foo": "bar", "bar": 1}}
-	assert.NoError(t, validate(obj2))
-	assert.NoError(t, validate(&obj2))
+	require.NoError(t, validate(obj2))
+	require.NoError(t, validate(&obj2))
 
 	nu := 10
-	assert.NoError(t, validate(nu))
-	assert.NoError(t, validate(&nu))
+	require.NoError(t, validate(nu))
+	require.NoError(t, validate(&nu))
 	assert.Equal(t, 10, nu)
 
 	str := "value"
-	assert.NoError(t, validate(str))
-	assert.NoError(t, validate(&str))
+	require.NoError(t, validate(str))
+	require.NoError(t, validate(&str))
 	assert.Equal(t, "value", str)
 }
 
+type structModifyValidation struct {
+	Integer int
+}
+
+func toZero(sl validator.StructLevel) {
+	s := sl.Top().Interface().(*structModifyValidation)
+	s.Integer = 0
+}
+
+func TestValidateAndModifyStruct(t *testing.T) {
+	// This validates that pointers to structs are passed to the validator
+	// giving us the ability to modify the struct being validated.
+	engine, ok := Validator.Engine().(*validator.Validate)
+	assert.True(t, ok)
+
+	engine.RegisterStructValidation(toZero, structModifyValidation{})
+
+	s := structModifyValidation{Integer: 1}
+	errs := validate(&s)
+
+	require.NoError(t, errs)
+	assert.Equal(t, structModifyValidation{Integer: 0}, s)
+}
+
 // structCustomValidation is a helper struct we use to check that
 // custom validation can be registered on it.
 // The `notone` binding directive is for custom validation and registered later.
@@ -215,14 +240,14 @@ func TestValidatorEngine(t *testing.T) {
 
 	err := engine.RegisterValidation("notone", notOne)
 	// Check that we can register custom validation without error
-	assert.Nil(t, err)
+	require.NoError(t, err)
 
 	// Create an instance which will fail validation
 	withOne := structCustomValidation{Integer: 1}
 	errs := validate(withOne)
 
 	// Check that we got back non-nil errs
-	assert.NotNil(t, errs)
+	require.Error(t, errs)
 	// Check that the error matches expectation
-	assert.Error(t, errs, "", "", "notone")
+	require.Error(t, errs, "notone")
 }
diff --git a/binding/xml.go b/binding/xml.go
index a70f4ad3..acd6f942 100644
--- a/binding/xml.go
+++ b/binding/xml.go
@@ -24,6 +24,7 @@ func (xmlBinding) Bind(req *http.Request, obj any) error {
 func (xmlBinding) BindBody(body []byte, obj any) error {
 	return decodeXML(bytes.NewReader(body), obj)
 }
+
 func decodeXML(r io.Reader, obj any) error {
 	decoder := xml.NewDecoder(r)
 	if err := decoder.Decode(obj); err != nil {
diff --git a/binding/yaml.go b/binding/yaml.go
index b0d36a35..6638e739 100644
--- a/binding/yaml.go
+++ b/binding/yaml.go
@@ -9,7 +9,7 @@ import (
 	"io"
 	"net/http"
 
-	"gopkg.in/yaml.v2"
+	"github.com/goccy/go-yaml"
 )
 
 type yamlBinding struct{}
diff --git a/codec/json/api.go b/codec/json/api.go
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..f2135683
--- /dev/null
+++ b/codec/json/api.go
@@ -0,0 +1,57 @@
+// Copyright 2025 Gin Core Team. All rights reserved.
+// Use of this source code is governed by a MIT style
+// license that can be found in the LICENSE file.
+
+package json
+
+import "io"
+
+// API the json codec in use.
+var API Core
+
+// Core the api for json codec.
+type Core interface {
+	Marshal(v any) ([]byte, error)
+	Unmarshal(data []byte, v any) error
+	MarshalIndent(v any, prefix, indent string) ([]byte, error)
+	NewEncoder(writer io.Writer) Encoder
+	NewDecoder(reader io.Reader) Decoder
+}
+
+// Encoder an interface writes JSON values to an output stream.
+type Encoder interface {
+	// SetEscapeHTML specifies whether problematic HTML characters
+	// should be escaped inside JSON quoted strings.
+	// The default behavior is to escape &, <, and > to \u0026, \u003c, and \u003e
+	// to avoid certain safety problems that can arise when embedding JSON in HTML.
+	//
+	// In non-HTML settings where the escaping interferes with the readability
+	// of the output, SetEscapeHTML(false) disables this behavior.
+	SetEscapeHTML(on bool)
+
+	// Encode writes the JSON encoding of v to the stream,
+	// followed by a newline character.
+	//
+	// See the documentation for Marshal for details about the
+	// conversion of Go values to JSON.
+	Encode(v any) error
+}
+
+// Decoder an interface reads and decodes JSON values from an input stream.
+type Decoder interface {
+	// UseNumber causes the Decoder to unmarshal a number into an any as a
+	// Number instead of as a float64.
+	UseNumber()
+
+	// DisallowUnknownFields causes the Decoder to return an error when the destination
+	// is a struct and the input contains object keys which do not match any
+	// non-ignored, exported fields in the destination.
+	DisallowUnknownFields()
+
+	// Decode reads the next JSON-encoded value from its
+	// input and stores it in the value pointed to by v.
+	//
+	// See the documentation for Unmarshal for details about
+	// the conversion of JSON into a Go value.
+	Decode(v any) error
+}
diff --git a/codec/json/go_json.go b/codec/json/go_json.go
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..42a476ac
--- /dev/null
+++ b/codec/json/go_json.go
@@ -0,0 +1,42 @@
+// Copyright 2025 Gin Core Team. All rights reserved.
+// Use of this source code is governed by a MIT style
+// license that can be found in the LICENSE file.
+
+//go:build go_json
+
+package json
+
+import (
+	"io"
+
+	"github.com/goccy/go-json"
+)
+
+// Package indicates what library is being used for JSON encoding.
+const Package = "github.com/goccy/go-json"
+
+func init() {
+	API = gojsonApi{}
+}
+
+type gojsonApi struct{}
+
+func (j gojsonApi) Marshal(v any) ([]byte, error) {
+	return json.Marshal(v)
+}
+
+func (j gojsonApi) Unmarshal(data []byte, v any) error {
+	return json.Unmarshal(data, v)
+}
+
+func (j gojsonApi) MarshalIndent(v any, prefix, indent string) ([]byte, error) {
+	return json.MarshalIndent(v, prefix, indent)
+}
+
+func (j gojsonApi) NewEncoder(writer io.Writer) Encoder {
+	return json.NewEncoder(writer)
+}
+
+func (j gojsonApi) NewDecoder(reader io.Reader) Decoder {
+	return json.NewDecoder(reader)
+}
diff --git a/codec/json/json.go b/codec/json/json.go
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..2971f42f
--- /dev/null
+++ b/codec/json/json.go
@@ -0,0 +1,41 @@
+// Copyright 2025 Gin Core Team. All rights reserved.
+// Use of this source code is governed by a MIT style
+// license that can be found in the LICENSE file.
+
+//go:build !jsoniter && !go_json && !(sonic && (linux || windows || darwin))
+
+package json
+
+import (
+	"encoding/json"
+	"io"
+)
+
+// Package indicates what library is being used for JSON encoding.
+const Package = "encoding/json"
+
+func init() {
+	API = jsonApi{}
+}
+
+type jsonApi struct{}
+
+func (j jsonApi) Marshal(v any) ([]byte, error) {
+	return json.Marshal(v)
+}
+
+func (j jsonApi) Unmarshal(data []byte, v any) error {
+	return json.Unmarshal(data, v)
+}
+
+func (j jsonApi) MarshalIndent(v any, prefix, indent string) ([]byte, error) {
+	return json.MarshalIndent(v, prefix, indent)
+}
+
+func (j jsonApi) NewEncoder(writer io.Writer) Encoder {
+	return json.NewEncoder(writer)
+}
+
+func (j jsonApi) NewDecoder(reader io.Reader) Decoder {
+	return json.NewDecoder(reader)
+}
diff --git a/codec/json/jsoniter.go b/codec/json/jsoniter.go
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..ea624e77
--- /dev/null
+++ b/codec/json/jsoniter.go
@@ -0,0 +1,44 @@
+// Copyright 2025 Gin Core Team. All rights reserved.
+// Use of this source code is governed by a MIT style
+// license that can be found in the LICENSE file.
+
+//go:build jsoniter
+
+package json
+
+import (
+	"io"
+
+	jsoniter "github.com/json-iterator/go"
+)
+
+// Package indicates what library is being used for JSON encoding.
+const Package = "github.com/json-iterator/go"
+
+func init() {
+	API = jsoniterApi{}
+}
+
+var json = jsoniter.ConfigCompatibleWithStandardLibrary
+
+type jsoniterApi struct{}
+
+func (j jsoniterApi) Marshal(v any) ([]byte, error) {
+	return json.Marshal(v)
+}
+
+func (j jsoniterApi) Unmarshal(data []byte, v any) error {
+	return json.Unmarshal(data, v)
+}
+
+func (j jsoniterApi) MarshalIndent(v any, prefix, indent string) ([]byte, error) {
+	return json.MarshalIndent(v, prefix, indent)
+}
+
+func (j jsoniterApi) NewEncoder(writer io.Writer) Encoder {
+	return json.NewEncoder(writer)
+}
+
+func (j jsoniterApi) NewDecoder(reader io.Reader) Decoder {
+	return json.NewDecoder(reader)
+}
diff --git a/codec/json/sonic.go b/codec/json/sonic.go
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..69496565
--- /dev/null
+++ b/codec/json/sonic.go
@@ -0,0 +1,44 @@
+// Copyright 2025 Gin Core Team. All rights reserved.
+// Use of this source code is governed by a MIT style
+// license that can be found in the LICENSE file.
+
+//go:build sonic && (linux || windows || darwin)
+
+package json
+
+import (
+	"io"
+
+	"github.com/bytedance/sonic"
+)
+
+// Package indicates what library is being used for JSON encoding.
+const Package = "github.com/bytedance/sonic"
+
+func init() {
+	API = sonicApi{}
+}
+
+var json = sonic.ConfigStd
+
+type sonicApi struct{}
+
+func (j sonicApi) Marshal(v any) ([]byte, error) {
+	return json.Marshal(v)
+}
+
+func (j sonicApi) Unmarshal(data []byte, v any) error {
+	return json.Unmarshal(data, v)
+}
+
+func (j sonicApi) MarshalIndent(v any, prefix, indent string) ([]byte, error) {
+	return json.MarshalIndent(v, prefix, indent)
+}
+
+func (j sonicApi) NewEncoder(writer io.Writer) Encoder {
+	return json.NewEncoder(writer)
+}
+
+func (j sonicApi) NewDecoder(reader io.Reader) Decoder {
+	return json.NewDecoder(reader)
+}
diff --git a/codecov.yml b/codecov.yml
index c9c9a522..47782e50 100644
--- a/codecov.yml
+++ b/codecov.yml
@@ -1,5 +1,13 @@
 coverage:
-  notify:
-    gitter:
+  require_ci_to_pass: true
+
+  status:
+    project:
       default:
-        url: https://webhooks.gitter.im/e/d90dcdeeab2f1e357165
+        target: 99%
+        threshold: 99%
+
+    patch:
+      default:
+        target: 99%
+        threshold: 95%
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/context.go b/context.go
index ab880b19..be552078 100644
--- a/context.go
+++ b/context.go
@@ -6,15 +6,18 @@ package gin
 
 import (
 	"errors"
+	"fmt"
 	"io"
-	"io/ioutil"
+	"io/fs"
 	"log"
+	"maps"
 	"math"
 	"mime/multipart"
 	"net"
 	"net/http"
 	"net/url"
 	"os"
+	"path/filepath"
 	"strings"
 	"sync"
 	"time"
@@ -34,7 +37,9 @@ const (
 	MIMEPOSTForm          = binding.MIMEPOSTForm
 	MIMEMultipartPOSTForm = binding.MIMEMultipartPOSTForm
 	MIMEYAML              = binding.MIMEYAML
+	MIMEYAML2             = binding.MIMEYAML2
 	MIMETOML              = binding.MIMETOML
+	MIMEPROTOBUF          = binding.MIMEPROTOBUF
 )
 
 // BodyBytesKey indicates a default body bytes key.
@@ -43,6 +48,10 @@ const BodyBytesKey = "_gin-gonic/gin/bodybyteskey"
 // ContextKey is the key that a Context returns itself for.
 const ContextKey = "_gin-gonic/gin/contextkey"
 
+type ContextKeyType int
+
+const ContextRequestKey ContextKeyType = 0
+
 // abortIndex represents a typical value used in abort functions.
 const abortIndex int8 = math.MaxInt8 >> 1
 
@@ -66,7 +75,7 @@ type Context struct {
 	mu sync.RWMutex
 
 	// Keys is a key/value pair exclusively for the context of each request.
-	Keys map[string]any
+	Keys map[any]any
 
 	// Errors is a list of errors attached to all the handlers/middlewares who used this context.
 	Errors errorMsgs
@@ -113,20 +122,24 @@ func (c *Context) Copy() *Context {
 	cp := Context{
 		writermem: c.writermem,
 		Request:   c.Request,
-		Params:    c.Params,
 		engine:    c.engine,
 	}
+
 	cp.writermem.ResponseWriter = nil
 	cp.Writer = &cp.writermem
 	cp.index = abortIndex
 	cp.handlers = nil
-	cp.Keys = map[string]any{}
-	for k, v := range c.Keys {
-		cp.Keys[k] = v
-	}
-	paramCopy := make([]Param, len(cp.Params))
-	copy(paramCopy, cp.Params)
-	cp.Params = paramCopy
+	cp.fullPath = c.fullPath
+
+	cKeys := c.Keys
+	c.mu.RLock()
+	cp.Keys = maps.Clone(cKeys)
+	c.mu.RUnlock()
+
+	cParams := c.Params
+	cp.Params = make([]Param, len(cParams))
+	copy(cp.Params, cParams)
+
 	return &cp
 }
 
@@ -141,6 +154,9 @@ func (c *Context) HandlerName() string {
 func (c *Context) HandlerNames() []string {
 	hn := make([]string, 0, len(c.handlers))
 	for _, val := range c.handlers {
+		if val == nil {
+			continue
+		}
 		hn = append(hn, nameOfFunction(val))
 	}
 	return hn
@@ -170,8 +186,10 @@ func (c *Context) FullPath() string {
 // See example in GitHub.
 func (c *Context) Next() {
 	c.index++
-	for c.index < int8(len(c.handlers)) {
-		c.handlers[c.index](c)
+	for c.index < safeInt8(len(c.handlers)) {
+		if c.handlers[c.index] != nil {
+			c.handlers[c.index](c)
+		}
 		c.index++
 	}
 }
@@ -197,6 +215,14 @@ func (c *Context) AbortWithStatus(code int) {
 	c.Abort()
 }
 
+// AbortWithStatusPureJSON calls `Abort()` and then `PureJSON` internally.
+// This method stops the chain, writes the status code and return a JSON body without escaping.
+// It also sets the Content-Type as "application/json".
+func (c *Context) AbortWithStatusPureJSON(code int, jsonObj any) {
+	c.Abort()
+	c.PureJSON(code, jsonObj)
+}
+
 // AbortWithStatusJSON calls `Abort()` and then `JSON` internally.
 // This method stops the chain, writes the status code and return a JSON body.
 // It also sets the Content-Type as "application/json".
@@ -245,136 +271,209 @@ func (c *Context) Error(err error) *Error {
 /************************************/
 
 // Set is used to store a new key/value pair exclusively for this context.
-// It also lazy initializes  c.Keys if it was not used previously.
-func (c *Context) Set(key string, value any) {
+// It also lazy initializes c.Keys if it was not used previously.
+func (c *Context) Set(key any, value any) {
 	c.mu.Lock()
+	defer c.mu.Unlock()
 	if c.Keys == nil {
-		c.Keys = make(map[string]any)
+		c.Keys = make(map[any]any)
 	}
 
 	c.Keys[key] = value
-	c.mu.Unlock()
 }
 
 // Get returns the value for the given key, ie: (value, true).
 // If the value does not exist it returns (nil, false)
-func (c *Context) Get(key string) (value any, exists bool) {
+func (c *Context) Get(key any) (value any, exists bool) {
 	c.mu.RLock()
+	defer c.mu.RUnlock()
 	value, exists = c.Keys[key]
-	c.mu.RUnlock()
 	return
 }
 
 // MustGet returns the value for the given key if it exists, otherwise it panics.
-func (c *Context) MustGet(key string) any {
+func (c *Context) MustGet(key any) any {
 	if value, exists := c.Get(key); exists {
 		return value
 	}
-	panic("Key \"" + key + "\" does not exist")
+	panic(fmt.Sprintf("key %v does not exist", key))
+}
+
+func getTyped[T any](c *Context, key any) (res T) {
+	if val, ok := c.Get(key); ok && val != nil {
+		res, _ = val.(T)
+	}
+	return
 }
 
 // GetString returns the value associated with the key as a string.
-func (c *Context) GetString(key string) (s string) {
-	if val, ok := c.Get(key); ok && val != nil {
-		s, _ = val.(string)
-	}
-	return
+func (c *Context) GetString(key any) string {
+	return getTyped[string](c, key)
 }
 
 // GetBool returns the value associated with the key as a boolean.
-func (c *Context) GetBool(key string) (b bool) {
-	if val, ok := c.Get(key); ok && val != nil {
-		b, _ = val.(bool)
-	}
-	return
+func (c *Context) GetBool(key any) bool {
+	return getTyped[bool](c, key)
 }
 
 // GetInt returns the value associated with the key as an integer.
-func (c *Context) GetInt(key string) (i int) {
-	if val, ok := c.Get(key); ok && val != nil {
-		i, _ = val.(int)
-	}
-	return
+func (c *Context) GetInt(key any) int {
+	return getTyped[int](c, key)
 }
 
-// GetInt64 returns the value associated with the key as an integer.
-func (c *Context) GetInt64(key string) (i64 int64) {
-	if val, ok := c.Get(key); ok && val != nil {
-		i64, _ = val.(int64)
-	}
-	return
+// GetInt8 returns the value associated with the key as an integer 8.
+func (c *Context) GetInt8(key any) int8 {
+	return getTyped[int8](c, key)
+}
+
+// GetInt16 returns the value associated with the key as an integer 16.
+func (c *Context) GetInt16(key any) int16 {
+	return getTyped[int16](c, key)
+}
+
+// GetInt32 returns the value associated with the key as an integer 32.
+func (c *Context) GetInt32(key any) int32 {
+	return getTyped[int32](c, key)
+}
+
+// GetInt64 returns the value associated with the key as an integer 64.
+func (c *Context) GetInt64(key any) int64 {
+	return getTyped[int64](c, key)
 }
 
 // GetUint returns the value associated with the key as an unsigned integer.
-func (c *Context) GetUint(key string) (ui uint) {
-	if val, ok := c.Get(key); ok && val != nil {
-		ui, _ = val.(uint)
-	}
-	return
+func (c *Context) GetUint(key any) uint {
+	return getTyped[uint](c, key)
 }
 
-// GetUint64 returns the value associated with the key as an unsigned integer.
-func (c *Context) GetUint64(key string) (ui64 uint64) {
-	if val, ok := c.Get(key); ok && val != nil {
-		ui64, _ = val.(uint64)
-	}
-	return
+// GetUint8 returns the value associated with the key as an unsigned integer 8.
+func (c *Context) GetUint8(key any) uint8 {
+	return getTyped[uint8](c, key)
+}
+
+// GetUint16 returns the value associated with the key as an unsigned integer 16.
+func (c *Context) GetUint16(key any) uint16 {
+	return getTyped[uint16](c, key)
+}
+
+// GetUint32 returns the value associated with the key as an unsigned integer 32.
+func (c *Context) GetUint32(key any) uint32 {
+	return getTyped[uint32](c, key)
+}
+
+// GetUint64 returns the value associated with the key as an unsigned integer 64.
+func (c *Context) GetUint64(key any) uint64 {
+	return getTyped[uint64](c, key)
+}
+
+// GetFloat32 returns the value associated with the key as a float32.
+func (c *Context) GetFloat32(key any) float32 {
+	return getTyped[float32](c, key)
 }
 
 // GetFloat64 returns the value associated with the key as a float64.
-func (c *Context) GetFloat64(key string) (f64 float64) {
-	if val, ok := c.Get(key); ok && val != nil {
-		f64, _ = val.(float64)
-	}
-	return
+func (c *Context) GetFloat64(key any) float64 {
+	return getTyped[float64](c, key)
 }
 
 // GetTime returns the value associated with the key as time.
-func (c *Context) GetTime(key string) (t time.Time) {
-	if val, ok := c.Get(key); ok && val != nil {
-		t, _ = val.(time.Time)
-	}
-	return
+func (c *Context) GetTime(key any) time.Time {
+	return getTyped[time.Time](c, key)
 }
 
 // GetDuration returns the value associated with the key as a duration.
-func (c *Context) GetDuration(key string) (d time.Duration) {
-	if val, ok := c.Get(key); ok && val != nil {
-		d, _ = val.(time.Duration)
-	}
-	return
+func (c *Context) GetDuration(key any) time.Duration {
+	return getTyped[time.Duration](c, key)
+}
+
+// GetIntSlice returns the value associated with the key as a slice of integers.
+func (c *Context) GetIntSlice(key any) []int {
+	return getTyped[[]int](c, key)
+}
+
+// GetInt8Slice returns the value associated with the key as a slice of int8 integers.
+func (c *Context) GetInt8Slice(key any) []int8 {
+	return getTyped[[]int8](c, key)
+}
+
+// GetInt16Slice returns the value associated with the key as a slice of int16 integers.
+func (c *Context) GetInt16Slice(key any) []int16 {
+	return getTyped[[]int16](c, key)
+}
+
+// GetInt32Slice returns the value associated with the key as a slice of int32 integers.
+func (c *Context) GetInt32Slice(key any) []int32 {
+	return getTyped[[]int32](c, key)
+}
+
+// GetInt64Slice returns the value associated with the key as a slice of int64 integers.
+func (c *Context) GetInt64Slice(key any) []int64 {
+	return getTyped[[]int64](c, key)
+}
+
+// GetUintSlice returns the value associated with the key as a slice of unsigned integers.
+func (c *Context) GetUintSlice(key any) []uint {
+	return getTyped[[]uint](c, key)
+}
+
+// GetUint8Slice returns the value associated with the key as a slice of uint8 integers.
+func (c *Context) GetUint8Slice(key any) []uint8 {
+	return getTyped[[]uint8](c, key)
+}
+
+// GetUint16Slice returns the value associated with the key as a slice of uint16 integers.
+func (c *Context) GetUint16Slice(key any) []uint16 {
+	return getTyped[[]uint16](c, key)
+}
+
+// GetUint32Slice returns the value associated with the key as a slice of uint32 integers.
+func (c *Context) GetUint32Slice(key any) []uint32 {
+	return getTyped[[]uint32](c, key)
+}
+
+// GetUint64Slice returns the value associated with the key as a slice of uint64 integers.
+func (c *Context) GetUint64Slice(key any) []uint64 {
+	return getTyped[[]uint64](c, key)
+}
+
+// GetFloat32Slice returns the value associated with the key as a slice of float32 numbers.
+func (c *Context) GetFloat32Slice(key any) []float32 {
+	return getTyped[[]float32](c, key)
+}
+
+// GetFloat64Slice returns the value associated with the key as a slice of float64 numbers.
+func (c *Context) GetFloat64Slice(key any) []float64 {
+	return getTyped[[]float64](c, key)
 }
 
 // GetStringSlice returns the value associated with the key as a slice of strings.
-func (c *Context) GetStringSlice(key string) (ss []string) {
-	if val, ok := c.Get(key); ok && val != nil {
-		ss, _ = val.([]string)
-	}
-	return
+func (c *Context) GetStringSlice(key any) []string {
+	return getTyped[[]string](c, key)
 }
 
 // GetStringMap returns the value associated with the key as a map of interfaces.
-func (c *Context) GetStringMap(key string) (sm map[string]any) {
-	if val, ok := c.Get(key); ok && val != nil {
-		sm, _ = val.(map[string]any)
-	}
-	return
+func (c *Context) GetStringMap(key any) map[string]any {
+	return getTyped[map[string]any](c, key)
 }
 
 // GetStringMapString returns the value associated with the key as a map of strings.
-func (c *Context) GetStringMapString(key string) (sms map[string]string) {
-	if val, ok := c.Get(key); ok && val != nil {
-		sms, _ = val.(map[string]string)
-	}
-	return
+func (c *Context) GetStringMapString(key any) map[string]string {
+	return getTyped[map[string]string](c, key)
 }
 
 // GetStringMapStringSlice returns the value associated with the key as a map to a slice of strings.
-func (c *Context) GetStringMapStringSlice(key string) (smss map[string][]string) {
-	if val, ok := c.Get(key); ok && val != nil {
-		smss, _ = val.(map[string][]string)
+func (c *Context) GetStringMapStringSlice(key any) map[string][]string {
+	return getTyped[map[string][]string](c, key)
+}
+
+// Delete deletes the key from the Context's Key map, if it exists.
+// This operation is safe to be used by concurrent go-routines
+func (c *Context) Delete(key any) {
+	c.mu.Lock()
+	defer c.mu.Unlock()
+	if c.Keys != nil {
+		delete(c.Keys, key)
 	}
-	return
 }
 
 /************************************/
@@ -387,6 +486,8 @@ func (c *Context) GetStringMapStringSlice(key string) (smss map[string][]string)
 //	router.GET("/user/:id", func(c *gin.Context) {
 //	    // a GET request to /user/john
 //	    id := c.Param("id") // id == "john"
+//	    // a GET request to /user/john/
+//	    id := c.Param("id") // id == "/john/"
 //	})
 func (c *Context) Param(key string) string {
 	return c.Params.ByName(key)
@@ -455,7 +556,7 @@ func (c *Context) QueryArray(key string) (values []string) {
 
 func (c *Context) initQueryCache() {
 	if c.queryCache == nil {
-		if c.Request != nil {
+		if c.Request != nil && c.Request.URL != nil {
 			c.queryCache = c.Request.URL.Query()
 		} else {
 			c.queryCache = url.Values{}
@@ -481,7 +582,7 @@ func (c *Context) QueryMap(key string) (dicts map[string]string) {
 // whether at least one value exists for the given key.
 func (c *Context) GetQueryMap(key string) (map[string]string, bool) {
 	c.initQueryCache()
-	return c.get(c.queryCache, key)
+	return getMapFromFormData(c.queryCache, key)
 }
 
 // PostForm returns the specified key from a POST urlencoded form or multipart form
@@ -554,22 +655,32 @@ func (c *Context) PostFormMap(key string) (dicts map[string]string) {
 // whether at least one value exists for the given key.
 func (c *Context) GetPostFormMap(key string) (map[string]string, bool) {
 	c.initFormCache()
-	return c.get(c.formCache, key)
+	return getMapFromFormData(c.formCache, key)
 }
 
-// get is an internal method and returns a map which satisfy conditions.
-func (c *Context) get(m map[string][]string, key string) (map[string]string, bool) {
-	dicts := make(map[string]string)
-	exist := false
+// getMapFromFormData return a map which satisfies conditions.
+// It parses from data with bracket notation like "key[subkey]=value" into a map.
+func getMapFromFormData(m map[string][]string, key string) (map[string]string, bool) {
+	d := make(map[string]string)
+	found := false
+	keyLen := len(key)
+
 	for k, v := range m {
-		if i := strings.IndexByte(k, '['); i >= 1 && k[0:i] == key {
-			if j := strings.IndexByte(k[i+1:], ']'); j >= 1 {
-				exist = true
-				dicts[k[i+1:][:j]] = v[0]
-			}
+		if len(k) < keyLen+3 { // key + "[" + at least one char + "]"
+			continue
+		}
+
+		if k[:keyLen] != key || k[keyLen] != '[' {
+			continue
+		}
+
+		if j := strings.IndexByte(k[keyLen+1:], ']'); j > 0 {
+			found = true
+			d[k[keyLen+1:keyLen+1+j]] = v[0]
 		}
 	}
-	return dicts, exist
+
+	return d, found
 }
 
 // FormFile returns the first file for the provided form key.
@@ -594,13 +705,25 @@ func (c *Context) MultipartForm() (*multipart.Form, error) {
 }
 
 // SaveUploadedFile uploads the form file to specific dst.
-func (c *Context) SaveUploadedFile(file *multipart.FileHeader, dst string) error {
+func (c *Context) SaveUploadedFile(file *multipart.FileHeader, dst string, perm ...fs.FileMode) error {
 	src, err := file.Open()
 	if err != nil {
 		return err
 	}
 	defer src.Close()
 
+	var mode os.FileMode = 0o750
+	if len(perm) > 0 {
+		mode = perm[0]
+	}
+	dir := filepath.Dir(dst)
+	if err = os.MkdirAll(dir, mode); err != nil {
+		return err
+	}
+	if err = os.Chmod(dir, mode); err != nil {
+		return err
+	}
+
 	out, err := os.Create(dst)
 	if err != nil {
 		return err
@@ -646,10 +769,15 @@ func (c *Context) BindYAML(obj any) error {
 }
 
 // BindTOML is a shortcut for c.MustBindWith(obj, binding.TOML).
-func (c *Context) BindTOML(obj interface{}) error {
+func (c *Context) BindTOML(obj any) error {
 	return c.MustBindWith(obj, binding.TOML)
 }
 
+// BindPlain is a shortcut for c.MustBindWith(obj, binding.Plain).
+func (c *Context) BindPlain(obj any) error {
+	return c.MustBindWith(obj, binding.Plain)
+}
+
 // BindHeader is a shortcut for c.MustBindWith(obj, binding.Header).
 func (c *Context) BindHeader(obj any) error {
 	return c.MustBindWith(obj, binding.Header)
@@ -669,8 +797,19 @@ func (c *Context) BindUri(obj any) error {
 // It will abort the request with HTTP 400 if any error occurs.
 // See the binding package.
 func (c *Context) MustBindWith(obj any, b binding.Binding) error {
-	if err := c.ShouldBindWith(obj, b); err != nil {
-		c.AbortWithError(http.StatusBadRequest, err).SetType(ErrorTypeBind) //nolint: errcheck
+	err := c.ShouldBindWith(obj, b)
+	if err != nil {
+		var maxBytesErr *http.MaxBytesError
+
+		// Note: When using sonic or go-json as JSON encoder, they do not propagate the http.MaxBytesError error
+		// https://github.com/goccy/go-json/issues/485
+		// https://github.com/bytedance/sonic/issues/800
+		switch {
+		case errors.As(err, &maxBytesErr):
+			c.AbortWithError(http.StatusRequestEntityTooLarge, err).SetType(ErrorTypeBind) //nolint: errcheck
+		default:
+			c.AbortWithError(http.StatusBadRequest, err).SetType(ErrorTypeBind) //nolint: errcheck
+		}
 		return err
 	}
 	return nil
@@ -691,38 +830,73 @@ func (c *Context) ShouldBind(obj any) error {
 }
 
 // ShouldBindJSON is a shortcut for c.ShouldBindWith(obj, binding.JSON).
+//
+// Example:
+//
+//	POST /user
+//	Content-Type: application/json
+//
+//	Request Body:
+//	{
+//		"name": "Manu",
+//		"age": 20
+//	}
+//
+//	type User struct {
+//		Name string `json:"name"`
+//		Age  int    `json:"age"`
+//	}
+//
+//	var user User
+//	if err := c.ShouldBindJSON(&user); err != nil {
+//		c.JSON(http.StatusBadRequest, gin.H{"error": err.Error()})
+//		return
+//	}
+//	c.JSON(http.StatusOK, user)
 func (c *Context) ShouldBindJSON(obj any) error {
 	return c.ShouldBindWith(obj, binding.JSON)
 }
 
 // ShouldBindXML is a shortcut for c.ShouldBindWith(obj, binding.XML).
+// It works like ShouldBindJSON but binds the request body as XML data.
 func (c *Context) ShouldBindXML(obj any) error {
 	return c.ShouldBindWith(obj, binding.XML)
 }
 
 // ShouldBindQuery is a shortcut for c.ShouldBindWith(obj, binding.Query).
+// It works like ShouldBindJSON but binds query parameters from the URL.
 func (c *Context) ShouldBindQuery(obj any) error {
 	return c.ShouldBindWith(obj, binding.Query)
 }
 
 // ShouldBindYAML is a shortcut for c.ShouldBindWith(obj, binding.YAML).
+// It works like ShouldBindJSON but binds the request body as YAML data.
 func (c *Context) ShouldBindYAML(obj any) error {
 	return c.ShouldBindWith(obj, binding.YAML)
 }
 
 // ShouldBindTOML is a shortcut for c.ShouldBindWith(obj, binding.TOML).
-func (c *Context) ShouldBindTOML(obj interface{}) error {
+// It works like ShouldBindJSON but binds the request body as TOML data.
+func (c *Context) ShouldBindTOML(obj any) error {
 	return c.ShouldBindWith(obj, binding.TOML)
 }
 
+// ShouldBindPlain is a shortcut for c.ShouldBindWith(obj, binding.Plain).
+// It works like ShouldBindJSON but binds plain text data from the request body.
+func (c *Context) ShouldBindPlain(obj any) error {
+	return c.ShouldBindWith(obj, binding.Plain)
+}
+
 // ShouldBindHeader is a shortcut for c.ShouldBindWith(obj, binding.Header).
+// It works like ShouldBindJSON but binds values from HTTP headers.
 func (c *Context) ShouldBindHeader(obj any) error {
 	return c.ShouldBindWith(obj, binding.Header)
 }
 
 // ShouldBindUri binds the passed struct pointer using the specified binding engine.
+// It works like ShouldBindJSON but binds parameters from the URI.
 func (c *Context) ShouldBindUri(obj any) error {
-	m := make(map[string][]string)
+	m := make(map[string][]string, len(c.Params))
 	for _, v := range c.Params {
 		m[v.Key] = []string{v.Value}
 	}
@@ -748,7 +922,7 @@ func (c *Context) ShouldBindBodyWith(obj any, bb binding.BindingBody) (err error
 		}
 	}
 	if body == nil {
-		body, err = ioutil.ReadAll(c.Request.Body)
+		body, err = io.ReadAll(c.Request.Body)
 		if err != nil {
 			return err
 		}
@@ -757,9 +931,34 @@ func (c *Context) ShouldBindBodyWith(obj any, bb binding.BindingBody) (err error
 	return bb.BindBody(body, obj)
 }
 
+// ShouldBindBodyWithJSON is a shortcut for c.ShouldBindBodyWith(obj, binding.JSON).
+func (c *Context) ShouldBindBodyWithJSON(obj any) error {
+	return c.ShouldBindBodyWith(obj, binding.JSON)
+}
+
+// ShouldBindBodyWithXML is a shortcut for c.ShouldBindBodyWith(obj, binding.XML).
+func (c *Context) ShouldBindBodyWithXML(obj any) error {
+	return c.ShouldBindBodyWith(obj, binding.XML)
+}
+
+// ShouldBindBodyWithYAML is a shortcut for c.ShouldBindBodyWith(obj, binding.YAML).
+func (c *Context) ShouldBindBodyWithYAML(obj any) error {
+	return c.ShouldBindBodyWith(obj, binding.YAML)
+}
+
+// ShouldBindBodyWithTOML is a shortcut for c.ShouldBindBodyWith(obj, binding.TOML).
+func (c *Context) ShouldBindBodyWithTOML(obj any) error {
+	return c.ShouldBindBodyWith(obj, binding.TOML)
+}
+
+// ShouldBindBodyWithPlain is a shortcut for c.ShouldBindBodyWith(obj, binding.Plain).
+func (c *Context) ShouldBindBodyWithPlain(obj any) error {
+	return c.ShouldBindBodyWith(obj, binding.Plain)
+}
+
 // ClientIP implements one best effort algorithm to return the real client IP.
 // It calls c.RemoteIP() under the hood, to check if the remote IP is a trusted proxy or not.
-// If it is it will then try to parse the headers defined in Engine.RemoteIPHeaders (defaulting to [X-Forwarded-For, X-Real-Ip]).
+// If it is it will then try to parse the headers defined in Engine.RemoteIPHeaders (defaulting to [X-Forwarded-For, X-Real-IP]).
 // If the headers are not syntactically valid OR the remote IP does not correspond to a trusted proxy,
 // the remote IP (coming from Request.RemoteAddr) is returned.
 func (c *Context) ClientIP() string {
@@ -803,7 +1002,8 @@ func (c *Context) ClientIP() string {
 
 	if trusted && c.engine.ForwardedByClientIP && c.engine.RemoteIPHeaders != nil {
 		for _, headerName := range c.engine.RemoteIPHeaders {
-			ip, valid := c.engine.validateHeader(c.requestHeader(headerName))
+			headerValue := strings.Join(c.Request.Header.Values(headerName), ",")
+			ip, valid := c.engine.validateHeader(headerValue)
 			if valid {
 				return ip
 			}
@@ -880,7 +1080,10 @@ func (c *Context) GetHeader(key string) string {
 
 // GetRawData returns stream data.
 func (c *Context) GetRawData() ([]byte, error) {
-	return ioutil.ReadAll(c.Request.Body)
+	if c.Request.Body == nil {
+		return nil, errors.New("cannot read nil body")
+	}
+	return io.ReadAll(c.Request.Body)
 }
 
 // SetSameSite with cookie
@@ -907,6 +1110,19 @@ func (c *Context) SetCookie(name, value string, maxAge int, path, domain string,
 	})
 }
 
+// SetCookieData adds a Set-Cookie header to the ResponseWriter's headers.
+// It accepts a pointer to http.Cookie structure for more flexibility in setting cookie attributes.
+// The provided cookie must have a valid Name. Invalid cookies may be silently dropped.
+func (c *Context) SetCookieData(cookie *http.Cookie) {
+	if cookie.Path == "" {
+		cookie.Path = "/"
+	}
+	if cookie.SameSite == http.SameSiteDefaultMode {
+		cookie.SameSite = c.sameSite
+	}
+	http.SetCookie(c.Writer, cookie)
+}
+
 // Cookie returns the named cookie provided in the request or
 // ErrNoCookie if not found. And return the named cookie is unescaped.
 // If multiple cookies match the given name, only one cookie will
@@ -931,7 +1147,9 @@ func (c *Context) Render(code int, r render.Render) {
 	}
 
 	if err := r.Render(c.Writer); err != nil {
-		panic(err)
+		// Pushing error to c.Errors
+		_ = c.Error(err)
+		c.Abort()
 	}
 }
 
@@ -1000,7 +1218,7 @@ func (c *Context) YAML(code int, obj any) {
 }
 
 // TOML serializes the given struct as TOML into the response body.
-func (c *Context) TOML(code int, obj interface{}) {
+func (c *Context) TOML(code int, obj any) {
 	c.Render(code, render.TOML{Data: obj})
 }
 
@@ -1057,11 +1275,17 @@ func (c *Context) FileFromFS(filepath string, fs http.FileSystem) {
 	http.FileServer(fs).ServeHTTP(c.Writer, c.Request)
 }
 
+var quoteEscaper = strings.NewReplacer("\\", "\\\\", `"`, "\\\"")
+
+func escapeQuotes(s string) string {
+	return quoteEscaper.Replace(s)
+}
+
 // FileAttachment writes the specified file into the body stream in an efficient way
 // On the client side, the file will typically be downloaded with the given filename
 func (c *Context) FileAttachment(filepath, filename string) {
 	if isASCII(filename) {
-		c.Writer.Header().Set("Content-Disposition", `attachment; filename="`+filename+`"`)
+		c.Writer.Header().Set("Content-Disposition", `attachment; filename="`+escapeQuotes(filename)+`"`)
 	} else {
 		c.Writer.Header().Set("Content-Disposition", `attachment; filename*=UTF-8''`+url.QueryEscape(filename))
 	}
@@ -1101,14 +1325,15 @@ func (c *Context) Stream(step func(w io.Writer) bool) bool {
 
 // Negotiate contains all negotiations data.
 type Negotiate struct {
-	Offered  []string
-	HTMLName string
-	HTMLData any
-	JSONData any
-	XMLData  any
-	YAMLData any
-	Data     any
-	TOMLData any
+	Offered      []string
+	HTMLName     string
+	HTMLData     any
+	JSONData     any
+	XMLData      any
+	YAMLData     any
+	Data         any
+	TOMLData     any
+	PROTOBUFData any
 }
 
 // Negotiate calls different Render according to acceptable Accept format.
@@ -1126,7 +1351,7 @@ func (c *Context) Negotiate(code int, config Negotiate) {
 		data := chooseData(config.XMLData, config.Data)
 		c.XML(code, data)
 
-	case binding.MIMEYAML:
+	case binding.MIMEYAML, binding.MIMEYAML2:
 		data := chooseData(config.YAMLData, config.Data)
 		c.YAML(code, data)
 
@@ -1134,6 +1359,10 @@ func (c *Context) Negotiate(code int, config Negotiate) {
 		data := chooseData(config.TOMLData, config.Data)
 		c.TOML(code, data)
 
+	case binding.MIMEPROTOBUF:
+		data := chooseData(config.PROTOBUFData, config.Data)
+		c.ProtoBuf(code, data)
+
 	default:
 		c.AbortWithError(http.StatusNotAcceptable, errors.New("the accepted formats are not offered by the server")) //nolint: errcheck
 	}
@@ -1154,7 +1383,7 @@ func (c *Context) NegotiateFormat(offered ...string) string {
 			// According to RFC 2616 and RFC 2396, non-ASCII characters are not allowed in headers,
 			// therefore we can just iterate over the string without casting it into []rune
 			i := 0
-			for ; i < len(accepted); i++ {
+			for ; i < len(accepted) && i < len(offer); i++ {
 				if accepted[i] == '*' || offer[i] == '*' {
 					return offer
 				}
@@ -1179,9 +1408,16 @@ func (c *Context) SetAccepted(formats ...string) {
 /***** GOLANG.ORG/X/NET/CONTEXT *****/
 /************************************/
 
+// hasRequestContext returns whether c.Request has Context and fallback.
+func (c *Context) hasRequestContext() bool {
+	hasFallback := c.engine != nil && c.engine.ContextWithFallback
+	hasRequestContext := c.Request != nil && c.Request.Context() != nil
+	return hasFallback && hasRequestContext
+}
+
 // Deadline returns that there is no deadline (ok==false) when c.Request has no Context.
 func (c *Context) Deadline() (deadline time.Time, ok bool) {
-	if !c.engine.ContextWithFallback || c.Request == nil || c.Request.Context() == nil {
+	if !c.hasRequestContext() {
 		return
 	}
 	return c.Request.Context().Deadline()
@@ -1189,7 +1425,7 @@ func (c *Context) Deadline() (deadline time.Time, ok bool) {
 
 // Done returns nil (chan which will wait forever) when c.Request has no Context.
 func (c *Context) Done() <-chan struct{} {
-	if !c.engine.ContextWithFallback || c.Request == nil || c.Request.Context() == nil {
+	if !c.hasRequestContext() {
 		return nil
 	}
 	return c.Request.Context().Done()
@@ -1197,7 +1433,7 @@ func (c *Context) Done() <-chan struct{} {
 
 // Err returns nil when c.Request has no Context.
 func (c *Context) Err() error {
-	if !c.engine.ContextWithFallback || c.Request == nil || c.Request.Context() == nil {
+	if !c.hasRequestContext() {
 		return nil
 	}
 	return c.Request.Context().Err()
@@ -1207,7 +1443,7 @@ func (c *Context) Err() error {
 // if no value is associated with key. Successive calls to Value with
 // the same key returns the same result.
 func (c *Context) Value(key any) any {
-	if key == 0 {
+	if key == ContextRequestKey {
 		return c.Request
 	}
 	if key == ContextKey {
@@ -1218,7 +1454,7 @@ func (c *Context) Value(key any) any {
 			return val
 		}
 	}
-	if !c.engine.ContextWithFallback || c.Request == nil || c.Request.Context() == nil {
+	if !c.hasRequestContext() {
 		return nil
 	}
 	return c.Request.Context().Value(key)
diff --git a/context_1.16_test.go b/context_1.16_test.go
deleted file mode 100644
index 26760507..00000000
--- a/context_1.16_test.go
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,31 +0,0 @@
-// Copyright 2021 Gin Core Team. All rights reserved.
-// Use of this source code is governed by a MIT style
-// license that can be found in the LICENSE file.
-
-//go:build !go1.17
-// +build !go1.17
-
-package gin
-
-import (
-	"bytes"
-	"mime/multipart"
-	"net/http"
-	"net/http/httptest"
-	"testing"
-
-	"github.com/stretchr/testify/assert"
-)
-
-func TestContextFormFileFailed16(t *testing.T) {
-	buf := new(bytes.Buffer)
-	mw := multipart.NewWriter(buf)
-	mw.Close()
-	c, _ := CreateTestContext(httptest.NewRecorder())
-	c.Request, _ = http.NewRequest("POST", "/", nil)
-	c.Request.Header.Set("Content-Type", mw.FormDataContentType())
-	c.engine.MaxMultipartMemory = 8 << 20
-	f, err := c.FormFile("file")
-	assert.Error(t, err)
-	assert.Nil(t, f)
-}
diff --git a/context_1.17_test.go b/context_1.17_test.go
deleted file mode 100644
index 23377ffd..00000000
--- a/context_1.17_test.go
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,77 +0,0 @@
-// Copyright 2021 Gin Core Team. All rights reserved.
-// Use of this source code is governed by a MIT style
-// license that can be found in the LICENSE file.
-
-//go:build go1.17
-// +build go1.17
-
-package gin
-
-import (
-	"bytes"
-	"mime/multipart"
-	"net/http"
-	"net/http/httptest"
-	"testing"
-
-	"github.com/stretchr/testify/assert"
-)
-
-type interceptedWriter struct {
-	ResponseWriter
-	b *bytes.Buffer
-}
-
-func (i interceptedWriter) WriteHeader(code int) {
-	i.Header().Del("X-Test")
-	i.ResponseWriter.WriteHeader(code)
-}
-
-func TestContextFormFileFailed17(t *testing.T) {
-	buf := new(bytes.Buffer)
-	mw := multipart.NewWriter(buf)
-	defer func(mw *multipart.Writer) {
-		err := mw.Close()
-		if err != nil {
-			assert.Error(t, err)
-		}
-	}(mw)
-	c, _ := CreateTestContext(httptest.NewRecorder())
-	c.Request, _ = http.NewRequest("POST", "/", nil)
-	c.Request.Header.Set("Content-Type", mw.FormDataContentType())
-	c.engine.MaxMultipartMemory = 8 << 20
-	assert.Panics(t, func() {
-		f, err := c.FormFile("file")
-		assert.Error(t, err)
-		assert.Nil(t, f)
-	})
-}
-
-func TestInterceptedHeader(t *testing.T) {
-	w := httptest.NewRecorder()
-	c, r := CreateTestContext(w)
-
-	r.Use(func(c *Context) {
-		i := interceptedWriter{
-			ResponseWriter: c.Writer,
-			b:              bytes.NewBuffer(nil),
-		}
-		c.Writer = i
-		c.Next()
-		c.Header("X-Test", "overridden")
-		c.Writer = i.ResponseWriter
-	})
-	r.GET("/", func(c *Context) {
-		c.Header("X-Test", "original")
-		c.Header("X-Test-2", "present")
-		c.String(http.StatusOK, "hello world")
-	})
-	c.Request = httptest.NewRequest("GET", "/", nil)
-	r.HandleContext(c)
-	// Result() has headers frozen when WriteHeaderNow() has been called
-	// Compared to this time, this is when the response headers will be flushed
-	// As response is flushed on c.String, the Header cannot be set by the first
-	// middleware. Assert this
-	assert.Equal(t, "", w.Result().Header.Get("X-Test"))
-	assert.Equal(t, "present", w.Result().Header.Get("X-Test-2"))
-}
diff --git a/context_appengine.go b/context_appengine.go
index 931313f6..96b339c4 100644
--- a/context_appengine.go
+++ b/context_appengine.go
@@ -3,7 +3,6 @@
 // license that can be found in the LICENSE file.
 
 //go:build appengine
-// +build appengine
 
 package gin
 
diff --git a/context_file_test.go b/context_file_test.go
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..50cc3c8e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/context_file_test.go
@@ -0,0 +1,35 @@
+package gin
+
+import (
+	"net/http"
+	"net/http/httptest"
+	"testing"
+
+	"github.com/stretchr/testify/assert"
+)
+
+// TestContextFileSimple tests the Context.File() method with a simple case
+func TestContextFileSimple(t *testing.T) {
+	// Test serving an existing file
+	testFile := "testdata/test_file.txt"
+	w := httptest.NewRecorder()
+	c, _ := CreateTestContext(w)
+	c.Request = httptest.NewRequest(http.MethodGet, "/test", nil)
+
+	c.File(testFile)
+
+	assert.Equal(t, http.StatusOK, w.Code)
+	assert.Contains(t, w.Body.String(), "This is a test file")
+	assert.Equal(t, "text/plain; charset=utf-8", w.Header().Get("Content-Type"))
+}
+
+// TestContextFileNotFound tests serving a non-existent file
+func TestContextFileNotFound(t *testing.T) {
+	w := httptest.NewRecorder()
+	c, _ := CreateTestContext(w)
+	c.Request = httptest.NewRequest(http.MethodGet, "/test", nil)
+
+	c.File("non_existent_file.txt")
+
+	assert.Equal(t, http.StatusNotFound, w.Code)
+}
diff --git a/context_test.go b/context_test.go
index be247fac..f69d574f 100644
--- a/context_test.go
+++ b/context_test.go
@@ -11,13 +11,16 @@ import (
 	"fmt"
 	"html/template"
 	"io"
+	"io/fs"
 	"mime/multipart"
 	"net"
 	"net/http"
 	"net/http/httptest"
 	"net/url"
 	"os"
+	"path/filepath"
 	"reflect"
+	"strconv"
 	"strings"
 	"sync"
 	"testing"
@@ -25,17 +28,21 @@ import (
 
 	"github.com/gin-contrib/sse"
 	"github.com/gin-gonic/gin/binding"
+	"github.com/gin-gonic/gin/codec/json"
 	testdata "github.com/gin-gonic/gin/testdata/protoexample"
 	"github.com/stretchr/testify/assert"
+	"github.com/stretchr/testify/require"
 	"google.golang.org/protobuf/proto"
 )
 
-var _ context.Context = &Context{}
+var _ context.Context = (*Context)(nil)
+
+var errTestRender = errors.New("TestRender")
 
 // Unit tests TODO
 // func (c *Context) File(filepath string) {
 // func (c *Context) Negotiate(code int, config Negotiate) {
-// BAD case: func (c *Context) Render(code int, render render.Render, obj ...interface{}) {
+// BAD case: func (c *Context) Render(code int, render render.Render, obj ...any) {
 // test that information is not leaked when reusing Contexts (using the Pool)
 
 func createMultipartRequest() *http.Request {
@@ -56,7 +63,7 @@ func createMultipartRequest() *http.Request {
 	must(mw.WriteField("time_location", "31/12/2016 14:55"))
 	must(mw.WriteField("names[a]", "thinkerou"))
 	must(mw.WriteField("names[b]", "tianou"))
-	req, err := http.NewRequest("POST", "/", body)
+	req, err := http.NewRequest(http.MethodPost, "/", body)
 	must(err)
 	req.Header.Set("Content-Type", MIMEMultipartPOSTForm+"; boundary="+boundary)
 	return req
@@ -68,45 +75,127 @@ func must(err error) {
 	}
 }
 
+// TestContextFile tests the Context.File() method
+func TestContextFile(t *testing.T) {
+	// Test serving an existing file
+	t.Run("serve existing file", func(t *testing.T) {
+		// Create a temporary test file
+		testFile := "testdata/test_file.txt"
+
+		w := httptest.NewRecorder()
+		c, _ := CreateTestContext(w)
+		c.Request = httptest.NewRequest(http.MethodGet, "/test", nil)
+
+		c.File(testFile)
+
+		assert.Equal(t, http.StatusOK, w.Code)
+		assert.Contains(t, w.Body.String(), "This is a test file")
+		assert.Equal(t, "text/plain; charset=utf-8", w.Header().Get("Content-Type"))
+	})
+
+	// Test serving a non-existent file
+	t.Run("serve non-existent file", func(t *testing.T) {
+		w := httptest.NewRecorder()
+		c, _ := CreateTestContext(w)
+		c.Request = httptest.NewRequest(http.MethodGet, "/test", nil)
+
+		c.File("non_existent_file.txt")
+
+		assert.Equal(t, http.StatusNotFound, w.Code)
+	})
+
+	// Test serving a directory (should return 200 with directory listing or 403 Forbidden)
+	t.Run("serve directory", func(t *testing.T) {
+		w := httptest.NewRecorder()
+		c, _ := CreateTestContext(w)
+		c.Request = httptest.NewRequest(http.MethodGet, "/test", nil)
+
+		c.File(".")
+
+		// Directory serving can return either 200 (with listing) or 403 (forbidden)
+		assert.True(t, w.Code == http.StatusOK || w.Code == http.StatusForbidden)
+	})
+
+	// Test with HEAD request
+	t.Run("HEAD request", func(t *testing.T) {
+		testFile := "testdata/test_file.txt"
+
+		w := httptest.NewRecorder()
+		c, _ := CreateTestContext(w)
+		c.Request = httptest.NewRequest(http.MethodHead, "/test", nil)
+
+		c.File(testFile)
+
+		assert.Equal(t, http.StatusOK, w.Code)
+		assert.Empty(t, w.Body.String()) // HEAD request should not return body
+		assert.Equal(t, "text/plain; charset=utf-8", w.Header().Get("Content-Type"))
+	})
+
+	// Test with Range request
+	t.Run("Range request", func(t *testing.T) {
+		testFile := "testdata/test_file.txt"
+
+		w := httptest.NewRecorder()
+		c, _ := CreateTestContext(w)
+		c.Request = httptest.NewRequest(http.MethodGet, "/test", nil)
+		c.Request.Header.Set("Range", "bytes=0-10")
+
+		c.File(testFile)
+
+		assert.Equal(t, http.StatusPartialContent, w.Code)
+		assert.Equal(t, "bytes", w.Header().Get("Accept-Ranges"))
+		assert.Contains(t, w.Header().Get("Content-Range"), "bytes 0-10")
+	})
+}
+
 func TestContextFormFile(t *testing.T) {
 	buf := new(bytes.Buffer)
 	mw := multipart.NewWriter(buf)
 	w, err := mw.CreateFormFile("file", "test")
-	if assert.NoError(t, err) {
-		_, err = w.Write([]byte("test"))
-		assert.NoError(t, err)
-	}
+	require.NoError(t, err)
+	_, err = w.Write([]byte("test"))
+	require.NoError(t, err)
 	mw.Close()
 	c, _ := CreateTestContext(httptest.NewRecorder())
-	c.Request, _ = http.NewRequest("POST", "/", buf)
+	c.Request, _ = http.NewRequest(http.MethodPost, "/", buf)
 	c.Request.Header.Set("Content-Type", mw.FormDataContentType())
 	f, err := c.FormFile("file")
-	if assert.NoError(t, err) {
-		assert.Equal(t, "test", f.Filename)
-	}
+	require.NoError(t, err)
+	assert.Equal(t, "test", f.Filename)
 
-	assert.NoError(t, c.SaveUploadedFile(f, "test"))
+	require.NoError(t, c.SaveUploadedFile(f, "test"))
+}
+
+func TestContextFormFileFailed(t *testing.T) {
+	buf := new(bytes.Buffer)
+	mw := multipart.NewWriter(buf)
+	mw.Close()
+	c, _ := CreateTestContext(httptest.NewRecorder())
+	c.Request, _ = http.NewRequest(http.MethodPost, "/", nil)
+	c.Request.Header.Set("Content-Type", mw.FormDataContentType())
+	c.engine.MaxMultipartMemory = 8 << 20
+	f, err := c.FormFile("file")
+	require.Error(t, err)
+	assert.Nil(t, f)
 }
 
 func TestContextMultipartForm(t *testing.T) {
 	buf := new(bytes.Buffer)
 	mw := multipart.NewWriter(buf)
-	assert.NoError(t, mw.WriteField("foo", "bar"))
+	require.NoError(t, mw.WriteField("foo", "bar"))
 	w, err := mw.CreateFormFile("file", "test")
-	if assert.NoError(t, err) {
-		_, err = w.Write([]byte("test"))
-		assert.NoError(t, err)
-	}
+	require.NoError(t, err)
+	_, err = w.Write([]byte("test"))
+	require.NoError(t, err)
 	mw.Close()
 	c, _ := CreateTestContext(httptest.NewRecorder())
-	c.Request, _ = http.NewRequest("POST", "/", buf)
+	c.Request, _ = http.NewRequest(http.MethodPost, "/", buf)
 	c.Request.Header.Set("Content-Type", mw.FormDataContentType())
 	f, err := c.MultipartForm()
-	if assert.NoError(t, err) {
-		assert.NotNil(t, f)
-	}
+	require.NoError(t, err)
+	assert.NotNil(t, f)
 
-	assert.NoError(t, c.SaveUploadedFile(f.File["file"][0], "test"))
+	require.NoError(t, c.SaveUploadedFile(f.File["file"][0], "test"))
 }
 
 func TestSaveUploadedOpenFailed(t *testing.T) {
@@ -115,38 +204,78 @@ func TestSaveUploadedOpenFailed(t *testing.T) {
 	mw.Close()
 
 	c, _ := CreateTestContext(httptest.NewRecorder())
-	c.Request, _ = http.NewRequest("POST", "/", buf)
+	c.Request, _ = http.NewRequest(http.MethodPost, "/", buf)
 	c.Request.Header.Set("Content-Type", mw.FormDataContentType())
 
 	f := &multipart.FileHeader{
 		Filename: "file",
 	}
-	assert.Error(t, c.SaveUploadedFile(f, "test"))
+	require.Error(t, c.SaveUploadedFile(f, "test"))
 }
 
 func TestSaveUploadedCreateFailed(t *testing.T) {
 	buf := new(bytes.Buffer)
 	mw := multipart.NewWriter(buf)
 	w, err := mw.CreateFormFile("file", "test")
-	if assert.NoError(t, err) {
-		_, err = w.Write([]byte("test"))
-		assert.NoError(t, err)
-	}
+	require.NoError(t, err)
+	_, err = w.Write([]byte("test"))
+	require.NoError(t, err)
 	mw.Close()
 	c, _ := CreateTestContext(httptest.NewRecorder())
-	c.Request, _ = http.NewRequest("POST", "/", buf)
+	c.Request, _ = http.NewRequest(http.MethodPost, "/", buf)
 	c.Request.Header.Set("Content-Type", mw.FormDataContentType())
 	f, err := c.FormFile("file")
-	if assert.NoError(t, err) {
-		assert.Equal(t, "test", f.Filename)
-	}
+	require.NoError(t, err)
+	assert.Equal(t, "test", f.Filename)
 
-	assert.Error(t, c.SaveUploadedFile(f, "/"))
+	require.Error(t, c.SaveUploadedFile(f, "/"))
+}
+
+func TestSaveUploadedFileWithPermission(t *testing.T) {
+	buf := new(bytes.Buffer)
+	mw := multipart.NewWriter(buf)
+	w, err := mw.CreateFormFile("file", "permission_test")
+	require.NoError(t, err)
+	_, err = w.Write([]byte("permission_test"))
+	require.NoError(t, err)
+	mw.Close()
+	c, _ := CreateTestContext(httptest.NewRecorder())
+	c.Request, _ = http.NewRequest(http.MethodPost, "/", buf)
+	c.Request.Header.Set("Content-Type", mw.FormDataContentType())
+	f, err := c.FormFile("file")
+	require.NoError(t, err)
+	assert.Equal(t, "permission_test", f.Filename)
+	var mode fs.FileMode = 0o755
+	require.NoError(t, c.SaveUploadedFile(f, "permission_test", mode))
+	t.Cleanup(func() {
+		assert.NoError(t, os.Remove("permission_test"))
+	})
+	info, err := os.Stat(filepath.Dir("permission_test"))
+	require.NoError(t, err)
+	assert.Equal(t, info.Mode().Perm(), mode)
+}
+
+func TestSaveUploadedFileWithPermissionFailed(t *testing.T) {
+	buf := new(bytes.Buffer)
+	mw := multipart.NewWriter(buf)
+	w, err := mw.CreateFormFile("file", "permission_test")
+	require.NoError(t, err)
+	_, err = w.Write([]byte("permission_test"))
+	require.NoError(t, err)
+	mw.Close()
+	c, _ := CreateTestContext(httptest.NewRecorder())
+	c.Request, _ = http.NewRequest(http.MethodPost, "/", buf)
+	c.Request.Header.Set("Content-Type", mw.FormDataContentType())
+	f, err := c.FormFile("file")
+	require.NoError(t, err)
+	assert.Equal(t, "permission_test", f.Filename)
+	var mode fs.FileMode = 0o644
+	require.Error(t, c.SaveUploadedFile(f, "test/permission_test", mode))
 }
 
 func TestContextReset(t *testing.T) {
 	router := New()
-	c := router.allocateContext()
+	c := router.allocateContext(0)
 	assert.Equal(t, c.engine, router)
 
 	c.index = 2
@@ -159,11 +288,11 @@ func TestContextReset(t *testing.T) {
 	assert.False(t, c.IsAborted())
 	assert.Nil(t, c.Keys)
 	assert.Nil(t, c.Accepted)
-	assert.Len(t, c.Errors, 0)
+	assert.Empty(t, c.Errors)
 	assert.Empty(t, c.Errors.Errors())
 	assert.Empty(t, c.Errors.ByType(ErrorTypeAny))
-	assert.Len(t, c.Params, 0)
-	assert.EqualValues(t, c.index, -1)
+	assert.Empty(t, c.Params)
+	assert.EqualValues(t, -1, c.index)
 	assert.Equal(t, c.Writer.(*responseWriter), &c.writermem)
 }
 
@@ -201,7 +330,46 @@ func TestContextSetGet(t *testing.T) {
 	assert.False(t, err)
 
 	assert.Equal(t, "bar", c.MustGet("foo"))
-	assert.Panics(t, func() { c.MustGet("no_exist") })
+	assert.Panicsf(t, func() {
+		c.MustGet("no_exist")
+	}, "key no_exist does not exist")
+}
+
+func TestContextSetGetAnyKey(t *testing.T) {
+	c, _ := CreateTestContext(httptest.NewRecorder())
+
+	type key struct{}
+
+	tests := []struct {
+		key any
+	}{
+		{1},
+		{int32(1)},
+		{int64(1)},
+		{uint(1)},
+		{float32(1)},
+		{key{}},
+		{&key{}},
+	}
+
+	for _, tt := range tests {
+		t.Run(reflect.TypeOf(tt.key).String(), func(t *testing.T) {
+			c.Set(tt.key, 1)
+			value, ok := c.Get(tt.key)
+			assert.True(t, ok)
+			assert.Equal(t, 1, value)
+		})
+	}
+}
+
+func TestContextSetGetPanicsWhenKeyNotComparable(t *testing.T) {
+	c, _ := CreateTestContext(httptest.NewRecorder())
+
+	assert.Panics(t, func() {
+		c.Set([]int{1}, 1)
+		c.Set(func() {}, 1)
+		c.Set(make(chan int), 1)
+	})
 }
 
 func TestContextSetGetValues(t *testing.T) {
@@ -215,13 +383,13 @@ func TestContextSetGetValues(t *testing.T) {
 	var a any = 1
 	c.Set("intInterface", a)
 
-	assert.Exactly(t, c.MustGet("string").(string), "this is a string")
-	assert.Exactly(t, c.MustGet("int32").(int32), int32(-42))
-	assert.Exactly(t, c.MustGet("int64").(int64), int64(42424242424242))
-	assert.Exactly(t, c.MustGet("uint64").(uint64), uint64(42))
-	assert.Exactly(t, c.MustGet("float32").(float32), float32(4.2))
-	assert.Exactly(t, c.MustGet("float64").(float64), 4.2)
-	assert.Exactly(t, c.MustGet("intInterface").(int), 1)
+	assert.Exactly(t, "this is a string", c.MustGet("string").(string))
+	assert.Exactly(t, int32(-42), c.MustGet("int32").(int32))
+	assert.Exactly(t, int64(42424242424242), c.MustGet("int64").(int64))
+	assert.Exactly(t, uint64(42), c.MustGet("uint64").(uint64))
+	assert.InDelta(t, float32(4.2), c.MustGet("float32").(float32), 0.01)
+	assert.InDelta(t, 4.2, c.MustGet("float64").(float64), 0.01)
+	assert.Exactly(t, 1, c.MustGet("intInterface").(int))
 }
 
 func TestContextGetString(t *testing.T) {
@@ -236,12 +404,49 @@ func TestContextSetGetBool(t *testing.T) {
 	assert.True(t, c.GetBool("bool"))
 }
 
+func TestSetGetDelete(t *testing.T) {
+	c, _ := CreateTestContext(httptest.NewRecorder())
+	key := "example-key"
+	value := "example-value"
+	c.Set(key, value)
+	val, exists := c.Get(key)
+	assert.True(t, exists)
+	assert.Equal(t, val, value)
+	c.Delete(key)
+	_, exists = c.Get(key)
+	assert.False(t, exists)
+}
+
 func TestContextGetInt(t *testing.T) {
 	c, _ := CreateTestContext(httptest.NewRecorder())
 	c.Set("int", 1)
 	assert.Equal(t, 1, c.GetInt("int"))
 }
 
+func TestContextGetInt8(t *testing.T) {
+	c, _ := CreateTestContext(httptest.NewRecorder())
+	key := "int8"
+	value := int8(0x7F)
+	c.Set(key, value)
+	assert.Equal(t, value, c.GetInt8(key))
+}
+
+func TestContextGetInt16(t *testing.T) {
+	c, _ := CreateTestContext(httptest.NewRecorder())
+	key := "int16"
+	value := int16(0x7FFF)
+	c.Set(key, value)
+	assert.Equal(t, value, c.GetInt16(key))
+}
+
+func TestContextGetInt32(t *testing.T) {
+	c, _ := CreateTestContext(httptest.NewRecorder())
+	key := "int32"
+	value := int32(0x7FFFFFFF)
+	c.Set(key, value)
+	assert.Equal(t, value, c.GetInt32(key))
+}
+
 func TestContextGetInt64(t *testing.T) {
 	c, _ := CreateTestContext(httptest.NewRecorder())
 	c.Set("int64", int64(42424242424242))
@@ -254,16 +459,48 @@ func TestContextGetUint(t *testing.T) {
 	assert.Equal(t, uint(1), c.GetUint("uint"))
 }
 
+func TestContextGetUint8(t *testing.T) {
+	c, _ := CreateTestContext(httptest.NewRecorder())
+	key := "uint8"
+	value := uint8(0xFF)
+	c.Set(key, value)
+	assert.Equal(t, value, c.GetUint8(key))
+}
+
+func TestContextGetUint16(t *testing.T) {
+	c, _ := CreateTestContext(httptest.NewRecorder())
+	key := "uint16"
+	value := uint16(0xFFFF)
+	c.Set(key, value)
+	assert.Equal(t, value, c.GetUint16(key))
+}
+
+func TestContextGetUint32(t *testing.T) {
+	c, _ := CreateTestContext(httptest.NewRecorder())
+	key := "uint32"
+	value := uint32(0xFFFFFFFF)
+	c.Set(key, value)
+	assert.Equal(t, value, c.GetUint32(key))
+}
+
 func TestContextGetUint64(t *testing.T) {
 	c, _ := CreateTestContext(httptest.NewRecorder())
 	c.Set("uint64", uint64(18446744073709551615))
 	assert.Equal(t, uint64(18446744073709551615), c.GetUint64("uint64"))
 }
 
+func TestContextGetFloat32(t *testing.T) {
+	c, _ := CreateTestContext(httptest.NewRecorder())
+	key := "float32"
+	value := float32(3.14)
+	c.Set(key, value)
+	assert.InDelta(t, value, c.GetFloat32(key), 0.01)
+}
+
 func TestContextGetFloat64(t *testing.T) {
 	c, _ := CreateTestContext(httptest.NewRecorder())
 	c.Set("float64", 4.2)
-	assert.Equal(t, 4.2, c.GetFloat64("float64"))
+	assert.InDelta(t, 4.2, c.GetFloat64("float64"), 0.01)
 }
 
 func TestContextGetTime(t *testing.T) {
@@ -279,6 +516,102 @@ func TestContextGetDuration(t *testing.T) {
 	assert.Equal(t, time.Second, c.GetDuration("duration"))
 }
 
+func TestContextGetIntSlice(t *testing.T) {
+	c, _ := CreateTestContext(httptest.NewRecorder())
+	key := "int-slice"
+	value := []int{1, 2}
+	c.Set(key, value)
+	assert.Equal(t, value, c.GetIntSlice(key))
+}
+
+func TestContextGetInt8Slice(t *testing.T) {
+	c, _ := CreateTestContext(httptest.NewRecorder())
+	key := "int8-slice"
+	value := []int8{1, 2}
+	c.Set(key, value)
+	assert.Equal(t, value, c.GetInt8Slice(key))
+}
+
+func TestContextGetInt16Slice(t *testing.T) {
+	c, _ := CreateTestContext(httptest.NewRecorder())
+	key := "int16-slice"
+	value := []int16{1, 2}
+	c.Set(key, value)
+	assert.Equal(t, value, c.GetInt16Slice(key))
+}
+
+func TestContextGetInt32Slice(t *testing.T) {
+	c, _ := CreateTestContext(httptest.NewRecorder())
+	key := "int32-slice"
+	value := []int32{1, 2}
+	c.Set(key, value)
+	assert.Equal(t, value, c.GetInt32Slice(key))
+}
+
+func TestContextGetInt64Slice(t *testing.T) {
+	c, _ := CreateTestContext(httptest.NewRecorder())
+	key := "int64-slice"
+	value := []int64{1, 2}
+	c.Set(key, value)
+	assert.Equal(t, value, c.GetInt64Slice(key))
+}
+
+func TestContextGetUintSlice(t *testing.T) {
+	c, _ := CreateTestContext(httptest.NewRecorder())
+	key := "uint-slice"
+	value := []uint{1, 2}
+	c.Set(key, value)
+	assert.Equal(t, value, c.GetUintSlice(key))
+}
+
+func TestContextGetUint8Slice(t *testing.T) {
+	c, _ := CreateTestContext(httptest.NewRecorder())
+	key := "uint8-slice"
+	value := []uint8{1, 2}
+	c.Set(key, value)
+	assert.Equal(t, value, c.GetUint8Slice(key))
+}
+
+func TestContextGetUint16Slice(t *testing.T) {
+	c, _ := CreateTestContext(httptest.NewRecorder())
+	key := "uint16-slice"
+	value := []uint16{1, 2}
+	c.Set(key, value)
+	assert.Equal(t, value, c.GetUint16Slice(key))
+}
+
+func TestContextGetUint32Slice(t *testing.T) {
+	c, _ := CreateTestContext(httptest.NewRecorder())
+	key := "uint32-slice"
+	value := []uint32{1, 2}
+	c.Set(key, value)
+	assert.Equal(t, value, c.GetUint32Slice(key))
+}
+
+func TestContextGetUint64Slice(t *testing.T) {
+	c, _ := CreateTestContext(httptest.NewRecorder())
+	key := "uint64-slice"
+	value := []uint64{1, 2}
+	c.Set(key, value)
+	assert.Equal(t, value, c.GetUint64Slice(key))
+}
+
+func TestContextGetFloat32Slice(t *testing.T) {
+	c, _ := CreateTestContext(httptest.NewRecorder())
+	key := "float32-slice"
+	value := []float32{1, 2}
+	c.Set(key, value)
+	assert.Equal(t, value, c.GetFloat32Slice(key))
+}
+
+func TestContextGetFloat64Slice(t *testing.T) {
+	c, _ := CreateTestContext(httptest.NewRecorder())
+	key := "float64-slice"
+	value := []float64{1, 2}
+	c.Set(key, value)
+	assert.Equal(t, value, c.GetFloat64Slice(key))
+}
+
 func TestContextGetStringSlice(t *testing.T) {
 	c, _ := CreateTestContext(httptest.NewRecorder())
 	c.Set("slice", []string{"foo"})
@@ -318,22 +651,24 @@ func TestContextGetStringMapStringSlice(t *testing.T) {
 func TestContextCopy(t *testing.T) {
 	c, _ := CreateTestContext(httptest.NewRecorder())
 	c.index = 2
-	c.Request, _ = http.NewRequest("POST", "/hola", nil)
+	c.Request, _ = http.NewRequest(http.MethodPost, "/hola", nil)
 	c.handlers = HandlersChain{func(c *Context) {}}
 	c.Params = Params{Param{Key: "foo", Value: "bar"}}
 	c.Set("foo", "bar")
+	c.fullPath = "/hola"
 
 	cp := c.Copy()
 	assert.Nil(t, cp.handlers)
 	assert.Nil(t, cp.writermem.ResponseWriter)
 	assert.Equal(t, &cp.writermem, cp.Writer.(*responseWriter))
 	assert.Equal(t, cp.Request, c.Request)
-	assert.Equal(t, cp.index, abortIndex)
+	assert.Equal(t, abortIndex, cp.index)
 	assert.Equal(t, cp.Keys, c.Keys)
 	assert.Equal(t, cp.engine, c.engine)
 	assert.Equal(t, cp.Params, c.Params)
 	cp.Set("foo", "notBar")
-	assert.False(t, cp.Keys["foo"] == c.Keys["foo"])
+	assert.NotEqual(t, cp.Keys["foo"], c.Keys["foo"])
+	assert.Equal(t, cp.fullPath, c.fullPath)
 }
 
 func TestContextHandlerName(t *testing.T) {
@@ -345,11 +680,11 @@ func TestContextHandlerName(t *testing.T) {
 
 func TestContextHandlerNames(t *testing.T) {
 	c, _ := CreateTestContext(httptest.NewRecorder())
-	c.handlers = HandlersChain{func(c *Context) {}, handlerNameTest, func(c *Context) {}, handlerNameTest2}
+	c.handlers = HandlersChain{func(c *Context) {}, nil, handlerNameTest, func(c *Context) {}, handlerNameTest2}
 
 	names := c.HandlerNames()
 
-	assert.True(t, len(names) == 4)
+	assert.Len(t, names, 4)
 	for _, name := range names {
 		assert.Regexp(t, `^(.*/vendor/)?(github\.com/gin-gonic/gin\.){1}(TestContextHandlerNames\.func.*){0,1}(handlerNameTest.*){0,1}`, name)
 	}
@@ -373,7 +708,7 @@ func TestContextHandler(t *testing.T) {
 
 func TestContextQuery(t *testing.T) {
 	c, _ := CreateTestContext(httptest.NewRecorder())
-	c.Request, _ = http.NewRequest("GET", "http://example.com/?foo=bar&page=10&id=", nil)
+	c.Request, _ = http.NewRequest(http.MethodGet, "http://example.com/?foo=bar&page=10&id=", nil)
 
 	value, ok := c.GetQuery("foo")
 	assert.True(t, ok)
@@ -406,6 +741,48 @@ func TestContextQuery(t *testing.T) {
 	assert.Empty(t, c.PostForm("foo"))
 }
 
+func TestContextInitQueryCache(t *testing.T) {
+	validURL, err := url.Parse("https://github.com/gin-gonic/gin/pull/3969?key=value&otherkey=othervalue")
+	require.NoError(t, err)
+
+	tests := []struct {
+		testName           string
+		testContext        *Context
+		expectedQueryCache url.Values
+	}{
+		{
+			testName: "queryCache should remain unchanged if already not nil",
+			testContext: &Context{
+				queryCache: url.Values{"a": []string{"b"}},
+				Request:    &http.Request{URL: validURL}, // valid request for evidence that values weren't extracted
+			},
+			expectedQueryCache: url.Values{"a": []string{"b"}},
+		},
+		{
+			testName:           "queryCache should be empty when Request is nil",
+			testContext:        &Context{Request: nil}, // explicit nil for readability
+			expectedQueryCache: url.Values{},
+		},
+		{
+			testName:           "queryCache should be empty when Request.URL is nil",
+			testContext:        &Context{Request: &http.Request{URL: nil}}, // explicit nil for readability
+			expectedQueryCache: url.Values{},
+		},
+		{
+			testName:           "queryCache should be populated when it not yet populated and Request + Request.URL are non nil",
+			testContext:        &Context{Request: &http.Request{URL: validURL}}, // explicit nil for readability
+			expectedQueryCache: url.Values{"key": []string{"value"}, "otherkey": []string{"othervalue"}},
+		},
+	}
+
+	for _, test := range tests {
+		t.Run(test.testName, func(t *testing.T) {
+			test.testContext.initQueryCache()
+			assert.Equal(t, test.expectedQueryCache, test.testContext.queryCache)
+		})
+	}
+}
+
 func TestContextDefaultQueryOnEmptyRequest(t *testing.T) {
 	c, _ := CreateTestContext(httptest.NewRecorder()) // here c.Request == nil
 	assert.NotPanics(t, func() {
@@ -423,8 +800,8 @@ func TestContextDefaultQueryOnEmptyRequest(t *testing.T) {
 
 func TestContextQueryAndPostForm(t *testing.T) {
 	c, _ := CreateTestContext(httptest.NewRecorder())
-	body := bytes.NewBufferString("foo=bar&page=11&both=&foo=second")
-	c.Request, _ = http.NewRequest("POST",
+	body := strings.NewReader("foo=bar&page=11&both=&foo=second")
+	c.Request, _ = http.NewRequest(http.MethodPost,
 		"/?both=GET&id=main&id=omit&array[]=first&array[]=second&ids[a]=hi&ids[b]=3.14", body)
 	c.Request.Header.Add("Content-Type", MIMEPOSTForm)
 
@@ -444,7 +821,7 @@ func TestContextQueryAndPostForm(t *testing.T) {
 	assert.Empty(t, value)
 	assert.Empty(t, c.PostForm("both"))
 	assert.Empty(t, c.DefaultPostForm("both", "nothing"))
-	assert.Equal(t, "GET", c.Query("both"), "GET")
+	assert.Equal(t, http.MethodGet, c.Query("both"), http.MethodGet)
 
 	value, ok = c.GetQuery("id")
 	assert.True(t, ok)
@@ -471,7 +848,7 @@ func TestContextQueryAndPostForm(t *testing.T) {
 		Both  string   `form:"both"`
 		Array []string `form:"array[]"`
 	}
-	assert.NoError(t, c.Bind(&obj))
+	require.NoError(t, c.Bind(&obj))
 	assert.Equal(t, "bar", obj.Foo, "bar")
 	assert.Equal(t, "main", obj.ID, "main")
 	assert.Equal(t, 11, obj.Page, 11)
@@ -488,11 +865,11 @@ func TestContextQueryAndPostForm(t *testing.T) {
 	assert.Equal(t, "second", values[1])
 
 	values = c.QueryArray("nokey")
-	assert.Equal(t, 0, len(values))
+	assert.Empty(t, values)
 
 	values = c.QueryArray("both")
-	assert.Equal(t, 1, len(values))
-	assert.Equal(t, "GET", values[0])
+	assert.Len(t, values, 1)
+	assert.Equal(t, http.MethodGet, values[0])
 
 	dicts, ok := c.GetQueryMap("ids")
 	assert.True(t, ok)
@@ -501,22 +878,22 @@ func TestContextQueryAndPostForm(t *testing.T) {
 
 	dicts, ok = c.GetQueryMap("nokey")
 	assert.False(t, ok)
-	assert.Equal(t, 0, len(dicts))
+	assert.Empty(t, dicts)
 
 	dicts, ok = c.GetQueryMap("both")
 	assert.False(t, ok)
-	assert.Equal(t, 0, len(dicts))
+	assert.Empty(t, dicts)
 
 	dicts, ok = c.GetQueryMap("array")
 	assert.False(t, ok)
-	assert.Equal(t, 0, len(dicts))
+	assert.Empty(t, dicts)
 
 	dicts = c.QueryMap("ids")
 	assert.Equal(t, "hi", dicts["a"])
 	assert.Equal(t, "3.14", dicts["b"])
 
 	dicts = c.QueryMap("nokey")
-	assert.Equal(t, 0, len(dicts))
+	assert.Empty(t, dicts)
 }
 
 func TestContextPostFormMultipart(t *testing.T) {
@@ -534,7 +911,7 @@ func TestContextPostFormMultipart(t *testing.T) {
 		TimeLocation time.Time `form:"time_location" time_format:"02/01/2006 15:04" time_location:"Asia/Tokyo"`
 		BlankTime    time.Time `form:"blank_time" time_format:"02/01/2006 15:04"`
 	}
-	assert.NoError(t, c.Bind(&obj))
+	require.NoError(t, c.Bind(&obj))
 	assert.Equal(t, "bar", obj.Foo)
 	assert.Equal(t, "10", obj.Bar)
 	assert.Equal(t, 10, obj.BarAsInt)
@@ -588,10 +965,10 @@ func TestContextPostFormMultipart(t *testing.T) {
 	assert.Equal(t, "second", values[1])
 
 	values = c.PostFormArray("nokey")
-	assert.Equal(t, 0, len(values))
+	assert.Empty(t, values)
 
 	values = c.PostFormArray("foo")
-	assert.Equal(t, 1, len(values))
+	assert.Len(t, values, 1)
 	assert.Equal(t, "bar", values[0])
 
 	dicts, ok := c.GetPostFormMap("names")
@@ -601,14 +978,14 @@ func TestContextPostFormMultipart(t *testing.T) {
 
 	dicts, ok = c.GetPostFormMap("nokey")
 	assert.False(t, ok)
-	assert.Equal(t, 0, len(dicts))
+	assert.Empty(t, dicts)
 
 	dicts = c.PostFormMap("names")
 	assert.Equal(t, "thinkerou", dicts["a"])
 	assert.Equal(t, "tianou", dicts["b"])
 
 	dicts = c.PostFormMap("nokey")
-	assert.Equal(t, 0, len(dicts))
+	assert.Empty(t, dicts)
 }
 
 func TestContextSetCookie(t *testing.T) {
@@ -627,41 +1004,37 @@ func TestContextSetCookiePathEmpty(t *testing.T) {
 
 func TestContextGetCookie(t *testing.T) {
 	c, _ := CreateTestContext(httptest.NewRecorder())
-	c.Request, _ = http.NewRequest("GET", "/get", nil)
+	c.Request, _ = http.NewRequest(http.MethodGet, "/get", nil)
 	c.Request.Header.Set("Cookie", "user=gin")
 	cookie, _ := c.Cookie("user")
 	assert.Equal(t, "gin", cookie)
 
 	_, err := c.Cookie("nokey")
-	assert.Error(t, err)
+	require.Error(t, err)
 }
 
 func TestContextBodyAllowedForStatus(t *testing.T) {
-	assert.False(t, false, bodyAllowedForStatus(http.StatusProcessing))
-	assert.False(t, false, bodyAllowedForStatus(http.StatusNoContent))
-	assert.False(t, false, bodyAllowedForStatus(http.StatusNotModified))
-	assert.True(t, true, bodyAllowedForStatus(http.StatusInternalServerError))
+	assert.False(t, bodyAllowedForStatus(http.StatusProcessing))
+	assert.False(t, bodyAllowedForStatus(http.StatusNoContent))
+	assert.False(t, bodyAllowedForStatus(http.StatusNotModified))
+	assert.True(t, bodyAllowedForStatus(http.StatusInternalServerError))
 }
 
-type TestPanicRender struct{}
+type TestRender struct{}
 
-func (*TestPanicRender) Render(http.ResponseWriter) error {
-	return errors.New("TestPanicRender")
+func (*TestRender) Render(http.ResponseWriter) error {
+	return errTestRender
 }
 
-func (*TestPanicRender) WriteContentType(http.ResponseWriter) {}
+func (*TestRender) WriteContentType(http.ResponseWriter) {}
 
-func TestContextRenderPanicIfErr(t *testing.T) {
-	defer func() {
-		r := recover()
-		assert.Equal(t, "TestPanicRender", fmt.Sprint(r))
-	}()
+func TestContextRenderIfErr(t *testing.T) {
 	w := httptest.NewRecorder()
 	c, _ := CreateTestContext(w)
 
-	c.Render(http.StatusOK, &TestPanicRender{})
+	c.Render(http.StatusOK, &TestRender{})
 
-	assert.Fail(t, "Panic not detected")
+	assert.Equal(t, errorMsgs{&Error{Err: errTestRender, Type: 1}}, c.Errors)
 }
 
 // Tests that the response is serialized as JSON
@@ -674,7 +1047,7 @@ func TestContextRenderJSON(t *testing.T) {
 	c.JSON(http.StatusCreated, H{"foo": "bar", "html": "<b>"})
 
 	assert.Equal(t, http.StatusCreated, w.Code)
-	assert.Equal(t, "{\"foo\":\"bar\",\"html\":\"\\u003cb\\u003e\"}", w.Body.String())
+	assert.JSONEq(t, "{\"foo\":\"bar\",\"html\":\"\\u003cb\\u003e\"}", w.Body.String())
 	assert.Equal(t, "application/json; charset=utf-8", w.Header().Get("Content-Type"))
 }
 
@@ -683,7 +1056,7 @@ func TestContextRenderJSON(t *testing.T) {
 func TestContextRenderJSONP(t *testing.T) {
 	w := httptest.NewRecorder()
 	c, _ := CreateTestContext(w)
-	c.Request, _ = http.NewRequest("GET", "http://example.com/?callback=x", nil)
+	c.Request, _ = http.NewRequest(http.MethodGet, "http://example.com/?callback=x", nil)
 
 	c.JSONP(http.StatusCreated, H{"foo": "bar"})
 
@@ -697,12 +1070,12 @@ func TestContextRenderJSONP(t *testing.T) {
 func TestContextRenderJSONPWithoutCallback(t *testing.T) {
 	w := httptest.NewRecorder()
 	c, _ := CreateTestContext(w)
-	c.Request, _ = http.NewRequest("GET", "http://example.com", nil)
+	c.Request, _ = http.NewRequest(http.MethodGet, "http://example.com", nil)
 
 	c.JSONP(http.StatusCreated, H{"foo": "bar"})
 
 	assert.Equal(t, http.StatusCreated, w.Code)
-	assert.Equal(t, "{\"foo\":\"bar\"}", w.Body.String())
+	assert.JSONEq(t, `{"foo":"bar"}`, w.Body.String())
 	assert.Equal(t, "application/json; charset=utf-8", w.Header().Get("Content-Type"))
 }
 
@@ -728,7 +1101,7 @@ func TestContextRenderAPIJSON(t *testing.T) {
 	c.JSON(http.StatusCreated, H{"foo": "bar"})
 
 	assert.Equal(t, http.StatusCreated, w.Code)
-	assert.Equal(t, "{\"foo\":\"bar\"}", w.Body.String())
+	assert.JSONEq(t, `{"foo":"bar"}`, w.Body.String())
 	assert.Equal(t, "application/vnd.api+json", w.Header().Get("Content-Type"))
 }
 
@@ -742,7 +1115,7 @@ func TestContextRenderNoContentAPIJSON(t *testing.T) {
 
 	assert.Equal(t, http.StatusNoContent, w.Code)
 	assert.Empty(t, w.Body.String())
-	assert.Equal(t, w.Header().Get("Content-Type"), "application/vnd.api+json")
+	assert.Equal(t, "application/vnd.api+json", w.Header().Get("Content-Type"))
 }
 
 // Tests that the response is serialized as JSON
@@ -754,7 +1127,7 @@ func TestContextRenderIndentedJSON(t *testing.T) {
 	c.IndentedJSON(http.StatusCreated, H{"foo": "bar", "bar": "foo", "nested": H{"foo": "bar"}})
 
 	assert.Equal(t, http.StatusCreated, w.Code)
-	assert.Equal(t, "{\n    \"bar\": \"foo\",\n    \"foo\": \"bar\",\n    \"nested\": {\n        \"foo\": \"bar\"\n    }\n}", w.Body.String())
+	assert.JSONEq(t, "{\n    \"bar\": \"foo\",\n    \"foo\": \"bar\",\n    \"nested\": {\n        \"foo\": \"bar\"\n    }\n}", w.Body.String())
 	assert.Equal(t, "application/json; charset=utf-8", w.Header().Get("Content-Type"))
 }
 
@@ -770,6 +1143,37 @@ func TestContextRenderNoContentIndentedJSON(t *testing.T) {
 	assert.Equal(t, "application/json; charset=utf-8", w.Header().Get("Content-Type"))
 }
 
+func TestContextClientIPWithMultipleHeaders(t *testing.T) {
+	c, _ := CreateTestContext(httptest.NewRecorder())
+	c.Request, _ = http.NewRequest(http.MethodGet, "/test", nil)
+
+	// Multiple X-Forwarded-For headers
+	c.Request.Header.Add("X-Forwarded-For", "1.2.3.4, "+localhostIP)
+	c.Request.Header.Add("X-Forwarded-For", "5.6.7.8")
+	c.Request.RemoteAddr = localhostIP + ":1234"
+
+	c.engine.ForwardedByClientIP = true
+	c.engine.RemoteIPHeaders = []string{"X-Forwarded-For"}
+	_ = c.engine.SetTrustedProxies([]string{localhostIP})
+
+	// Should return 5.6.7.8 (last non-trusted IP)
+	assert.Equal(t, "5.6.7.8", c.ClientIP())
+}
+
+func TestContextClientIPWithSingleHeader(t *testing.T) {
+	c, _ := CreateTestContext(httptest.NewRecorder())
+	c.Request, _ = http.NewRequest(http.MethodGet, "/test", nil)
+	c.Request.Header.Set("X-Forwarded-For", "1.2.3.4, "+localhostIP)
+	c.Request.RemoteAddr = localhostIP + ":1234"
+
+	c.engine.ForwardedByClientIP = true
+	c.engine.RemoteIPHeaders = []string{"X-Forwarded-For"}
+	_ = c.engine.SetTrustedProxies([]string{localhostIP})
+
+	// Should return 1.2.3.4
+	assert.Equal(t, "1.2.3.4", c.ClientIP())
+}
+
 // Tests that the response is serialized as Secure JSON
 // and Content-Type is set to application/json
 func TestContextRenderSecureJSON(t *testing.T) {
@@ -815,7 +1219,7 @@ func TestContextRenderPureJSON(t *testing.T) {
 	c, _ := CreateTestContext(w)
 	c.PureJSON(http.StatusCreated, H{"foo": "bar", "html": "<b>"})
 	assert.Equal(t, http.StatusCreated, w.Code)
-	assert.Equal(t, "{\"foo\":\"bar\",\"html\":\"<b>\"}\n", w.Body.String())
+	assert.JSONEq(t, "{\"foo\":\"bar\",\"html\":\"<b>\"}\n", w.Body.String())
 	assert.Equal(t, "application/json; charset=utf-8", w.Header().Get("Content-Type"))
 }
 
@@ -840,7 +1244,7 @@ func TestContextRenderHTML2(t *testing.T) {
 	c, router := CreateTestContext(w)
 
 	// print debug warning log when Engine.trees > 0
-	router.addRoute("GET", "/", HandlersChain{func(_ *Context) {}})
+	router.addRoute(http.MethodGet, "/", HandlersChain{func(_ *Context) {}})
 	assert.Len(t, router.trees, 1)
 
 	templ := template.Must(template.New("t").Parse(`Hello {{.name}}`))
@@ -873,7 +1277,7 @@ func TestContextRenderNoContentHTML(t *testing.T) {
 	assert.Equal(t, "text/html; charset=utf-8", w.Header().Get("Content-Type"))
 }
 
-// TestContextXML tests that the response is serialized as XML
+// TestContextRenderXML tests that the response is serialized as XML
 // and Content-Type is set to application/xml
 func TestContextRenderXML(t *testing.T) {
 	w := httptest.NewRecorder()
@@ -898,7 +1302,7 @@ func TestContextRenderNoContentXML(t *testing.T) {
 	assert.Equal(t, "application/xml; charset=utf-8", w.Header().Get("Content-Type"))
 }
 
-// TestContextString tests that the response is returned
+// TestContextRenderString tests that the response is returned
 // with Content-Type set to text/plain
 func TestContextRenderString(t *testing.T) {
 	w := httptest.NewRecorder()
@@ -923,7 +1327,7 @@ func TestContextRenderNoContentString(t *testing.T) {
 	assert.Equal(t, "text/plain; charset=utf-8", w.Header().Get("Content-Type"))
 }
 
-// TestContextString tests that the response is returned
+// TestContextRenderHTMLString tests that the response is returned
 // with Content-Type set to text/html
 func TestContextRenderHTMLString(t *testing.T) {
 	w := httptest.NewRecorder()
@@ -950,7 +1354,7 @@ func TestContextRenderNoContentHTMLString(t *testing.T) {
 	assert.Equal(t, "text/html; charset=utf-8", w.Header().Get("Content-Type"))
 }
 
-// TestContextData tests that the response can be written from `bytestring`
+// TestContextRenderData tests that the response can be written from `bytestring`
 // with specified MIME type
 func TestContextRenderData(t *testing.T) {
 	w := httptest.NewRecorder()
@@ -989,35 +1393,35 @@ func TestContextRenderSSE(t *testing.T) {
 		"bar": "foo",
 	})
 
-	assert.Equal(t, strings.Replace(w.Body.String(), " ", "", -1), strings.Replace("event:float\ndata:1.5\n\nid:123\ndata:text\n\nevent:chat\ndata:{\"bar\":\"foo\",\"foo\":\"bar\"}\n\n", " ", "", -1))
+	assert.Equal(t, strings.ReplaceAll(w.Body.String(), " ", ""), strings.ReplaceAll("event:float\ndata:1.5\n\nid:123\ndata:text\n\nevent:chat\ndata:{\"bar\":\"foo\",\"foo\":\"bar\"}\n\n", " ", ""))
 }
 
 func TestContextRenderFile(t *testing.T) {
 	w := httptest.NewRecorder()
 	c, _ := CreateTestContext(w)
 
-	c.Request, _ = http.NewRequest("GET", "/", nil)
+	c.Request, _ = http.NewRequest(http.MethodGet, "/", nil)
 	c.File("./gin.go")
 
 	assert.Equal(t, http.StatusOK, w.Code)
-	assert.Contains(t, w.Body.String(), "func New() *Engine {")
+	assert.Contains(t, w.Body.String(), "func New(opts ...OptionFunc) *Engine {")
 	// Content-Type='text/plain; charset=utf-8' when go version <= 1.16,
 	// else, Content-Type='text/x-go; charset=utf-8'
-	assert.NotEqual(t, "", w.Header().Get("Content-Type"))
+	assert.NotEmpty(t, w.Header().Get("Content-Type"))
 }
 
 func TestContextRenderFileFromFS(t *testing.T) {
 	w := httptest.NewRecorder()
 	c, _ := CreateTestContext(w)
 
-	c.Request, _ = http.NewRequest("GET", "/some/path", nil)
+	c.Request, _ = http.NewRequest(http.MethodGet, "/some/path", nil)
 	c.FileFromFS("./gin.go", Dir(".", false))
 
 	assert.Equal(t, http.StatusOK, w.Code)
-	assert.Contains(t, w.Body.String(), "func New() *Engine {")
+	assert.Contains(t, w.Body.String(), "func New(opts ...OptionFunc) *Engine {")
 	// Content-Type='text/plain; charset=utf-8' when go version <= 1.16,
 	// else, Content-Type='text/x-go; charset=utf-8'
-	assert.NotEqual(t, "", w.Header().Get("Content-Type"))
+	assert.NotEmpty(t, w.Header().Get("Content-Type"))
 	assert.Equal(t, "/some/path", c.Request.URL.Path)
 }
 
@@ -1026,29 +1430,43 @@ func TestContextRenderAttachment(t *testing.T) {
 	c, _ := CreateTestContext(w)
 	newFilename := "new_filename.go"
 
-	c.Request, _ = http.NewRequest("GET", "/", nil)
+	c.Request, _ = http.NewRequest(http.MethodGet, "/", nil)
 	c.FileAttachment("./gin.go", newFilename)
 
 	assert.Equal(t, 200, w.Code)
-	assert.Contains(t, w.Body.String(), "func New() *Engine {")
+	assert.Contains(t, w.Body.String(), "func New(opts ...OptionFunc) *Engine {")
 	assert.Equal(t, fmt.Sprintf("attachment; filename=\"%s\"", newFilename), w.Header().Get("Content-Disposition"))
 }
 
+func TestContextRenderAndEscapeAttachment(t *testing.T) {
+	w := httptest.NewRecorder()
+	c, _ := CreateTestContext(w)
+	maliciousFilename := "tampering_field.sh\"; \\\"; dummy=.go"
+	actualEscapedResponseFilename := "tampering_field.sh\\\"; \\\\\\\"; dummy=.go"
+
+	c.Request, _ = http.NewRequest(http.MethodGet, "/", nil)
+	c.FileAttachment("./gin.go", maliciousFilename)
+
+	assert.Equal(t, 200, w.Code)
+	assert.Contains(t, w.Body.String(), "func New(opts ...OptionFunc) *Engine {")
+	assert.Equal(t, fmt.Sprintf("attachment; filename=\"%s\"", actualEscapedResponseFilename), w.Header().Get("Content-Disposition"))
+}
+
 func TestContextRenderUTF8Attachment(t *testing.T) {
 	w := httptest.NewRecorder()
 	c, _ := CreateTestContext(w)
 	newFilename := "new🧡_filename.go"
 
-	c.Request, _ = http.NewRequest("GET", "/", nil)
+	c.Request, _ = http.NewRequest(http.MethodGet, "/", nil)
 	c.FileAttachment("./gin.go", newFilename)
 
 	assert.Equal(t, 200, w.Code)
-	assert.Contains(t, w.Body.String(), "func New() *Engine {")
+	assert.Contains(t, w.Body.String(), "func New(opts ...OptionFunc) *Engine {")
 	assert.Equal(t, `attachment; filename*=UTF-8''`+url.QueryEscape(newFilename), w.Header().Get("Content-Disposition"))
 }
 
 // TestContextRenderYAML tests that the response is serialized as YAML
-// and Content-Type is set to application/x-yaml
+// and Content-Type is set to application/yaml
 func TestContextRenderYAML(t *testing.T) {
 	w := httptest.NewRecorder()
 	c, _ := CreateTestContext(w)
@@ -1057,7 +1475,7 @@ func TestContextRenderYAML(t *testing.T) {
 
 	assert.Equal(t, http.StatusCreated, w.Code)
 	assert.Equal(t, "foo: bar\n", w.Body.String())
-	assert.Equal(t, "application/x-yaml; charset=utf-8", w.Header().Get("Content-Type"))
+	assert.Equal(t, "application/yaml; charset=utf-8", w.Header().Get("Content-Type"))
 }
 
 // TestContextRenderTOML tests that the response is serialized as TOML
@@ -1090,7 +1508,7 @@ func TestContextRenderProtoBuf(t *testing.T) {
 	c.ProtoBuf(http.StatusCreated, data)
 
 	protoData, err := proto.Marshal(data)
-	assert.NoError(t, err)
+	require.NoError(t, err)
 
 	assert.Equal(t, http.StatusCreated, w.Code)
 	assert.Equal(t, string(protoData), w.Body.String())
@@ -1118,7 +1536,7 @@ func TestContextRenderRedirectWithRelativePath(t *testing.T) {
 	w := httptest.NewRecorder()
 	c, _ := CreateTestContext(w)
 
-	c.Request, _ = http.NewRequest("POST", "http://example.com", nil)
+	c.Request, _ = http.NewRequest(http.MethodPost, "http://example.com", nil)
 	assert.Panics(t, func() { c.Redirect(299, "/new_path") })
 	assert.Panics(t, func() { c.Redirect(309, "/new_path") })
 
@@ -1132,7 +1550,7 @@ func TestContextRenderRedirectWithAbsolutePath(t *testing.T) {
 	w := httptest.NewRecorder()
 	c, _ := CreateTestContext(w)
 
-	c.Request, _ = http.NewRequest("POST", "http://example.com", nil)
+	c.Request, _ = http.NewRequest(http.MethodPost, "http://example.com", nil)
 	c.Redirect(http.StatusFound, "http://google.com")
 	c.Writer.WriteHeaderNow()
 
@@ -1144,7 +1562,7 @@ func TestContextRenderRedirectWith201(t *testing.T) {
 	w := httptest.NewRecorder()
 	c, _ := CreateTestContext(w)
 
-	c.Request, _ = http.NewRequest("POST", "http://example.com", nil)
+	c.Request, _ = http.NewRequest(http.MethodPost, "http://example.com", nil)
 	c.Redirect(http.StatusCreated, "/resource")
 	c.Writer.WriteHeaderNow()
 
@@ -1154,7 +1572,7 @@ func TestContextRenderRedirectWith201(t *testing.T) {
 
 func TestContextRenderRedirectAll(t *testing.T) {
 	c, _ := CreateTestContext(httptest.NewRecorder())
-	c.Request, _ = http.NewRequest("POST", "http://example.com", nil)
+	c.Request, _ = http.NewRequest(http.MethodPost, "http://example.com", nil)
 	assert.Panics(t, func() { c.Redirect(http.StatusOK, "/resource") })
 	assert.Panics(t, func() { c.Redirect(http.StatusAccepted, "/resource") })
 	assert.Panics(t, func() { c.Redirect(299, "/resource") })
@@ -1166,25 +1584,25 @@ func TestContextRenderRedirectAll(t *testing.T) {
 func TestContextNegotiationWithJSON(t *testing.T) {
 	w := httptest.NewRecorder()
 	c, _ := CreateTestContext(w)
-	c.Request, _ = http.NewRequest("POST", "", nil)
+	c.Request, _ = http.NewRequest(http.MethodPost, "", nil)
 
 	c.Negotiate(http.StatusOK, Negotiate{
-		Offered: []string{MIMEJSON, MIMEXML, MIMEYAML},
+		Offered: []string{MIMEJSON, MIMEXML, MIMEYAML, MIMEYAML2},
 		Data:    H{"foo": "bar"},
 	})
 
 	assert.Equal(t, http.StatusOK, w.Code)
-	assert.Equal(t, "{\"foo\":\"bar\"}", w.Body.String())
+	assert.JSONEq(t, `{"foo":"bar"}`, w.Body.String())
 	assert.Equal(t, "application/json; charset=utf-8", w.Header().Get("Content-Type"))
 }
 
 func TestContextNegotiationWithXML(t *testing.T) {
 	w := httptest.NewRecorder()
 	c, _ := CreateTestContext(w)
-	c.Request, _ = http.NewRequest("POST", "", nil)
+	c.Request, _ = http.NewRequest(http.MethodPost, "", nil)
 
 	c.Negotiate(http.StatusOK, Negotiate{
-		Offered: []string{MIMEXML, MIMEJSON, MIMEYAML},
+		Offered: []string{MIMEXML, MIMEJSON, MIMEYAML, MIMEYAML2},
 		Data:    H{"foo": "bar"},
 	})
 
@@ -1196,25 +1614,25 @@ func TestContextNegotiationWithXML(t *testing.T) {
 func TestContextNegotiationWithYAML(t *testing.T) {
 	w := httptest.NewRecorder()
 	c, _ := CreateTestContext(w)
-	c.Request, _ = http.NewRequest("POST", "", nil)
+	c.Request, _ = http.NewRequest(http.MethodPost, "", nil)
 
 	c.Negotiate(http.StatusOK, Negotiate{
-		Offered: []string{MIMEYAML, MIMEXML, MIMEJSON, MIMETOML},
+		Offered: []string{MIMEYAML, MIMEXML, MIMEJSON, MIMETOML, MIMEYAML2},
 		Data:    H{"foo": "bar"},
 	})
 
 	assert.Equal(t, http.StatusOK, w.Code)
 	assert.Equal(t, "foo: bar\n", w.Body.String())
-	assert.Equal(t, "application/x-yaml; charset=utf-8", w.Header().Get("Content-Type"))
+	assert.Equal(t, "application/yaml; charset=utf-8", w.Header().Get("Content-Type"))
 }
 
 func TestContextNegotiationWithTOML(t *testing.T) {
 	w := httptest.NewRecorder()
 	c, _ := CreateTestContext(w)
-	c.Request, _ = http.NewRequest("POST", "", nil)
+	c.Request, _ = http.NewRequest(http.MethodPost, "", nil)
 
 	c.Negotiate(http.StatusOK, Negotiate{
-		Offered: []string{MIMETOML, MIMEXML, MIMEJSON, MIMEYAML},
+		Offered: []string{MIMETOML, MIMEXML, MIMEJSON, MIMEYAML, MIMEYAML2},
 		Data:    H{"foo": "bar"},
 	})
 
@@ -1226,7 +1644,7 @@ func TestContextNegotiationWithTOML(t *testing.T) {
 func TestContextNegotiationWithHTML(t *testing.T) {
 	w := httptest.NewRecorder()
 	c, router := CreateTestContext(w)
-	c.Request, _ = http.NewRequest("POST", "", nil)
+	c.Request, _ = http.NewRequest(http.MethodPost, "", nil)
 	templ := template.Must(template.New("t").Parse(`Hello {{.name}}`))
 	router.SetHTMLTemplate(templ)
 
@@ -1241,32 +1659,58 @@ func TestContextNegotiationWithHTML(t *testing.T) {
 	assert.Equal(t, "text/html; charset=utf-8", w.Header().Get("Content-Type"))
 }
 
+func TestContextNegotiationWithPROTOBUF(t *testing.T) {
+	w := httptest.NewRecorder()
+	c, _ := CreateTestContext(w)
+	c.Request = httptest.NewRequest(http.MethodPost, "/", nil)
+
+	reps := []int64{int64(1), int64(2)}
+	label := "test"
+	data := &testdata.Test{
+		Label: &label,
+		Reps:  reps,
+	}
+
+	c.Negotiate(http.StatusCreated, Negotiate{
+		Offered: []string{MIMEPROTOBUF, MIMEJSON, MIMEXML},
+		Data:    data,
+	})
+
+	// Marshal original data for comparison
+	protoData, err := proto.Marshal(data)
+	require.NoError(t, err)
+
+	assert.Equal(t, http.StatusCreated, w.Code)
+	assert.Equal(t, string(protoData), w.Body.String())
+	assert.Equal(t, "application/x-protobuf", w.Header().Get("Content-Type"))
+}
+
 func TestContextNegotiationNotSupport(t *testing.T) {
 	w := httptest.NewRecorder()
 	c, _ := CreateTestContext(w)
-	c.Request, _ = http.NewRequest("POST", "", nil)
+	c.Request, _ = http.NewRequest(http.MethodPost, "", nil)
 
 	c.Negotiate(http.StatusOK, Negotiate{
 		Offered: []string{MIMEPOSTForm},
 	})
 
 	assert.Equal(t, http.StatusNotAcceptable, w.Code)
-	assert.Equal(t, c.index, abortIndex)
+	assert.Equal(t, abortIndex, c.index)
 	assert.True(t, c.IsAborted())
 }
 
 func TestContextNegotiationFormat(t *testing.T) {
 	c, _ := CreateTestContext(httptest.NewRecorder())
-	c.Request, _ = http.NewRequest("POST", "", nil)
+	c.Request, _ = http.NewRequest(http.MethodPost, "", nil)
 
 	assert.Panics(t, func() { c.NegotiateFormat() })
-	assert.Equal(t, MIMEJSON, c.NegotiateFormat(MIMEJSON, MIMEXML))
+	assert.Equal(t, MIMEJSON, c.NegotiateFormat(MIMEJSON, MIMEXML)) //nolint:testifylint
 	assert.Equal(t, MIMEHTML, c.NegotiateFormat(MIMEHTML, MIMEJSON))
 }
 
 func TestContextNegotiationFormatWithAccept(t *testing.T) {
 	c, _ := CreateTestContext(httptest.NewRecorder())
-	c.Request, _ = http.NewRequest("POST", "/", nil)
+	c.Request, _ = http.NewRequest(http.MethodPost, "/", nil)
 	c.Request.Header.Add("Accept", "text/html,application/xhtml+xml,application/xml;q=0.9;q=0.8")
 
 	assert.Equal(t, MIMEXML, c.NegotiateFormat(MIMEJSON, MIMEXML))
@@ -1276,39 +1720,47 @@ func TestContextNegotiationFormatWithAccept(t *testing.T) {
 
 func TestContextNegotiationFormatWithWildcardAccept(t *testing.T) {
 	c, _ := CreateTestContext(httptest.NewRecorder())
-	c.Request, _ = http.NewRequest("POST", "/", nil)
+	c.Request, _ = http.NewRequest(http.MethodPost, "/", nil)
 	c.Request.Header.Add("Accept", "*/*")
 
-	assert.Equal(t, c.NegotiateFormat("*/*"), "*/*")
-	assert.Equal(t, c.NegotiateFormat("text/*"), "text/*")
-	assert.Equal(t, c.NegotiateFormat("application/*"), "application/*")
-	assert.Equal(t, c.NegotiateFormat(MIMEJSON), MIMEJSON)
-	assert.Equal(t, c.NegotiateFormat(MIMEXML), MIMEXML)
-	assert.Equal(t, c.NegotiateFormat(MIMEHTML), MIMEHTML)
+	assert.Equal(t, "*/*", c.NegotiateFormat("*/*"))
+	assert.Equal(t, "text/*", c.NegotiateFormat("text/*"))
+	assert.Equal(t, "application/*", c.NegotiateFormat("application/*"))
+	assert.Equal(t, MIMEJSON, c.NegotiateFormat(MIMEJSON)) //nolint:testifylint
+	assert.Equal(t, MIMEXML, c.NegotiateFormat(MIMEXML))
+	assert.Equal(t, MIMEHTML, c.NegotiateFormat(MIMEHTML))
 
 	c, _ = CreateTestContext(httptest.NewRecorder())
-	c.Request, _ = http.NewRequest("POST", "/", nil)
+	c.Request, _ = http.NewRequest(http.MethodPost, "/", nil)
 	c.Request.Header.Add("Accept", "text/*")
 
-	assert.Equal(t, c.NegotiateFormat("*/*"), "*/*")
-	assert.Equal(t, c.NegotiateFormat("text/*"), "text/*")
-	assert.Equal(t, c.NegotiateFormat("application/*"), "")
-	assert.Equal(t, c.NegotiateFormat(MIMEJSON), "")
-	assert.Equal(t, c.NegotiateFormat(MIMEXML), "")
-	assert.Equal(t, c.NegotiateFormat(MIMEHTML), MIMEHTML)
+	assert.Equal(t, "*/*", c.NegotiateFormat("*/*"))
+	assert.Equal(t, "text/*", c.NegotiateFormat("text/*"))
+	assert.Empty(t, c.NegotiateFormat("application/*"))
+	assert.Empty(t, c.NegotiateFormat(MIMEJSON))
+	assert.Empty(t, c.NegotiateFormat(MIMEXML))
+	assert.Equal(t, MIMEHTML, c.NegotiateFormat(MIMEHTML))
 }
 
 func TestContextNegotiationFormatCustom(t *testing.T) {
 	c, _ := CreateTestContext(httptest.NewRecorder())
-	c.Request, _ = http.NewRequest("POST", "/", nil)
+	c.Request, _ = http.NewRequest(http.MethodPost, "/", nil)
 	c.Request.Header.Add("Accept", "text/html,application/xhtml+xml,application/xml;q=0.9;q=0.8")
 
 	c.Accepted = nil
 	c.SetAccepted(MIMEJSON, MIMEXML)
 
-	assert.Equal(t, MIMEJSON, c.NegotiateFormat(MIMEJSON, MIMEXML))
+	assert.Equal(t, MIMEJSON, c.NegotiateFormat(MIMEJSON, MIMEXML)) //nolint:testifylint
 	assert.Equal(t, MIMEXML, c.NegotiateFormat(MIMEXML, MIMEHTML))
-	assert.Equal(t, MIMEJSON, c.NegotiateFormat(MIMEJSON))
+	assert.Equal(t, MIMEJSON, c.NegotiateFormat(MIMEJSON)) //nolint:testifylint
+}
+
+func TestContextNegotiationFormat2(t *testing.T) {
+	c, _ := CreateTestContext(httptest.NewRecorder())
+	c.Request, _ = http.NewRequest(http.MethodPost, "/", nil)
+	c.Request.Header.Add("Accept", "image/tiff-fx")
+
+	assert.Empty(t, c.NegotiateFormat("image/tiff"))
 }
 
 func TestContextIsAborted(t *testing.T) {
@@ -1325,7 +1777,7 @@ func TestContextIsAborted(t *testing.T) {
 	assert.True(t, c.IsAborted())
 }
 
-// TestContextData tests that the response can be written from `bytestring`
+// TestContextAbortWithStatus tests that the response can be written from `bytestring`
 // with specified MIME type
 func TestContextAbortWithStatus(t *testing.T) {
 	w := httptest.NewRecorder()
@@ -1366,9 +1818,35 @@ func TestContextAbortWithStatusJSON(t *testing.T) {
 
 	buf := new(bytes.Buffer)
 	_, err := buf.ReadFrom(w.Body)
-	assert.NoError(t, err)
+	require.NoError(t, err)
 	jsonStringBody := buf.String()
-	assert.Equal(t, "{\"foo\":\"fooValue\",\"bar\":\"barValue\"}", jsonStringBody)
+	assert.JSONEq(t, "{\"foo\":\"fooValue\",\"bar\":\"barValue\"}", jsonStringBody)
+}
+
+func TestContextAbortWithStatusPureJSON(t *testing.T) {
+	w := httptest.NewRecorder()
+	c, _ := CreateTestContext(w)
+	c.index = 4
+
+	in := new(testJSONAbortMsg)
+	in.Bar = "barValue"
+	in.Foo = "fooValue"
+
+	c.AbortWithStatusPureJSON(http.StatusUnsupportedMediaType, in)
+
+	assert.Equal(t, abortIndex, c.index)
+	assert.Equal(t, http.StatusUnsupportedMediaType, c.Writer.Status())
+	assert.Equal(t, http.StatusUnsupportedMediaType, w.Code)
+	assert.True(t, c.IsAborted())
+
+	contentType := w.Header().Get("Content-Type")
+	assert.Equal(t, "application/json; charset=utf-8", contentType)
+
+	buf := new(bytes.Buffer)
+	_, err := buf.ReadFrom(w.Body)
+	require.NoError(t, err)
+	jsonStringBody := buf.String()
+	assert.JSONEq(t, "{\"foo\":\"fooValue\",\"bar\":\"barValue\"}", jsonStringBody)
 }
 
 func TestContextError(t *testing.T) {
@@ -1433,7 +1911,7 @@ func TestContextAbortWithError(t *testing.T) {
 
 func TestContextClientIP(t *testing.T) {
 	c, _ := CreateTestContext(httptest.NewRecorder())
-	c.Request, _ = http.NewRequest("POST", "/", nil)
+	c.Request, _ = http.NewRequest(http.MethodPost, "/", nil)
 	c.engine.trustedCIDRs, _ = c.engine.prepareTrustedCIDRs()
 	resetContextForClientIPTests(c)
 
@@ -1473,7 +1951,7 @@ func TestContextClientIP(t *testing.T) {
 	resetContextForClientIPTests(c)
 
 	// IPv6 support
-	c.Request.RemoteAddr = "[::1]:12345"
+	c.Request.RemoteAddr = fmt.Sprintf("[%s]:12345", localhostIPv6)
 	assert.Equal(t, "20.20.20.20", c.ClientIP())
 
 	resetContextForClientIPTests(c)
@@ -1559,6 +2037,12 @@ func TestContextClientIP(t *testing.T) {
 	c.Request.Header.Del("CF-Connecting-IP")
 	assert.Equal(t, "40.40.40.40", c.ClientIP())
 
+	c.engine.TrustedPlatform = PlatformFlyIO
+	assert.Equal(t, "70.70.70.70", c.ClientIP())
+
+	c.Request.Header.Del("Fly-Client-IP")
+	assert.Equal(t, "40.40.40.40", c.ClientIP())
+
 	c.engine.TrustedPlatform = ""
 
 	// no port
@@ -1571,6 +2055,7 @@ func resetContextForClientIPTests(c *Context) {
 	c.Request.Header.Set("X-Forwarded-For", "  20.20.20.20, 30.30.30.30")
 	c.Request.Header.Set("X-Appengine-Remote-Addr", "50.50.50.50")
 	c.Request.Header.Set("CF-Connecting-IP", "60.60.60.60")
+	c.Request.Header.Set("Fly-Client-IP", "70.70.70.70")
 	c.Request.RemoteAddr = "  40.40.40.40:42123 "
 	c.engine.TrustedPlatform = ""
 	c.engine.trustedCIDRs = defaultTrustedCIDRs
@@ -1579,22 +2064,53 @@ func resetContextForClientIPTests(c *Context) {
 
 func TestContextContentType(t *testing.T) {
 	c, _ := CreateTestContext(httptest.NewRecorder())
-	c.Request, _ = http.NewRequest("POST", "/", nil)
+	c.Request, _ = http.NewRequest(http.MethodPost, "/", nil)
 	c.Request.Header.Set("Content-Type", "application/json; charset=utf-8")
 
 	assert.Equal(t, "application/json", c.ContentType())
 }
 
+func TestContextBindRequestTooLarge(t *testing.T) {
+	// When using go-json as JSON encoder, they do not propagate the http.MaxBytesError error
+	// The response will fail with a generic 400 instead of 413
+	// https://github.com/goccy/go-json/issues/485
+	var expectedCode int
+	switch json.Package {
+	case "github.com/goccy/go-json":
+		expectedCode = http.StatusBadRequest
+	default:
+		expectedCode = http.StatusRequestEntityTooLarge
+	}
+
+	w := httptest.NewRecorder()
+	c, _ := CreateTestContext(w)
+
+	c.Request, _ = http.NewRequest(http.MethodPost, "/", strings.NewReader(`{"foo":"bar", "bar":"foo"}`))
+	c.Request.Body = http.MaxBytesReader(c.Writer, c.Request.Body, 10)
+
+	var obj struct {
+		Foo string `json:"foo"`
+		Bar string `json:"bar"`
+	}
+	require.Error(t, c.BindJSON(&obj))
+	c.Writer.WriteHeaderNow()
+
+	assert.Empty(t, obj.Bar)
+	assert.Empty(t, obj.Foo)
+	assert.Equal(t, expectedCode, w.Code)
+	assert.True(t, c.IsAborted())
+}
+
 func TestContextAutoBindJSON(t *testing.T) {
 	c, _ := CreateTestContext(httptest.NewRecorder())
-	c.Request, _ = http.NewRequest("POST", "/", bytes.NewBufferString("{\"foo\":\"bar\", \"bar\":\"foo\"}"))
+	c.Request, _ = http.NewRequest(http.MethodPost, "/", strings.NewReader(`{"foo":"bar", "bar":"foo"}`))
 	c.Request.Header.Add("Content-Type", MIMEJSON)
 
 	var obj struct {
 		Foo string `json:"foo"`
 		Bar string `json:"bar"`
 	}
-	assert.NoError(t, c.Bind(&obj))
+	require.NoError(t, c.Bind(&obj))
 	assert.Equal(t, "foo", obj.Bar)
 	assert.Equal(t, "bar", obj.Foo)
 	assert.Empty(t, c.Errors)
@@ -1604,14 +2120,14 @@ func TestContextBindWithJSON(t *testing.T) {
 	w := httptest.NewRecorder()
 	c, _ := CreateTestContext(w)
 
-	c.Request, _ = http.NewRequest("POST", "/", bytes.NewBufferString("{\"foo\":\"bar\", \"bar\":\"foo\"}"))
+	c.Request, _ = http.NewRequest(http.MethodPost, "/", strings.NewReader(`{"foo":"bar", "bar":"foo"}`))
 	c.Request.Header.Add("Content-Type", MIMEXML) // set fake content-type
 
 	var obj struct {
 		Foo string `json:"foo"`
 		Bar string `json:"bar"`
 	}
-	assert.NoError(t, c.BindJSON(&obj))
+	require.NoError(t, c.BindJSON(&obj))
 	assert.Equal(t, "foo", obj.Bar)
 	assert.Equal(t, "bar", obj.Foo)
 	assert.Equal(t, 0, w.Body.Len())
@@ -1621,7 +2137,7 @@ func TestContextBindWithXML(t *testing.T) {
 	w := httptest.NewRecorder()
 	c, _ := CreateTestContext(w)
 
-	c.Request, _ = http.NewRequest("POST", "/", bytes.NewBufferString(`<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
+	c.Request, _ = http.NewRequest(http.MethodPost, "/", strings.NewReader(`<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
 		<root>
 			<foo>FOO</foo>
 		   	<bar>BAR</bar>
@@ -1632,17 +2148,41 @@ func TestContextBindWithXML(t *testing.T) {
 		Foo string `xml:"foo"`
 		Bar string `xml:"bar"`
 	}
-	assert.NoError(t, c.BindXML(&obj))
+	require.NoError(t, c.BindXML(&obj))
 	assert.Equal(t, "FOO", obj.Foo)
 	assert.Equal(t, "BAR", obj.Bar)
 	assert.Equal(t, 0, w.Body.Len())
 }
 
+func TestContextBindPlain(t *testing.T) {
+	// string
+	w := httptest.NewRecorder()
+	c, _ := CreateTestContext(w)
+	c.Request, _ = http.NewRequest(http.MethodPost, "/", bytes.NewBufferString(`test string`))
+	c.Request.Header.Add("Content-Type", MIMEPlain)
+
+	var s string
+
+	require.NoError(t, c.BindPlain(&s))
+	assert.Equal(t, "test string", s)
+	assert.Equal(t, 0, w.Body.Len())
+
+	// []byte
+	c.Request, _ = http.NewRequest(http.MethodPost, "/", bytes.NewBufferString(`test []byte`))
+	c.Request.Header.Add("Content-Type", MIMEPlain)
+
+	var bs []byte
+
+	require.NoError(t, c.BindPlain(&bs))
+	assert.Equal(t, []byte("test []byte"), bs)
+	assert.Equal(t, 0, w.Body.Len())
+}
+
 func TestContextBindHeader(t *testing.T) {
 	w := httptest.NewRecorder()
 	c, _ := CreateTestContext(w)
 
-	c.Request, _ = http.NewRequest("POST", "/", nil)
+	c.Request, _ = http.NewRequest(http.MethodPost, "/", nil)
 	c.Request.Header.Add("rate", "8000")
 	c.Request.Header.Add("domain", "music")
 	c.Request.Header.Add("limit", "1000")
@@ -1653,7 +2193,7 @@ func TestContextBindHeader(t *testing.T) {
 		Limit  int    `header:"limit"`
 	}
 
-	assert.NoError(t, c.BindHeader(&testHeader))
+	require.NoError(t, c.BindHeader(&testHeader))
 	assert.Equal(t, 8000, testHeader.Rate)
 	assert.Equal(t, "music", testHeader.Domain)
 	assert.Equal(t, 1000, testHeader.Limit)
@@ -1664,13 +2204,13 @@ func TestContextBindWithQuery(t *testing.T) {
 	w := httptest.NewRecorder()
 	c, _ := CreateTestContext(w)
 
-	c.Request, _ = http.NewRequest("POST", "/?foo=bar&bar=foo", bytes.NewBufferString("foo=unused"))
+	c.Request, _ = http.NewRequest(http.MethodPost, "/?foo=bar&bar=foo", strings.NewReader("foo=unused"))
 
 	var obj struct {
 		Foo string `form:"foo"`
 		Bar string `form:"bar"`
 	}
-	assert.NoError(t, c.BindQuery(&obj))
+	require.NoError(t, c.BindQuery(&obj))
 	assert.Equal(t, "foo", obj.Bar)
 	assert.Equal(t, "bar", obj.Foo)
 	assert.Equal(t, 0, w.Body.Len())
@@ -1680,14 +2220,14 @@ func TestContextBindWithYAML(t *testing.T) {
 	w := httptest.NewRecorder()
 	c, _ := CreateTestContext(w)
 
-	c.Request, _ = http.NewRequest("POST", "/", bytes.NewBufferString("foo: bar\nbar: foo"))
+	c.Request, _ = http.NewRequest(http.MethodPost, "/", strings.NewReader("foo: bar\nbar: foo"))
 	c.Request.Header.Add("Content-Type", MIMEXML) // set fake content-type
 
 	var obj struct {
 		Foo string `yaml:"foo"`
 		Bar string `yaml:"bar"`
 	}
-	assert.NoError(t, c.BindYAML(&obj))
+	require.NoError(t, c.BindYAML(&obj))
 	assert.Equal(t, "foo", obj.Bar)
 	assert.Equal(t, "bar", obj.Foo)
 	assert.Equal(t, 0, w.Body.Len())
@@ -1697,14 +2237,14 @@ func TestContextBindWithTOML(t *testing.T) {
 	w := httptest.NewRecorder()
 	c, _ := CreateTestContext(w)
 
-	c.Request, _ = http.NewRequest("POST", "/", bytes.NewBufferString("foo = 'bar'\nbar = 'foo'"))
+	c.Request, _ = http.NewRequest(http.MethodPost, "/", strings.NewReader("foo = 'bar'\nbar = 'foo'"))
 	c.Request.Header.Add("Content-Type", MIMEXML) // set fake content-type
 
 	var obj struct {
 		Foo string `toml:"foo"`
 		Bar string `toml:"bar"`
 	}
-	assert.NoError(t, c.BindTOML(&obj))
+	require.NoError(t, c.BindTOML(&obj))
 	assert.Equal(t, "foo", obj.Bar)
 	assert.Equal(t, "bar", obj.Foo)
 	assert.Equal(t, 0, w.Body.Len())
@@ -1714,7 +2254,7 @@ func TestContextBadAutoBind(t *testing.T) {
 	w := httptest.NewRecorder()
 	c, _ := CreateTestContext(w)
 
-	c.Request, _ = http.NewRequest("POST", "http://example.com", bytes.NewBufferString("\"foo\":\"bar\", \"bar\":\"foo\"}"))
+	c.Request, _ = http.NewRequest(http.MethodPost, "http://example.com", strings.NewReader("\"foo\":\"bar\", \"bar\":\"foo\"}"))
 	c.Request.Header.Add("Content-Type", MIMEJSON)
 	var obj struct {
 		Foo string `json:"foo"`
@@ -1722,7 +2262,7 @@ func TestContextBadAutoBind(t *testing.T) {
 	}
 
 	assert.False(t, c.IsAborted())
-	assert.Error(t, c.Bind(&obj))
+	require.Error(t, c.Bind(&obj))
 	c.Writer.WriteHeaderNow()
 
 	assert.Empty(t, obj.Bar)
@@ -1733,14 +2273,14 @@ func TestContextBadAutoBind(t *testing.T) {
 
 func TestContextAutoShouldBindJSON(t *testing.T) {
 	c, _ := CreateTestContext(httptest.NewRecorder())
-	c.Request, _ = http.NewRequest("POST", "/", bytes.NewBufferString("{\"foo\":\"bar\", \"bar\":\"foo\"}"))
+	c.Request, _ = http.NewRequest(http.MethodPost, "/", strings.NewReader(`{"foo":"bar", "bar":"foo"}`))
 	c.Request.Header.Add("Content-Type", MIMEJSON)
 
 	var obj struct {
 		Foo string `json:"foo"`
 		Bar string `json:"bar"`
 	}
-	assert.NoError(t, c.ShouldBind(&obj))
+	require.NoError(t, c.ShouldBind(&obj))
 	assert.Equal(t, "foo", obj.Bar)
 	assert.Equal(t, "bar", obj.Foo)
 	assert.Empty(t, c.Errors)
@@ -1750,14 +2290,14 @@ func TestContextShouldBindWithJSON(t *testing.T) {
 	w := httptest.NewRecorder()
 	c, _ := CreateTestContext(w)
 
-	c.Request, _ = http.NewRequest("POST", "/", bytes.NewBufferString("{\"foo\":\"bar\", \"bar\":\"foo\"}"))
+	c.Request, _ = http.NewRequest(http.MethodPost, "/", strings.NewReader(`{"foo":"bar", "bar":"foo"}`))
 	c.Request.Header.Add("Content-Type", MIMEXML) // set fake content-type
 
 	var obj struct {
 		Foo string `json:"foo"`
 		Bar string `json:"bar"`
 	}
-	assert.NoError(t, c.ShouldBindJSON(&obj))
+	require.NoError(t, c.ShouldBindJSON(&obj))
 	assert.Equal(t, "foo", obj.Bar)
 	assert.Equal(t, "bar", obj.Foo)
 	assert.Equal(t, 0, w.Body.Len())
@@ -1767,7 +2307,7 @@ func TestContextShouldBindWithXML(t *testing.T) {
 	w := httptest.NewRecorder()
 	c, _ := CreateTestContext(w)
 
-	c.Request, _ = http.NewRequest("POST", "/", bytes.NewBufferString(`<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
+	c.Request, _ = http.NewRequest(http.MethodPost, "/", strings.NewReader(`<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
 		<root>
 			<foo>FOO</foo>
 			<bar>BAR</bar>
@@ -1778,17 +2318,41 @@ func TestContextShouldBindWithXML(t *testing.T) {
 		Foo string `xml:"foo"`
 		Bar string `xml:"bar"`
 	}
-	assert.NoError(t, c.ShouldBindXML(&obj))
+	require.NoError(t, c.ShouldBindXML(&obj))
 	assert.Equal(t, "FOO", obj.Foo)
 	assert.Equal(t, "BAR", obj.Bar)
 	assert.Equal(t, 0, w.Body.Len())
 }
 
+func TestContextShouldBindPlain(t *testing.T) {
+	// string
+	w := httptest.NewRecorder()
+	c, _ := CreateTestContext(w)
+	c.Request, _ = http.NewRequest(http.MethodPost, "/", bytes.NewBufferString(`test string`))
+	c.Request.Header.Add("Content-Type", MIMEPlain)
+
+	var s string
+
+	require.NoError(t, c.ShouldBindPlain(&s))
+	assert.Equal(t, "test string", s)
+	assert.Equal(t, 0, w.Body.Len())
+	// []byte
+
+	c.Request, _ = http.NewRequest(http.MethodPost, "/", bytes.NewBufferString(`test []byte`))
+	c.Request.Header.Add("Content-Type", MIMEPlain)
+
+	var bs []byte
+
+	require.NoError(t, c.ShouldBindPlain(&bs))
+	assert.Equal(t, []byte("test []byte"), bs)
+	assert.Equal(t, 0, w.Body.Len())
+}
+
 func TestContextShouldBindHeader(t *testing.T) {
 	w := httptest.NewRecorder()
 	c, _ := CreateTestContext(w)
 
-	c.Request, _ = http.NewRequest("POST", "/", nil)
+	c.Request, _ = http.NewRequest(http.MethodPost, "/", nil)
 	c.Request.Header.Add("rate", "8000")
 	c.Request.Header.Add("domain", "music")
 	c.Request.Header.Add("limit", "1000")
@@ -1799,7 +2363,7 @@ func TestContextShouldBindHeader(t *testing.T) {
 		Limit  int    `header:"limit"`
 	}
 
-	assert.NoError(t, c.ShouldBindHeader(&testHeader))
+	require.NoError(t, c.ShouldBindHeader(&testHeader))
 	assert.Equal(t, 8000, testHeader.Rate)
 	assert.Equal(t, "music", testHeader.Domain)
 	assert.Equal(t, 1000, testHeader.Limit)
@@ -1810,7 +2374,7 @@ func TestContextShouldBindWithQuery(t *testing.T) {
 	w := httptest.NewRecorder()
 	c, _ := CreateTestContext(w)
 
-	c.Request, _ = http.NewRequest("POST", "/?foo=bar&bar=foo&Foo=bar1&Bar=foo1", bytes.NewBufferString("foo=unused"))
+	c.Request, _ = http.NewRequest(http.MethodPost, "/?foo=bar&bar=foo&Foo=bar1&Bar=foo1", strings.NewReader("foo=unused"))
 
 	var obj struct {
 		Foo  string `form:"foo"`
@@ -1818,7 +2382,7 @@ func TestContextShouldBindWithQuery(t *testing.T) {
 		Foo1 string `form:"Foo"`
 		Bar1 string `form:"Bar"`
 	}
-	assert.NoError(t, c.ShouldBindQuery(&obj))
+	require.NoError(t, c.ShouldBindQuery(&obj))
 	assert.Equal(t, "foo", obj.Bar)
 	assert.Equal(t, "bar", obj.Foo)
 	assert.Equal(t, "foo1", obj.Bar1)
@@ -1830,14 +2394,14 @@ func TestContextShouldBindWithYAML(t *testing.T) {
 	w := httptest.NewRecorder()
 	c, _ := CreateTestContext(w)
 
-	c.Request, _ = http.NewRequest("POST", "/", bytes.NewBufferString("foo: bar\nbar: foo"))
+	c.Request, _ = http.NewRequest(http.MethodPost, "/", strings.NewReader("foo: bar\nbar: foo"))
 	c.Request.Header.Add("Content-Type", MIMEXML) // set fake content-type
 
 	var obj struct {
 		Foo string `yaml:"foo"`
 		Bar string `yaml:"bar"`
 	}
-	assert.NoError(t, c.ShouldBindYAML(&obj))
+	require.NoError(t, c.ShouldBindYAML(&obj))
 	assert.Equal(t, "foo", obj.Bar)
 	assert.Equal(t, "bar", obj.Foo)
 	assert.Equal(t, 0, w.Body.Len())
@@ -1847,14 +2411,14 @@ func TestContextShouldBindWithTOML(t *testing.T) {
 	w := httptest.NewRecorder()
 	c, _ := CreateTestContext(w)
 
-	c.Request, _ = http.NewRequest("POST", "/", bytes.NewBufferString("foo='bar'\nbar= 'foo'"))
+	c.Request, _ = http.NewRequest(http.MethodPost, "/", strings.NewReader("foo='bar'\nbar= 'foo'"))
 	c.Request.Header.Add("Content-Type", MIMETOML) // set fake content-type
 
 	var obj struct {
 		Foo string `toml:"foo"`
 		Bar string `toml:"bar"`
 	}
-	assert.NoError(t, c.ShouldBindTOML(&obj))
+	require.NoError(t, c.ShouldBindTOML(&obj))
 	assert.Equal(t, "foo", obj.Bar)
 	assert.Equal(t, "bar", obj.Foo)
 	assert.Equal(t, 0, w.Body.Len())
@@ -1864,7 +2428,7 @@ func TestContextBadAutoShouldBind(t *testing.T) {
 	w := httptest.NewRecorder()
 	c, _ := CreateTestContext(w)
 
-	c.Request, _ = http.NewRequest("POST", "http://example.com", bytes.NewBufferString("\"foo\":\"bar\", \"bar\":\"foo\"}"))
+	c.Request, _ = http.NewRequest(http.MethodPost, "http://example.com", strings.NewReader(`"foo":"bar", "bar":"foo"}`))
 	c.Request.Header.Add("Content-Type", MIMEJSON)
 	var obj struct {
 		Foo string `json:"foo"`
@@ -1872,7 +2436,7 @@ func TestContextBadAutoShouldBind(t *testing.T) {
 	}
 
 	assert.False(t, c.IsAborted())
-	assert.Error(t, c.ShouldBind(&obj))
+	require.Error(t, c.ShouldBind(&obj))
 
 	assert.Empty(t, obj.Bar)
 	assert.Empty(t, obj.Foo)
@@ -1928,15 +2492,15 @@ func TestContextShouldBindBodyWith(t *testing.T) {
 			w := httptest.NewRecorder()
 			c, _ := CreateTestContext(w)
 			c.Request, _ = http.NewRequest(
-				"POST", "http://example.com", bytes.NewBufferString(tt.bodyA),
+				http.MethodPost, "http://example.com", strings.NewReader(tt.bodyA),
 			)
 			// When it binds to typeA and typeB, it finds the body is
 			// not typeB but typeA.
 			objA := typeA{}
-			assert.NoError(t, c.ShouldBindBodyWith(&objA, tt.bindingA))
+			require.NoError(t, c.ShouldBindBodyWith(&objA, tt.bindingA))
 			assert.Equal(t, typeA{"FOO"}, objA)
 			objB := typeB{}
-			assert.Error(t, c.ShouldBindBodyWith(&objB, tt.bindingB))
+			require.Error(t, c.ShouldBindBodyWith(&objB, tt.bindingB))
 			assert.NotEqual(t, typeB{"BAR"}, objB)
 		}
 		// bodyB to typeA and typeB
@@ -1946,27 +2510,359 @@ func TestContextShouldBindBodyWith(t *testing.T) {
 			w := httptest.NewRecorder()
 			c, _ := CreateTestContext(w)
 			c.Request, _ = http.NewRequest(
-				"POST", "http://example.com", bytes.NewBufferString(tt.bodyB),
+				http.MethodPost, "http://example.com", strings.NewReader(tt.bodyB),
 			)
 			objA := typeA{}
-			assert.Error(t, c.ShouldBindBodyWith(&objA, tt.bindingA))
+			require.Error(t, c.ShouldBindBodyWith(&objA, tt.bindingA))
 			assert.NotEqual(t, typeA{"FOO"}, objA)
 			objB := typeB{}
-			assert.NoError(t, c.ShouldBindBodyWith(&objB, tt.bindingB))
+			require.NoError(t, c.ShouldBindBodyWith(&objB, tt.bindingB))
 			assert.Equal(t, typeB{"BAR"}, objB)
 		}
 	}
 }
 
+func TestContextShouldBindBodyWithJSON(t *testing.T) {
+	for _, tt := range []struct {
+		name        string
+		bindingBody binding.BindingBody
+		body        string
+	}{
+		{
+			name:        " JSON & JSON-BODY ",
+			bindingBody: binding.JSON,
+			body:        `{"foo":"FOO"}`,
+		},
+		{
+			name:        " JSON & XML-BODY ",
+			bindingBody: binding.XML,
+			body: `<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
+<root>
+<foo>FOO</foo>
+</root>`,
+		},
+		{
+			name:        " JSON & YAML-BODY ",
+			bindingBody: binding.YAML,
+			body:        `foo: FOO`,
+		},
+		{
+			name:        " JSON & TOM-BODY ",
+			bindingBody: binding.TOML,
+			body:        `foo=FOO`,
+		},
+	} {
+		t.Logf("testing: %s", tt.name)
+
+		w := httptest.NewRecorder()
+		c, _ := CreateTestContext(w)
+
+		c.Request, _ = http.NewRequest(http.MethodPost, "/", bytes.NewBufferString(tt.body))
+
+		type typeJSON struct {
+			Foo string `json:"foo" binding:"required"`
+		}
+		objJSON := typeJSON{}
+
+		if tt.bindingBody == binding.JSON {
+			require.NoError(t, c.ShouldBindBodyWithJSON(&objJSON))
+			assert.Equal(t, typeJSON{"FOO"}, objJSON)
+		}
+
+		if tt.bindingBody == binding.XML {
+			require.Error(t, c.ShouldBindBodyWithJSON(&objJSON))
+			assert.Equal(t, typeJSON{}, objJSON)
+		}
+
+		if tt.bindingBody == binding.YAML {
+			require.Error(t, c.ShouldBindBodyWithJSON(&objJSON))
+			assert.Equal(t, typeJSON{}, objJSON)
+		}
+
+		if tt.bindingBody == binding.TOML {
+			require.Error(t, c.ShouldBindBodyWithJSON(&objJSON))
+			assert.Equal(t, typeJSON{}, objJSON)
+		}
+	}
+}
+
+func TestContextShouldBindBodyWithXML(t *testing.T) {
+	for _, tt := range []struct {
+		name        string
+		bindingBody binding.BindingBody
+		body        string
+	}{
+		{
+			name:        " XML & JSON-BODY ",
+			bindingBody: binding.JSON,
+			body:        `{"foo":"FOO"}`,
+		},
+		{
+			name:        " XML & XML-BODY ",
+			bindingBody: binding.XML,
+			body: `<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
+<root>
+<foo>FOO</foo>
+</root>`,
+		},
+		{
+			name:        " XML & YAML-BODY ",
+			bindingBody: binding.YAML,
+			body:        `foo: FOO`,
+		},
+		{
+			name:        " XML & TOM-BODY ",
+			bindingBody: binding.TOML,
+			body:        `foo=FOO`,
+		},
+	} {
+		t.Logf("testing: %s", tt.name)
+
+		w := httptest.NewRecorder()
+		c, _ := CreateTestContext(w)
+
+		c.Request, _ = http.NewRequest(http.MethodPost, "/", bytes.NewBufferString(tt.body))
+
+		type typeXML struct {
+			Foo string `xml:"foo" binding:"required"`
+		}
+		objXML := typeXML{}
+
+		if tt.bindingBody == binding.JSON {
+			require.Error(t, c.ShouldBindBodyWithXML(&objXML))
+			assert.Equal(t, typeXML{}, objXML)
+		}
+
+		if tt.bindingBody == binding.XML {
+			require.NoError(t, c.ShouldBindBodyWithXML(&objXML))
+			assert.Equal(t, typeXML{"FOO"}, objXML)
+		}
+
+		if tt.bindingBody == binding.YAML {
+			require.Error(t, c.ShouldBindBodyWithXML(&objXML))
+			assert.Equal(t, typeXML{}, objXML)
+		}
+
+		if tt.bindingBody == binding.TOML {
+			require.Error(t, c.ShouldBindBodyWithXML(&objXML))
+			assert.Equal(t, typeXML{}, objXML)
+		}
+	}
+}
+
+func TestContextShouldBindBodyWithYAML(t *testing.T) {
+	for _, tt := range []struct {
+		name        string
+		bindingBody binding.BindingBody
+		body        string
+	}{
+		{
+			name:        " YAML & JSON-BODY ",
+			bindingBody: binding.JSON,
+			body:        `{"foo":"FOO"}`,
+		},
+		{
+			name:        " YAML & XML-BODY ",
+			bindingBody: binding.XML,
+			body: `<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
+<root>
+<foo>FOO</foo>
+</root>`,
+		},
+		{
+			name:        " YAML & YAML-BODY ",
+			bindingBody: binding.YAML,
+			body:        `foo: FOO`,
+		},
+		{
+			name:        " YAML & TOM-BODY ",
+			bindingBody: binding.TOML,
+			body:        `foo=FOO`,
+		},
+	} {
+		t.Logf("testing: %s", tt.name)
+
+		w := httptest.NewRecorder()
+		c, _ := CreateTestContext(w)
+
+		c.Request, _ = http.NewRequest(http.MethodPost, "/", bytes.NewBufferString(tt.body))
+
+		type typeYAML struct {
+			Foo string `yaml:"foo" binding:"required"`
+		}
+		objYAML := typeYAML{}
+
+		// YAML belongs to a super collection of JSON, so JSON can be parsed by YAML
+		if tt.bindingBody == binding.JSON {
+			require.NoError(t, c.ShouldBindBodyWithYAML(&objYAML))
+			assert.Equal(t, typeYAML{"FOO"}, objYAML)
+		}
+
+		if tt.bindingBody == binding.XML {
+			require.Error(t, c.ShouldBindBodyWithYAML(&objYAML))
+			assert.Equal(t, typeYAML{}, objYAML)
+		}
+
+		if tt.bindingBody == binding.YAML {
+			require.NoError(t, c.ShouldBindBodyWithYAML(&objYAML))
+			assert.Equal(t, typeYAML{"FOO"}, objYAML)
+		}
+
+		if tt.bindingBody == binding.TOML {
+			require.Error(t, c.ShouldBindBodyWithYAML(&objYAML))
+			assert.Equal(t, typeYAML{}, objYAML)
+		}
+	}
+}
+
+func TestContextShouldBindBodyWithTOML(t *testing.T) {
+	for _, tt := range []struct {
+		name        string
+		bindingBody binding.BindingBody
+		body        string
+	}{
+		{
+			name:        " TOML & JSON-BODY ",
+			bindingBody: binding.JSON,
+			body:        `{"foo":"FOO"}`,
+		},
+		{
+			name:        " TOML & XML-BODY ",
+			bindingBody: binding.XML,
+			body: `<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
+<root>
+<foo>FOO</foo>
+</root>`,
+		},
+		{
+			name:        " TOML & YAML-BODY ",
+			bindingBody: binding.YAML,
+			body:        `foo: FOO`,
+		},
+		{
+			name:        " TOML & TOM-BODY ",
+			bindingBody: binding.TOML,
+			body:        `foo = 'FOO'`,
+		},
+	} {
+		t.Logf("testing: %s", tt.name)
+
+		w := httptest.NewRecorder()
+		c, _ := CreateTestContext(w)
+
+		c.Request, _ = http.NewRequest(http.MethodPost, "/", bytes.NewBufferString(tt.body))
+
+		type typeTOML struct {
+			Foo string `toml:"foo" binding:"required"`
+		}
+		objTOML := typeTOML{}
+
+		if tt.bindingBody == binding.JSON {
+			require.Error(t, c.ShouldBindBodyWithTOML(&objTOML))
+			assert.Equal(t, typeTOML{}, objTOML)
+		}
+
+		if tt.bindingBody == binding.XML {
+			require.Error(t, c.ShouldBindBodyWithTOML(&objTOML))
+			assert.Equal(t, typeTOML{}, objTOML)
+		}
+
+		if tt.bindingBody == binding.YAML {
+			require.Error(t, c.ShouldBindBodyWithTOML(&objTOML))
+			assert.Equal(t, typeTOML{}, objTOML)
+		}
+
+		if tt.bindingBody == binding.TOML {
+			require.NoError(t, c.ShouldBindBodyWithTOML(&objTOML))
+			assert.Equal(t, typeTOML{"FOO"}, objTOML)
+		}
+	}
+}
+
+func TestContextShouldBindBodyWithPlain(t *testing.T) {
+	for _, tt := range []struct {
+		name        string
+		bindingBody binding.BindingBody
+		body        string
+	}{
+		{
+			name:        " JSON & JSON-BODY ",
+			bindingBody: binding.JSON,
+			body:        `{"foo":"FOO"}`,
+		},
+		{
+			name:        " JSON & XML-BODY ",
+			bindingBody: binding.XML,
+			body: `<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
+<root>
+<foo>FOO</foo>
+</root>`,
+		},
+		{
+			name:        " JSON & YAML-BODY ",
+			bindingBody: binding.YAML,
+			body:        `foo: FOO`,
+		},
+		{
+			name:        " JSON & TOM-BODY ",
+			bindingBody: binding.TOML,
+			body:        `foo=FOO`,
+		},
+		{
+			name:        " JSON & Plain-BODY ",
+			bindingBody: binding.Plain,
+			body:        `foo=FOO`,
+		},
+	} {
+		t.Logf("testing: %s", tt.name)
+
+		w := httptest.NewRecorder()
+		c, _ := CreateTestContext(w)
+
+		c.Request, _ = http.NewRequest(http.MethodPost, "/", bytes.NewBufferString(tt.body))
+
+		type typeJSON struct {
+			Foo string `json:"foo" binding:"required"`
+		}
+		objJSON := typeJSON{}
+
+		if tt.bindingBody == binding.Plain {
+			body := ""
+			require.NoError(t, c.ShouldBindBodyWithPlain(&body))
+			assert.Equal(t, "foo=FOO", body)
+		}
+
+		if tt.bindingBody == binding.JSON {
+			require.NoError(t, c.ShouldBindBodyWithJSON(&objJSON))
+			assert.Equal(t, typeJSON{"FOO"}, objJSON)
+		}
+
+		if tt.bindingBody == binding.XML {
+			require.Error(t, c.ShouldBindBodyWithJSON(&objJSON))
+			assert.Equal(t, typeJSON{}, objJSON)
+		}
+
+		if tt.bindingBody == binding.YAML {
+			require.Error(t, c.ShouldBindBodyWithJSON(&objJSON))
+			assert.Equal(t, typeJSON{}, objJSON)
+		}
+
+		if tt.bindingBody == binding.TOML {
+			require.Error(t, c.ShouldBindBodyWithJSON(&objJSON))
+			assert.Equal(t, typeJSON{}, objJSON)
+		}
+	}
+}
+
 func TestContextGolangContext(t *testing.T) {
 	c, _ := CreateTestContext(httptest.NewRecorder())
-	c.Request, _ = http.NewRequest("POST", "/", bytes.NewBufferString("{\"foo\":\"bar\", \"bar\":\"foo\"}"))
-	assert.NoError(t, c.Err())
+	c.Request, _ = http.NewRequest(http.MethodPost, "/", strings.NewReader(`{"foo":"bar", "bar":"foo"}`))
+	require.NoError(t, c.Err())
 	assert.Nil(t, c.Done())
 	ti, ok := c.Deadline()
-	assert.Equal(t, ti, time.Time{})
+	assert.Equal(t, time.Time{}, ti)
 	assert.False(t, ok)
-	assert.Equal(t, c.Value(0), c.Request)
+	assert.Equal(t, c.Value(ContextRequestKey), c.Request)
 	assert.Equal(t, c.Value(ContextKey), c)
 	assert.Nil(t, c.Value("foo"))
 
@@ -1978,7 +2874,7 @@ func TestContextGolangContext(t *testing.T) {
 func TestWebsocketsRequired(t *testing.T) {
 	// Example request from spec: https://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc6455#section-1.2
 	c, _ := CreateTestContext(httptest.NewRecorder())
-	c.Request, _ = http.NewRequest("GET", "/chat", nil)
+	c.Request, _ = http.NewRequest(http.MethodGet, "/chat", nil)
 	c.Request.Header.Set("Host", "server.example.com")
 	c.Request.Header.Set("Upgrade", "websocket")
 	c.Request.Header.Set("Connection", "Upgrade")
@@ -1991,7 +2887,7 @@ func TestWebsocketsRequired(t *testing.T) {
 
 	// Normal request, no websocket required.
 	c, _ = CreateTestContext(httptest.NewRecorder())
-	c.Request, _ = http.NewRequest("GET", "/chat", nil)
+	c.Request, _ = http.NewRequest(http.MethodGet, "/chat", nil)
 	c.Request.Header.Set("Host", "server.example.com")
 
 	assert.False(t, c.IsWebsocket())
@@ -1999,7 +2895,7 @@ func TestWebsocketsRequired(t *testing.T) {
 
 func TestGetRequestHeaderValue(t *testing.T) {
 	c, _ := CreateTestContext(httptest.NewRecorder())
-	c.Request, _ = http.NewRequest("GET", "/chat", nil)
+	c.Request, _ = http.NewRequest(http.MethodGet, "/chat", nil)
 	c.Request.Header.Set("Gin-Version", "1.0.0")
 
 	assert.Equal(t, "1.0.0", c.GetHeader("Gin-Version"))
@@ -2008,12 +2904,12 @@ func TestGetRequestHeaderValue(t *testing.T) {
 
 func TestContextGetRawData(t *testing.T) {
 	c, _ := CreateTestContext(httptest.NewRecorder())
-	body := bytes.NewBufferString("Fetch binary post data")
-	c.Request, _ = http.NewRequest("POST", "/", body)
+	body := strings.NewReader("Fetch binary post data")
+	c.Request, _ = http.NewRequest(http.MethodPost, "/", body)
 	c.Request.Header.Add("Content-Type", MIMEPOSTForm)
 
 	data, err := c.GetRawData()
-	assert.Nil(t, err)
+	require.NoError(t, err)
 	assert.Equal(t, "Fetch binary post data", string(data))
 }
 
@@ -2032,7 +2928,7 @@ func TestContextRenderDataFromReader(t *testing.T) {
 	assert.Equal(t, http.StatusOK, w.Code)
 	assert.Equal(t, body, w.Body.String())
 	assert.Equal(t, contentType, w.Header().Get("Content-Type"))
-	assert.Equal(t, fmt.Sprintf("%d", contentLength), w.Header().Get("Content-Length"))
+	assert.Equal(t, strconv.FormatInt(contentLength, 10), w.Header().Get("Content-Length"))
 	assert.Equal(t, extraHeaders["Content-Disposition"], w.Header().Get("Content-Disposition"))
 }
 
@@ -2050,7 +2946,7 @@ func TestContextRenderDataFromReaderNoHeaders(t *testing.T) {
 	assert.Equal(t, http.StatusOK, w.Code)
 	assert.Equal(t, body, w.Body.String())
 	assert.Equal(t, contentType, w.Header().Get("Content-Type"))
-	assert.Equal(t, fmt.Sprintf("%d", contentLength), w.Header().Get("Content-Length"))
+	assert.Equal(t, strconv.FormatInt(contentLength, 10), w.Header().Get("Content-Length"))
 }
 
 type TestResponseRecorder struct {
@@ -2084,7 +2980,7 @@ func TestContextStream(t *testing.T) {
 		}()
 
 		_, err := w.Write([]byte("test"))
-		assert.NoError(t, err)
+		require.NoError(t, err)
 
 		return stopStream
 	})
@@ -2102,7 +2998,7 @@ func TestContextStreamWithClientGone(t *testing.T) {
 		}()
 
 		_, err := writer.Write([]byte("test"))
-		assert.NoError(t, err)
+		require.NoError(t, err)
 
 		return true
 	})
@@ -2138,8 +3034,8 @@ func TestRaceParamsContextCopy(t *testing.T) {
 			}(c.Copy(), c.Param("name"))
 		})
 	}
-	PerformRequest(router, "GET", "/name1/api")
-	PerformRequest(router, "GET", "/name2/api")
+	PerformRequest(router, http.MethodGet, "/name1/api")
+	PerformRequest(router, http.MethodGet, "/name2/api")
 	wg.Wait()
 }
 
@@ -2158,7 +3054,7 @@ func TestContextWithKeysMutex(t *testing.T) {
 
 func TestRemoteIPFail(t *testing.T) {
 	c, _ := CreateTestContext(httptest.NewRecorder())
-	c.Request, _ = http.NewRequest("POST", "/", nil)
+	c.Request, _ = http.NewRequest(http.MethodPost, "/", nil)
 	c.Request.RemoteAddr = "[:::]:80"
 	ip := net.ParseIP(c.RemoteIP())
 	trust := c.engine.isTrustedProxy(ip)
@@ -2166,6 +3062,24 @@ func TestRemoteIPFail(t *testing.T) {
 	assert.False(t, trust)
 }
 
+func TestHasRequestContext(t *testing.T) {
+	c, _ := CreateTestContext(httptest.NewRecorder())
+	assert.False(t, c.hasRequestContext(), "no request, no fallback")
+	c.engine.ContextWithFallback = true
+	assert.False(t, c.hasRequestContext(), "no request, has fallback")
+	c.Request, _ = http.NewRequest(http.MethodGet, "/", nil)
+	assert.True(t, c.hasRequestContext(), "has request, has fallback")
+	c.Request, _ = http.NewRequestWithContext(nil, "", "", nil) //nolint:staticcheck
+	assert.False(t, c.hasRequestContext(), "has request with nil ctx, has fallback")
+	c.engine.ContextWithFallback = false
+	assert.False(t, c.hasRequestContext(), "has request, no fallback")
+
+	c = &Context{}
+	assert.False(t, c.hasRequestContext(), "no request, no engine")
+	c.Request, _ = http.NewRequest(http.MethodGet, "/", nil)
+	assert.False(t, c.hasRequestContext(), "has request, no engine")
+}
+
 func TestContextWithFallbackDeadlineFromRequestContext(t *testing.T) {
 	c, _ := CreateTestContext(httptest.NewRecorder())
 	// enable ContextWithFallback feature flag
@@ -2212,7 +3126,7 @@ func TestContextWithFallbackErrFromRequestContext(t *testing.T) {
 	// enable ContextWithFallback feature flag
 	c.engine.ContextWithFallback = true
 
-	assert.Nil(t, c.Err())
+	require.NoError(t, c.Err())
 
 	c2, _ := CreateTestContext(httptest.NewRecorder())
 	// enable ContextWithFallback feature flag
@@ -2237,11 +3151,12 @@ func TestContextWithFallbackValueFromRequestContext(t *testing.T) {
 		{
 			name: "c with struct context key",
 			getContextAndKey: func() (*Context, any) {
-				var key struct{}
+				type KeyStruct struct{} // https://staticcheck.dev/docs/checks/#SA1029
+				var key KeyStruct
 				c, _ := CreateTestContext(httptest.NewRecorder())
 				// enable ContextWithFallback feature flag
 				c.engine.ContextWithFallback = true
-				c.Request, _ = http.NewRequest("POST", "/", nil)
+				c.Request, _ = http.NewRequest(http.MethodPost, "/", nil)
 				c.Request = c.Request.WithContext(context.WithValue(context.TODO(), key, "value"))
 				return c, key
 			},
@@ -2253,7 +3168,7 @@ func TestContextWithFallbackValueFromRequestContext(t *testing.T) {
 				c, _ := CreateTestContext(httptest.NewRecorder())
 				// enable ContextWithFallback feature flag
 				c.engine.ContextWithFallback = true
-				c.Request, _ = http.NewRequest("POST", "/", nil)
+				c.Request, _ = http.NewRequest(http.MethodPost, "/", nil)
 				c.Request = c.Request.WithContext(context.WithValue(context.TODO(), contextKey("key"), "value"))
 				return c, contextKey("key")
 			},
@@ -2276,7 +3191,7 @@ func TestContextWithFallbackValueFromRequestContext(t *testing.T) {
 				c, _ := CreateTestContext(httptest.NewRecorder())
 				// enable ContextWithFallback feature flag
 				c.engine.ContextWithFallback = true
-				c.Request, _ = http.NewRequest("POST", "/", nil)
+				c.Request, _ = http.NewRequest(http.MethodPost, "/", nil)
 				return c, "key"
 			},
 			value: nil,
@@ -2338,7 +3253,7 @@ func TestContextCopyShouldNotCancel(t *testing.T) {
 	}()
 
 	addr := strings.Split(l.Addr().String(), ":")
-	res, err := http.Get(fmt.Sprintf("http://127.0.0.1:%s/", addr[len(addr)-1]))
+	res, err := http.Get(fmt.Sprintf("http://%s:%s/", localhostIP, addr[len(addr)-1]))
 	if err != nil {
 		t.Error(fmt.Errorf("request error: %w", err))
 		return
@@ -2361,6 +3276,445 @@ func TestContextAddParam(t *testing.T) {
 	c.AddParam(id, value)
 
 	v, ok := c.Params.Get(id)
-	assert.Equal(t, ok, true)
+	assert.True(t, ok)
 	assert.Equal(t, value, v)
 }
+
+func TestCreateTestContextWithRouteParams(t *testing.T) {
+	w := httptest.NewRecorder()
+	engine := New()
+	engine.GET("/:action/:name", func(ctx *Context) {
+		ctx.String(http.StatusOK, "%s %s", ctx.Param("action"), ctx.Param("name"))
+	})
+	c := CreateTestContextOnly(w, engine)
+	c.Request, _ = http.NewRequest(http.MethodGet, "/hello/gin", nil)
+	engine.HandleContext(c)
+
+	assert.Equal(t, http.StatusOK, w.Code)
+	assert.Equal(t, "hello gin", w.Body.String())
+}
+
+type interceptedWriter struct {
+	ResponseWriter
+	b *bytes.Buffer
+}
+
+func (i interceptedWriter) WriteHeader(code int) {
+	i.Header().Del("X-Test")
+	i.ResponseWriter.WriteHeader(code)
+}
+
+func TestInterceptedHeader(t *testing.T) {
+	w := httptest.NewRecorder()
+	c, r := CreateTestContext(w)
+
+	r.Use(func(c *Context) {
+		i := interceptedWriter{
+			ResponseWriter: c.Writer,
+			b:              bytes.NewBuffer(nil),
+		}
+		c.Writer = i
+		c.Next()
+		c.Header("X-Test", "overridden")
+		c.Writer = i.ResponseWriter
+	})
+	r.GET("/", func(c *Context) {
+		c.Header("X-Test", "original")
+		c.Header("X-Test-2", "present")
+		c.String(http.StatusOK, "hello world")
+	})
+	c.Request = httptest.NewRequest(http.MethodGet, "/", nil)
+	r.HandleContext(c)
+	// Result() has headers frozen when WriteHeaderNow() has been called
+	// Compared to this time, this is when the response headers will be flushed
+	// As response is flushed on c.String, the Header cannot be set by the first
+	// middleware. Assert this
+	assert.Empty(t, w.Result().Header.Get("X-Test"))
+	assert.Equal(t, "present", w.Result().Header.Get("X-Test-2"))
+}
+
+func TestContextNext(t *testing.T) {
+	c, _ := CreateTestContext(httptest.NewRecorder())
+
+	// Test with no handlers
+	c.Next()
+	assert.Equal(t, int8(0), c.index)
+
+	// Test with one handler
+	c.index = -1
+	c.handlers = HandlersChain{func(c *Context) {
+		c.Set("key", "value")
+	}}
+	c.Next()
+	assert.Equal(t, int8(1), c.index)
+	value, exists := c.Get("key")
+	assert.True(t, exists)
+	assert.Equal(t, "value", value)
+
+	// Test with multiple handlers
+	c.handlers = HandlersChain{
+		func(c *Context) {
+			c.Set("key1", "value1")
+			c.Next()
+			c.Set("key2", "value2")
+		},
+		nil,
+		func(c *Context) {
+			c.Set("key3", "value3")
+		},
+	}
+	c.index = -1
+	c.Next()
+	assert.Equal(t, int8(4), c.index)
+	value, exists = c.Get("key1")
+	assert.True(t, exists)
+	assert.Equal(t, "value1", value)
+	value, exists = c.Get("key2")
+	assert.True(t, exists)
+	assert.Equal(t, "value2", value)
+	value, exists = c.Get("key3")
+	assert.True(t, exists)
+	assert.Equal(t, "value3", value)
+}
+
+func TestContextSetCookieData(t *testing.T) {
+	c, _ := CreateTestContext(httptest.NewRecorder())
+	c.SetSameSite(http.SameSiteLaxMode)
+	var setCookie string
+
+	// Basic cookie settings
+	cookie := &http.Cookie{
+		Name:     "user",
+		Value:    "gin",
+		MaxAge:   1,
+		Path:     "/",
+		Domain:   "localhost",
+		Secure:   true,
+		HttpOnly: true,
+	}
+	c.SetCookieData(cookie)
+	setCookie = c.Writer.Header().Get("Set-Cookie")
+	assert.Contains(t, setCookie, "user=gin")
+	assert.Contains(t, setCookie, "Path=/")
+	assert.Contains(t, setCookie, "Domain=localhost")
+	assert.Contains(t, setCookie, "Max-Age=1")
+	assert.Contains(t, setCookie, "HttpOnly")
+	assert.Contains(t, setCookie, "Secure")
+	// SameSite=Lax might be omitted in Go 1.24+ as it's the default
+	// assert.Contains(t, setCookie, "SameSite=Lax")
+
+	// Test that when Path is empty, "/" is automatically set
+	cookie = &http.Cookie{
+		Name:     "user",
+		Value:    "gin",
+		MaxAge:   1,
+		Path:     "",
+		Domain:   "localhost",
+		Secure:   true,
+		HttpOnly: true,
+	}
+	c.SetCookieData(cookie)
+	setCookie = c.Writer.Header().Get("Set-Cookie")
+	assert.Contains(t, setCookie, "user=gin")
+	assert.Contains(t, setCookie, "Path=/")
+	assert.Contains(t, setCookie, "Domain=localhost")
+	assert.Contains(t, setCookie, "Max-Age=1")
+	assert.Contains(t, setCookie, "HttpOnly")
+	assert.Contains(t, setCookie, "Secure")
+	// SameSite=Lax might be omitted in Go 1.24+ as it's the default
+	// assert.Contains(t, setCookie, "SameSite=Lax")
+
+	// Test additional cookie attributes (Expires)
+	expireTime := time.Now().Add(24 * time.Hour)
+	cookie = &http.Cookie{
+		Name:     "user",
+		Value:    "gin",
+		Path:     "/",
+		Domain:   "localhost",
+		Expires:  expireTime,
+		Secure:   true,
+		HttpOnly: true,
+	}
+	c.SetCookieData(cookie)
+
+	// Since the Expires value varies by time, partially verify with Contains
+	setCookie = c.Writer.Header().Get("Set-Cookie")
+	assert.Contains(t, setCookie, "user=gin")
+	assert.Contains(t, setCookie, "Path=/")
+	assert.Contains(t, setCookie, "Domain=localhost")
+	assert.Contains(t, setCookie, "HttpOnly")
+	assert.Contains(t, setCookie, "Secure")
+	// SameSite=Lax might be omitted in Go 1.24+ as it's the default
+	// assert.Contains(t, setCookie, "SameSite=Lax")
+
+	// Test for Partitioned attribute (Go 1.18+)
+	cookie = &http.Cookie{
+		Name:        "user",
+		Value:       "gin",
+		Path:        "/",
+		Domain:      "localhost",
+		Secure:      true,
+		HttpOnly:    true,
+		Partitioned: true,
+	}
+	c.SetCookieData(cookie)
+	setCookie = c.Writer.Header().Get("Set-Cookie")
+	assert.Contains(t, setCookie, "user=gin")
+	assert.Contains(t, setCookie, "Path=/")
+	assert.Contains(t, setCookie, "Domain=localhost")
+	assert.Contains(t, setCookie, "HttpOnly")
+	assert.Contains(t, setCookie, "Secure")
+	// SameSite=Lax might be omitted in Go 1.24+ as it's the default
+	// assert.Contains(t, setCookie, "SameSite=Lax")
+	// Not testing for Partitioned attribute as it may not be supported in all Go versions
+
+	// Test that SameSiteStrictMode is explicitly included in the header
+	t.Run("SameSite=Strict is included", func(t *testing.T) {
+		c, _ := CreateTestContext(httptest.NewRecorder())
+		cookie := &http.Cookie{
+			Name:     "user",
+			Value:    "gin",
+			Path:     "/",
+			Domain:   "localhost",
+			Secure:   true,
+			HttpOnly: true,
+			SameSite: http.SameSiteStrictMode,
+		}
+		c.SetCookieData(cookie)
+		setCookie := c.Writer.Header().Get("Set-Cookie")
+		assert.Contains(t, setCookie, "SameSite=Strict")
+	})
+
+	// Test that SameSiteNoneMode is explicitly included in the header
+	t.Run("SameSite=None is included", func(t *testing.T) {
+		c, _ := CreateTestContext(httptest.NewRecorder())
+		cookie := &http.Cookie{
+			Name:     "user",
+			Value:    "gin",
+			Path:     "/",
+			Domain:   "localhost",
+			Secure:   true,
+			HttpOnly: true,
+			SameSite: http.SameSiteNoneMode,
+		}
+		c.SetCookieData(cookie)
+		setCookie := c.Writer.Header().Get("Set-Cookie")
+		assert.Contains(t, setCookie, "SameSite=None")
+	})
+}
+
+func TestGetMapFromFormData(t *testing.T) {
+	testCases := []struct {
+		name     string
+		data     map[string][]string
+		key      string
+		expected map[string]string
+		found    bool
+	}{
+		{
+			name: "Basic bracket notation",
+			data: map[string][]string{
+				"ids[a]": {"hi"},
+				"ids[b]": {"3.14"},
+			},
+			key: "ids",
+			expected: map[string]string{
+				"a": "hi",
+				"b": "3.14",
+			},
+			found: true,
+		},
+		{
+			name: "Mixed data with bracket notation",
+			data: map[string][]string{
+				"ids[a]":     {"hi"},
+				"ids[b]":     {"3.14"},
+				"names[a]":   {"mike"},
+				"names[b]":   {"maria"},
+				"other[key]": {"value"},
+				"simple":     {"data"},
+			},
+			key: "ids",
+			expected: map[string]string{
+				"a": "hi",
+				"b": "3.14",
+			},
+			found: true,
+		},
+		{
+			name: "Names key",
+			data: map[string][]string{
+				"ids[a]":     {"hi"},
+				"ids[b]":     {"3.14"},
+				"names[a]":   {"mike"},
+				"names[b]":   {"maria"},
+				"other[key]": {"value"},
+			},
+			key: "names",
+			expected: map[string]string{
+				"a": "mike",
+				"b": "maria",
+			},
+			found: true,
+		},
+		{
+			name: "Key not found",
+			data: map[string][]string{
+				"ids[a]":   {"hi"},
+				"names[b]": {"maria"},
+			},
+			key:      "notfound",
+			expected: map[string]string{},
+			found:    false,
+		},
+		{
+			name:     "Empty data",
+			data:     map[string][]string{},
+			key:      "ids",
+			expected: map[string]string{},
+			found:    false,
+		},
+		{
+			name: "Malformed bracket notation",
+			data: map[string][]string{
+				"ids[a": {"hi"},    // Missing closing bracket
+				"ids]b": {"3.14"},  // Missing opening bracket
+				"idsab": {"value"}, // No brackets
+			},
+			key:      "ids",
+			expected: map[string]string{},
+			found:    false,
+		},
+		{
+			name: "Nested bracket notation",
+			data: map[string][]string{
+				"ids[a][b]": {"nested"},
+				"ids[c]":    {"simple"},
+			},
+			key: "ids",
+			expected: map[string]string{
+				"a": "nested",
+				"c": "simple",
+			},
+			found: true,
+		},
+		{
+			name: "Simple key without brackets",
+			data: map[string][]string{
+				"simple": {"data"},
+				"ids[a]": {"hi"},
+			},
+			key:      "simple",
+			expected: map[string]string{},
+			found:    false,
+		},
+		{
+			name: "Mixed simple and bracket keys",
+			data: map[string][]string{
+				"simple": {"data"},
+				"ids[a]": {"hi"},
+				"ids[b]": {"3.14"},
+				"other":  {"value"},
+			},
+			key: "ids",
+			expected: map[string]string{
+				"a": "hi",
+				"b": "3.14",
+			},
+			found: true,
+		},
+	}
+
+	for _, tc := range testCases {
+		t.Run(tc.name, func(t *testing.T) {
+			result, found := getMapFromFormData(tc.data, tc.key)
+			assert.Equal(t, tc.expected, result, "result mismatch")
+			assert.Equal(t, tc.found, found, "found mismatch")
+		})
+	}
+}
+
+func BenchmarkGetMapFromFormData(b *testing.B) {
+	// Test case 1: Small dataset with bracket notation
+	smallData := map[string][]string{
+		"ids[a]":   {"hi"},
+		"ids[b]":   {"3.14"},
+		"names[a]": {"mike"},
+		"names[b]": {"maria"},
+	}
+
+	// Test case 2: Medium dataset with mixed data
+	mediumData := map[string][]string{
+		"ids[a]":      {"hi"},
+		"ids[b]":      {"3.14"},
+		"ids[c]":      {"test"},
+		"ids[d]":      {"value"},
+		"names[a]":    {"mike"},
+		"names[b]":    {"maria"},
+		"names[c]":    {"john"},
+		"names[d]":    {"jane"},
+		"other[key1]": {"value1"},
+		"other[key2]": {"value2"},
+		"simple":      {"data"},
+		"another":     {"info"},
+	}
+
+	// Test case 3: Large dataset with many bracket keys
+	largeData := make(map[string][]string)
+	for i := 0; i < 100; i++ {
+		key := fmt.Sprintf("ids[%d]", i)
+		largeData[key] = []string{fmt.Sprintf("value%d", i)}
+	}
+	for i := 0; i < 50; i++ {
+		key := fmt.Sprintf("names[%d]", i)
+		largeData[key] = []string{fmt.Sprintf("name%d", i)}
+	}
+	for i := 0; i < 25; i++ {
+		key := fmt.Sprintf("other[key%d]", i)
+		largeData[key] = []string{fmt.Sprintf("other%d", i)}
+	}
+
+	// Test case 4: Dataset with many non-matching keys (worst case)
+	worstCaseData := make(map[string][]string)
+	for i := 0; i < 100; i++ {
+		key := fmt.Sprintf("nonmatching%d", i)
+		worstCaseData[key] = []string{fmt.Sprintf("value%d", i)}
+	}
+	worstCaseData["ids[a]"] = []string{"hi"}
+	worstCaseData["ids[b]"] = []string{"3.14"}
+
+	// Test case 5: Dataset with short keys (best case for early exit)
+	shortKeysData := map[string][]string{
+		"a":      {"value1"},
+		"b":      {"value2"},
+		"ids[a]": {"hi"},
+		"ids[b]": {"3.14"},
+	}
+
+	benchmarks := []struct {
+		name string
+		data map[string][]string
+		key  string
+	}{
+		{"Small_Bracket", smallData, "ids"},
+		{"Small_Names", smallData, "names"},
+		{"Medium_Bracket", mediumData, "ids"},
+		{"Medium_Names", mediumData, "names"},
+		{"Medium_Other", mediumData, "other"},
+		{"Large_Bracket", largeData, "ids"},
+		{"Large_Names", largeData, "names"},
+		{"Large_Other", largeData, "other"},
+		{"WorstCase_Bracket", worstCaseData, "ids"},
+		{"ShortKeys_Bracket", shortKeysData, "ids"},
+		{"Empty_Key", smallData, "notfound"},
+	}
+
+	for _, bm := range benchmarks {
+		b.Run(bm.name, func(b *testing.B) {
+			b.ReportAllocs()
+			for i := 0; i < b.N; i++ {
+				_, _ = getMapFromFormData(bm.data, bm.key)
+			}
+		})
+	}
+}
diff --git a/debug.go b/debug.go
index b9f8234a..1cfa3721 100644
--- a/debug.go
+++ b/debug.go
@@ -10,19 +10,25 @@ import (
 	"runtime"
 	"strconv"
 	"strings"
+	"sync/atomic"
 )
 
-const ginSupportMinGoVer = 15
+const ginSupportMinGoVer = 24
+
+var runtimeVersion = runtime.Version()
 
 // IsDebugging returns true if the framework is running in debug mode.
 // Use SetMode(gin.ReleaseMode) to disable debug mode.
 func IsDebugging() bool {
-	return ginMode == debugCode
+	return atomic.LoadInt32(&ginMode) == debugCode
 }
 
 // DebugPrintRouteFunc indicates debug log output format.
 var DebugPrintRouteFunc func(httpMethod, absolutePath, handlerName string, nuHandlers int)
 
+// DebugPrintFunc indicates debug log output format.
+var DebugPrintFunc func(format string, values ...any)
+
 func debugPrintRoute(httpMethod, absolutePath string, handlers HandlersChain) {
 	if IsDebugging() {
 		nuHandlers := len(handlers)
@@ -48,12 +54,19 @@ func debugPrintLoadTemplate(tmpl *template.Template) {
 }
 
 func debugPrint(format string, values ...any) {
-	if IsDebugging() {
-		if !strings.HasSuffix(format, "\n") {
-			format += "\n"
-		}
-		fmt.Fprintf(DefaultWriter, "[GIN-debug] "+format, values...)
+	if !IsDebugging() {
+		return
 	}
+
+	if DebugPrintFunc != nil {
+		DebugPrintFunc(format, values...)
+		return
+	}
+
+	if !strings.HasSuffix(format, "\n") {
+		format += "\n"
+	}
+	fmt.Fprintf(DefaultWriter, "[GIN-debug] "+format, values...)
 }
 
 func getMinVer(v string) (uint64, error) {
@@ -66,8 +79,8 @@ func getMinVer(v string) (uint64, error) {
 }
 
 func debugPrintWARNINGDefault() {
-	if v, e := getMinVer(runtime.Version()); e == nil && v < ginSupportMinGoVer {
-		debugPrint(`[WARNING] Now Gin requires Go 1.15+.
+	if v, e := getMinVer(runtimeVersion); e == nil && v < ginSupportMinGoVer {
+		debugPrint(`[WARNING] Now Gin requires Go 1.24+.
 
 `)
 	}
diff --git a/debug_test.go b/debug_test.go
index bf0e6ab8..dab02133 100644
--- a/debug_test.go
+++ b/debug_test.go
@@ -5,24 +5,21 @@
 package gin
 
 import (
-	"bytes"
 	"errors"
 	"fmt"
 	"html/template"
 	"io"
 	"log"
+	"net/http"
 	"os"
-	"runtime"
+	"strings"
 	"sync"
 	"testing"
 
 	"github.com/stretchr/testify/assert"
+	"github.com/stretchr/testify/require"
 )
 
-// TODO
-// func debugRoute(httpMethod, absolutePath string, handlers HandlersChain) {
-// func debugPrint(format string, values ...interface{}) {
-
 func TestIsDebugging(t *testing.T) {
 	SetMode(DebugMode)
 	assert.True(t, IsDebugging())
@@ -46,6 +43,18 @@ func TestDebugPrint(t *testing.T) {
 	assert.Equal(t, "[GIN-debug] these are 2 error messages\n", re)
 }
 
+func TestDebugPrintFunc(t *testing.T) {
+	DebugPrintFunc = func(format string, values ...any) {
+		fmt.Fprintf(DefaultWriter, "[GIN-debug] "+format, values...)
+	}
+	re := captureOutput(t, func() {
+		SetMode(DebugMode)
+		debugPrint("debug print func test: %d", 123)
+		SetMode(TestMode)
+	})
+	assert.Regexp(t, `^\[GIN-debug\] debug print func test: 123`, re)
+}
+
 func TestDebugPrintError(t *testing.T) {
 	re := captureOutput(t, func() {
 		SetMode(DebugMode)
@@ -59,7 +68,7 @@ func TestDebugPrintError(t *testing.T) {
 func TestDebugPrintRoutes(t *testing.T) {
 	re := captureOutput(t, func() {
 		SetMode(DebugMode)
-		debugPrintRoute("GET", "/path/to/route/:param", HandlersChain{func(c *Context) {}, handlerNameTest})
+		debugPrintRoute(http.MethodGet, "/path/to/route/:param", HandlersChain{func(c *Context) {}, handlerNameTest})
 		SetMode(TestMode)
 	})
 	assert.Regexp(t, `^\[GIN-debug\] GET    /path/to/route/:param     --> (.*/vendor/)?github.com/gin-gonic/gin.handlerNameTest \(2 handlers\)\n$`, re)
@@ -71,7 +80,7 @@ func TestDebugPrintRouteFunc(t *testing.T) {
 	}
 	re := captureOutput(t, func() {
 		SetMode(DebugMode)
-		debugPrintRoute("GET", "/path/to/route/:param1/:param2", HandlersChain{func(c *Context) {}, handlerNameTest})
+		debugPrintRoute(http.MethodGet, "/path/to/route/:param1/:param2", HandlersChain{func(c *Context) {}, handlerNameTest})
 		SetMode(TestMode)
 	})
 	assert.Regexp(t, `^\[GIN-debug\] GET    /path/to/route/:param1/:param2           --> (.*/vendor/)?github.com/gin-gonic/gin.handlerNameTest \(2 handlers\)\n$`, re)
@@ -102,12 +111,17 @@ func TestDebugPrintWARNINGDefault(t *testing.T) {
 		debugPrintWARNINGDefault()
 		SetMode(TestMode)
 	})
-	m, e := getMinVer(runtime.Version())
-	if e == nil && m < ginSupportMinGoVer {
-		assert.Equal(t, "[GIN-debug] [WARNING] Now Gin requires Go 1.15+.\n\n[GIN-debug] [WARNING] Creating an Engine instance with the Logger and Recovery middleware already attached.\n\n", re)
-	} else {
-		assert.Equal(t, "[GIN-debug] [WARNING] Creating an Engine instance with the Logger and Recovery middleware already attached.\n\n", re)
-	}
+	assert.Equal(t, "[GIN-debug] [WARNING] Creating an Engine instance with the Logger and Recovery middleware already attached.\n\n", re)
+}
+
+func TestDebugPrintWARNINGDefaultWithUnsupportedVersion(t *testing.T) {
+	runtimeVersion = "go1.23.12"
+	re := captureOutput(t, func() {
+		SetMode(DebugMode)
+		debugPrintWARNINGDefault()
+		SetMode(TestMode)
+	})
+	assert.Equal(t, "[GIN-debug] [WARNING] Now Gin requires Go 1.24+.\n\n[GIN-debug] [WARNING] Creating an Engine instance with the Logger and Recovery middleware already attached.\n\n", re)
 }
 
 func TestDebugPrintWARNINGNew(t *testing.T) {
@@ -138,7 +152,7 @@ func captureOutput(t *testing.T, f func()) string {
 	wg := new(sync.WaitGroup)
 	wg.Add(1)
 	go func() {
-		var buf bytes.Buffer
+		var buf strings.Builder
 		wg.Done()
 		_, err := io.Copy(&buf, reader)
 		assert.NoError(t, err)
@@ -154,13 +168,13 @@ func TestGetMinVer(t *testing.T) {
 	var m uint64
 	var e error
 	_, e = getMinVer("go1")
-	assert.NotNil(t, e)
+	require.Error(t, e)
 	m, e = getMinVer("go1.1")
 	assert.Equal(t, uint64(1), m)
-	assert.Nil(t, e)
+	require.NoError(t, e)
 	m, e = getMinVer("go1.1.1")
-	assert.Nil(t, e)
+	require.NoError(t, e)
 	assert.Equal(t, uint64(1), m)
 	_, e = getMinVer("go1.1.1.1")
-	assert.NotNil(t, e)
+	require.Error(t, e)
 }
diff --git a/deprecated.go b/deprecated.go
index fdad8554..b4c6cd88 100644
--- a/deprecated.go
+++ b/deprecated.go
@@ -12,8 +12,10 @@ import (
 
 // BindWith binds the passed struct pointer using the specified binding engine.
 // See the binding package.
+//
+// Deprecated: Use MustBindWith or ShouldBindWith.
 func (c *Context) BindWith(obj any, b binding.Binding) error {
-	log.Println(`BindWith(\"interface{}, binding.Binding\") error is going to
+	log.Println(`BindWith(\"any, binding.Binding\") error is going to
 	be deprecated, please check issue #662 and either use MustBindWith() if you
 	want HTTP 400 to be automatically returned if any error occur, or use
 	ShouldBindWith() if you need to manage the error.`)
diff --git a/deprecated_test.go b/deprecated_test.go
index 0240b2ec..6c8f2a7f 100644
--- a/deprecated_test.go
+++ b/deprecated_test.go
@@ -18,7 +18,7 @@ func TestBindWith(t *testing.T) {
 	w := httptest.NewRecorder()
 	c, _ := CreateTestContext(w)
 
-	c.Request, _ = http.NewRequest("POST", "/?foo=bar&bar=foo", bytes.NewBufferString("foo=unused"))
+	c.Request, _ = http.NewRequest(http.MethodPost, "/?foo=bar&bar=foo", bytes.NewBufferString("foo=unused"))
 
 	var obj struct {
 		Foo string `form:"foo"`
diff --git a/doc.go b/doc.go
index 1bd03864..9442aa70 100644
--- a/doc.go
+++ b/doc.go
@@ -2,5 +2,21 @@
 Package gin implements a HTTP web framework called gin.
 
 See https://gin-gonic.com/ for more information about gin.
+
+Example:
+
+	package main
+
+	import "github.com/gin-gonic/gin"
+
+	func main() {
+		r := gin.Default()
+		r.GET("/ping", func(c *gin.Context) {
+			c.JSON(200, gin.H{
+				"message": "pong",
+			})
+		})
+		r.Run() // listen and serve on 0.0.0.0:8080
+	}
 */
 package gin // import "github.com/gin-gonic/gin"
diff --git a/docs/doc.md b/docs/doc.md
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..0dd86684
--- /dev/null
+++ b/docs/doc.md
@@ -0,0 +1,2557 @@
+# Gin Quick Start
+
+## Contents
+
+- [Build Tags](#build-tags)
+  - [Build with json replacement](#build-with-json-replacement)
+  - [Build without `MsgPack` rendering feature](#build-without-msgpack-rendering-feature)
+- [API Examples](#api-examples)
+  - [Using GET, POST, PUT, PATCH, DELETE and OPTIONS](#using-get-post-put-patch-delete-and-options)
+  - [Parameters in path](#parameters-in-path)
+  - [Querystring parameters](#querystring-parameters)
+  - [Multipart/Urlencoded Form](#multiparturlencoded-form)
+  - [Another example: query + post form](#another-example-query--post-form)
+  - [Map as querystring or postform parameters](#map-as-querystring-or-postform-parameters)
+  - [Upload files](#upload-files)
+    - [Single file](#single-file)
+    - [Multiple files](#multiple-files)
+  - [Grouping routes](#grouping-routes)
+  - [Blank Gin without middleware by default](#blank-gin-without-middleware-by-default)
+  - [Using middleware](#using-middleware)
+  - [Custom Recovery behavior](#custom-recovery-behavior)
+  - [How to write log file](#how-to-write-log-file)
+  - [Custom Log Format](#custom-log-format)
+  - [Controlling Log output coloring](#controlling-log-output-coloring)
+  - [Model binding and validation](#model-binding-and-validation)
+  - [Custom Validators](#custom-validators)
+  - [Only Bind Query String](#only-bind-query-string)
+  - [Bind Query String or Post Data](#bind-query-string-or-post-data)
+  - [Bind default value if none provided](#bind-default-value-if-none-provided)
+  - [Collection format for arrays](#collection-format-for-arrays)
+  - [Bind Uri](#bind-uri)
+  - [Bind custom unmarshaler](#bind-custom-unmarshaler)
+  - [Bind Header](#bind-header)
+  - [Bind HTML checkboxes](#bind-html-checkboxes)
+  - [Multipart/Urlencoded binding](#multiparturlencoded-binding)
+  - [XML, JSON, YAML, TOML and ProtoBuf rendering](#xml-json-yaml-toml-and-protobuf-rendering)
+    - [SecureJSON](#securejson)
+    - [JSONP](#jsonp)
+    - [AsciiJSON](#asciijson)
+    - [PureJSON](#purejson)
+  - [Serving static files](#serving-static-files)
+  - [Serving data from file](#serving-data-from-file)
+  - [Serving data from reader](#serving-data-from-reader)
+  - [HTML rendering](#html-rendering)
+    - [Custom Template renderer](#custom-template-renderer)
+    - [Custom Delimiters](#custom-delimiters)
+    - [Custom Template Funcs](#custom-template-funcs)
+  - [Multitemplate](#multitemplate)
+  - [Redirects](#redirects)
+  - [Custom Middleware](#custom-middleware)
+  - [Using BasicAuth() middleware](#using-basicauth-middleware)
+  - [Goroutines inside a middleware](#goroutines-inside-a-middleware)
+  - [Custom HTTP configuration](#custom-http-configuration)
+  - [Support Let's Encrypt](#support-lets-encrypt)
+  - [Run multiple service using Gin](#run-multiple-service-using-gin)
+  - [Graceful shutdown or restart](#graceful-shutdown-or-restart)
+    - [Third-party packages](#third-party-packages)
+    - [Manually](#manually)
+  - [Build a single binary with templates](#build-a-single-binary-with-templates)
+  - [Bind form-data request with custom struct](#bind-form-data-request-with-custom-struct)
+  - [Try to bind body into different structs](#try-to-bind-body-into-different-structs)
+  - [Bind form-data request with custom struct and custom tag](#bind-form-data-request-with-custom-struct-and-custom-tag)
+  - [http2 server push](#http2-server-push)
+  - [Define format for the log of routes](#define-format-for-the-log-of-routes)
+  - [Set and get a cookie](#set-and-get-a-cookie)
+  - [Custom json codec at runtime](#custom-json-codec-at-runtime)
+- [Don't trust all proxies](#dont-trust-all-proxies)
+- [Testing](#testing)
+
+## Build tags
+
+### Build with json replacement
+
+Gin uses `encoding/json` as the default JSON package but you can change it by building from other tags.
+
+[jsoniter](https://github.com/json-iterator/go)
+
+```sh
+go build -tags=jsoniter .
+```
+
+[go-json](https://github.com/goccy/go-json)
+
+```sh
+go build -tags=go_json .
+```
+
+[sonic](https://github.com/bytedance/sonic)
+
+```sh
+$ go build -tags=sonic .
+```
+
+### Build without `MsgPack` rendering feature
+
+Gin enables `MsgPack` rendering feature by default. But you can disable this feature by specifying `nomsgpack` build tag.
+
+```sh
+go build -tags=nomsgpack .
+```
+
+This is useful to reduce the binary size of executable files. See the [detail information](https://github.com/gin-gonic/gin/pull/1852).
+
+## API Examples
+
+You can find a number of ready-to-run examples at [Gin examples repository](https://github.com/gin-gonic/examples).
+
+### Using GET, POST, PUT, PATCH, DELETE and OPTIONS
+
+```go
+func main() {
+  // Creates a gin router with default middleware:
+  // logger and recovery (crash-free) middleware
+  router := gin.Default()
+
+  router.GET("/someGet", getting)
+  router.POST("/somePost", posting)
+  router.PUT("/somePut", putting)
+  router.DELETE("/someDelete", deleting)
+  router.PATCH("/somePatch", patching)
+  router.HEAD("/someHead", head)
+  router.OPTIONS("/someOptions", options)
+
+  // By default, it serves on :8080 unless a
+  // PORT environment variable was defined.
+  router.Run()
+  // router.Run(":3000") for a hard coded port
+}
+```
+
+### Parameters in path
+
+```go
+func main() {
+  router := gin.Default()
+
+  // This handler will match /user/john but will not match /user/ or /user
+  router.GET("/user/:name", func(c *gin.Context) {
+    name := c.Param("name")
+    c.String(http.StatusOK, "Hello %s", name)
+  })
+
+  // However, this one will match /user/john/ and also /user/john/send
+  // If no other routers match /user/john, it will redirect to /user/john/
+  router.GET("/user/:name/*action", func(c *gin.Context) {
+    name := c.Param("name")
+    action := c.Param("action")
+    message := name + " is " + action
+    c.String(http.StatusOK, message)
+  })
+
+  // For each matched request Context will hold the route definition
+  router.POST("/user/:name/*action", func(c *gin.Context) {
+    b := c.FullPath() == "/user/:name/*action" // true
+    c.String(http.StatusOK, "%t", b)
+  })
+
+  // This handler will add a new router for /user/groups.
+  // Exact routes are resolved before param routes, regardless of the order they were defined.
+  // Routes starting with /user/groups are never interpreted as /user/:name/... routes
+  router.GET("/user/groups", func(c *gin.Context) {
+    c.String(http.StatusOK, "The available groups are [...]")
+  })
+
+  router.Run(":8080")
+}
+```
+
+### Querystring parameters
+
+```go
+func main() {
+  router := gin.Default()
+
+  // Query string parameters are parsed using the existing underlying request object.
+  // The request responds to a URL matching: /welcome?firstname=Jane&lastname=Doe
+  router.GET("/welcome", func(c *gin.Context) {
+    firstname := c.DefaultQuery("firstname", "Guest")
+    lastname := c.Query("lastname") // shortcut for c.Request.URL.Query().Get("lastname")
+
+    c.String(http.StatusOK, "Hello %s %s", firstname, lastname)
+  })
+  router.Run(":8080")
+}
+```
+
+### Multipart/Urlencoded Form
+
+```go
+func main() {
+  router := gin.Default()
+
+  router.POST("/form_post", func(c *gin.Context) {
+    message := c.PostForm("message")
+    nick := c.DefaultPostForm("nick", "anonymous")
+
+    c.JSON(http.StatusOK, gin.H{
+      "status":  "posted",
+      "message": message,
+      "nick":    nick,
+    })
+  })
+  router.Run(":8080")
+}
+```
+
+### Another example: query + post form
+
+```sh
+POST /post?id=1234&page=1 HTTP/1.1
+Content-Type: application/x-www-form-urlencoded
+
+name=manu&message=this_is_great
+```
+
+```go
+func main() {
+  router := gin.Default()
+
+  router.POST("/post", func(c *gin.Context) {
+
+    id := c.Query("id")
+    page := c.DefaultQuery("page", "0")
+    name := c.PostForm("name")
+    message := c.PostForm("message")
+
+    fmt.Printf("id: %s; page: %s; name: %s; message: %s", id, page, name, message)
+  })
+  router.Run(":8080")
+}
+```
+
+```sh
+id: 1234; page: 1; name: manu; message: this_is_great
+```
+
+### Map as querystring or postform parameters
+
+```sh
+POST /post?ids[a]=1234&ids[b]=hello HTTP/1.1
+Content-Type: application/x-www-form-urlencoded
+
+names[first]=thinkerou&names[second]=tianou
+```
+
+```go
+func main() {
+  router := gin.Default()
+
+  router.POST("/post", func(c *gin.Context) {
+
+    ids := c.QueryMap("ids")
+    names := c.PostFormMap("names")
+
+    fmt.Printf("ids: %v; names: %v", ids, names)
+  })
+  router.Run(":8080")
+}
+```
+
+```sh
+ids: map[b:hello a:1234]; names: map[second:tianou first:thinkerou]
+```
+
+### Upload files
+
+#### Single file
+
+References issue [#774](https://github.com/gin-gonic/gin/issues/774) and detail [example code](https://github.com/gin-gonic/examples/tree/master/upload-file/single).
+
+`file.Filename` **SHOULD NOT** be trusted. See [`Content-Disposition` on MDN](https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/HTTP/Headers/Content-Disposition#Directives) and [#1693](https://github.com/gin-gonic/gin/issues/1693)
+
+> The filename is always optional and must not be used blindly by the application: path information should be stripped, and conversion to the server file system rules should be done.
+
+```go
+func main() {
+  router := gin.Default()
+  // Set a lower memory limit for multipart forms (default is 32 MiB)
+  router.MaxMultipartMemory = 8 << 20  // 8 MiB
+  router.POST("/upload", func(c *gin.Context) {
+    // Single file
+    file, _ := c.FormFile("file")
+    log.Println(file.Filename)
+
+    // Upload the file to specific dst.
+    c.SaveUploadedFile(file, dst)
+
+    c.String(http.StatusOK, fmt.Sprintf("'%s' uploaded!", file.Filename))
+  })
+  router.Run(":8080")
+}
+```
+
+How to `curl`:
+
+```bash
+curl -X POST http://localhost:8080/upload \
+  -F "file=@/Users/appleboy/test.zip" \
+  -H "Content-Type: multipart/form-data"
+```
+
+#### Multiple files
+
+See the detailed [example code](https://github.com/gin-gonic/examples/tree/master/upload-file/multiple).
+
+```go
+func main() {
+  router := gin.Default()
+  // Set a lower memory limit for multipart forms (default is 32 MiB)
+  router.MaxMultipartMemory = 8 << 20  // 8 MiB
+  router.POST("/upload", func(c *gin.Context) {
+    // Multipart form
+    form, _ := c.MultipartForm()
+    files := form.File["upload[]"]
+
+    for _, file := range files {
+      log.Println(file.Filename)
+
+      // Upload the file to specific dst.
+      c.SaveUploadedFile(file, dst)
+    }
+    c.String(http.StatusOK, fmt.Sprintf("%d files uploaded!", len(files)))
+  })
+  router.Run(":8080")
+}
+```
+
+How to `curl`:
+
+```bash
+curl -X POST http://localhost:8080/upload \
+  -F "upload[]=@/Users/appleboy/test1.zip" \
+  -F "upload[]=@/Users/appleboy/test2.zip" \
+  -H "Content-Type: multipart/form-data"
+```
+
+### Grouping routes
+
+```go
+func main() {
+  router := gin.Default()
+
+  // Simple group: v1
+  {
+    v1 := router.Group("/v1")
+    v1.POST("/login", loginEndpoint)
+    v1.POST("/submit", submitEndpoint)
+    v1.POST("/read", readEndpoint)
+  }
+
+  // Simple group: v2
+  {
+    v2 := router.Group("/v2")
+    v2.POST("/login", loginEndpoint)
+    v2.POST("/submit", submitEndpoint)
+    v2.POST("/read", readEndpoint)
+  }
+
+  router.Run(":8080")
+}
+```
+
+### Blank Gin without middleware by default
+
+Use
+
+```go
+r := gin.New()
+```
+
+instead of
+
+```go
+// Default With the Logger and Recovery middleware already attached
+r := gin.Default()
+```
+
+### Using middleware
+
+```go
+func main() {
+  // Creates a router without any middleware by default
+  r := gin.New()
+
+  // Global middleware
+  // Logger middleware will write the logs to gin.DefaultWriter even if you set with GIN_MODE=release.
+  // By default gin.DefaultWriter = os.Stdout
+  r.Use(gin.Logger())
+
+  // Recovery middleware recovers from any panics and writes a 500 if there was one.
+  r.Use(gin.Recovery())
+
+  // Per route middleware, you can add as many as you desire.
+  r.GET("/benchmark", MyBenchLogger(), benchEndpoint)
+
+  // Authorization group
+  // authorized := r.Group("/", AuthRequired())
+  // exactly the same as:
+  authorized := r.Group("/")
+  // per group middleware! in this case we use the custom created
+  // AuthRequired() middleware just in the "authorized" group.
+  authorized.Use(AuthRequired())
+  {
+    authorized.POST("/login", loginEndpoint)
+    authorized.POST("/submit", submitEndpoint)
+    authorized.POST("/read", readEndpoint)
+
+    // nested group
+    testing := authorized.Group("testing")
+    // visit 0.0.0.0:8080/testing/analytics
+    testing.GET("/analytics", analyticsEndpoint)
+  }
+
+  // Listen and serve on 0.0.0.0:8080
+  r.Run(":8080")
+}
+```
+
+### Custom Recovery behavior
+
+```go
+func main() {
+  // Creates a router without any middleware by default
+  r := gin.New()
+
+  // Global middleware
+  // Logger middleware will write the logs to gin.DefaultWriter even if you set with GIN_MODE=release.
+  // By default gin.DefaultWriter = os.Stdout
+  r.Use(gin.Logger())
+
+  // Recovery middleware recovers from any panics and writes a 500 if there was one.
+  r.Use(gin.CustomRecovery(func(c *gin.Context, recovered any) {
+    if err, ok := recovered.(string); ok {
+      c.String(http.StatusInternalServerError, fmt.Sprintf("error: %s", err))
+    }
+    c.AbortWithStatus(http.StatusInternalServerError)
+  }))
+
+  r.GET("/panic", func(c *gin.Context) {
+    // panic with a string -- the custom middleware could save this to a database or report it to the user
+    panic("foo")
+  })
+
+  r.GET("/", func(c *gin.Context) {
+    c.String(http.StatusOK, "ohai")
+  })
+
+  // Listen and serve on 0.0.0.0:8080
+  r.Run(":8080")
+}
+```
+
+### How to write log file
+
+```go
+func main() {
+  // Disable Console Color, you don't need console color when writing the logs to file.
+  gin.DisableConsoleColor()
+
+  // Logging to a file.
+  f, _ := os.Create("gin.log")
+  gin.DefaultWriter = io.MultiWriter(f)
+
+  // Use the following code if you need to write the logs to file and console at the same time.
+  // gin.DefaultWriter = io.MultiWriter(f, os.Stdout)
+
+  router := gin.Default()
+  router.GET("/ping", func(c *gin.Context) {
+      c.String(http.StatusOK, "pong")
+  })
+
+   router.Run(":8080")
+}
+```
+
+### Custom Log Format
+
+```go
+func main() {
+  router := gin.New()
+
+  // LoggerWithFormatter middleware will write the logs to gin.DefaultWriter
+  // By default gin.DefaultWriter = os.Stdout
+  router.Use(gin.LoggerWithFormatter(func(param gin.LogFormatterParams) string {
+
+    // your custom format
+    return fmt.Sprintf("%s - [%s] \"%s %s %s %d %s \"%s\" %s\"\n",
+        param.ClientIP,
+        param.TimeStamp.Format(time.RFC1123),
+        param.Method,
+        param.Path,
+        param.Request.Proto,
+        param.StatusCode,
+        param.Latency,
+        param.Request.UserAgent(),
+        param.ErrorMessage,
+    )
+  }))
+  router.Use(gin.Recovery())
+
+  router.GET("/ping", func(c *gin.Context) {
+    c.String(http.StatusOK, "pong")
+  })
+
+  router.Run(":8080")
+}
+```
+
+Sample Output
+
+```sh
+::1 - [Fri, 07 Dec 2018 17:04:38 JST] "GET /ping HTTP/1.1 200 122.767µs "Mozilla/5.0 (Macintosh; Intel Mac OS X 10_11_6) AppleWebKit/537.36 (KHTML, like Gecko) Chrome/71.0.3578.80 Safari/537.36" "
+```
+
+### Skip logging
+
+```go
+func main() {
+  router := gin.New()
+
+  // skip logging for desired paths by setting SkipPaths in LoggerConfig
+  loggerConfig := gin.LoggerConfig{SkipPaths: []string{"/metrics"}}
+
+  // skip logging based on your logic by setting Skip func in LoggerConfig
+  loggerConfig.Skip = func(c *gin.Context) bool {
+      // as an example skip non server side errors
+      return c.Writer.Status() < http.StatusInternalServerError
+  }
+
+  router.Use(gin.LoggerWithConfig(loggerConfig))
+  router.Use(gin.Recovery())
+
+  // skipped
+  router.GET("/metrics", func(c *gin.Context) {
+      c.Status(http.StatusNotImplemented)
+  })
+
+  // skipped
+  router.GET("/ping", func(c *gin.Context) {
+      c.String(http.StatusOK, "pong")
+  })
+
+  // not skipped
+  router.GET("/data", func(c *gin.Context) {
+    c.Status(http.StatusNotImplemented)
+  })
+
+  router.Run(":8080")
+}
+
+```
+
+### Controlling Log output coloring
+
+By default, logs output on console should be colorized depending on the detected TTY.
+
+Never colorize logs:
+
+```go
+func main() {
+  // Disable log's color
+  gin.DisableConsoleColor()
+
+  // Creates a gin router with default middleware:
+  // logger and recovery (crash-free) middleware
+  router := gin.Default()
+
+  router.GET("/ping", func(c *gin.Context) {
+      c.String(http.StatusOK, "pong")
+  })
+
+  router.Run(":8080")
+}
+```
+
+Always colorize logs:
+
+```go
+func main() {
+  // Force log's color
+  gin.ForceConsoleColor()
+
+  // Creates a gin router with default middleware:
+  // logger and recovery (crash-free) middleware
+  router := gin.Default()
+
+  router.GET("/ping", func(c *gin.Context) {
+      c.String(http.StatusOK, "pong")
+  })
+
+  router.Run(":8080")
+}
+```
+
+### Model binding and validation
+
+To bind a request body into a type, use model binding. We currently support binding of JSON, XML, YAML, TOML and standard form values (foo=bar&boo=baz).
+
+Gin uses [**go-playground/validator/v10**](https://github.com/go-playground/validator) for validation. Check the full docs on tags usage [here](https://pkg.go.dev/github.com/go-playground/validator#hdr-Baked_In_Validators_and_Tags).
+
+Note that you need to set the corresponding binding tag on all fields you want to bind. For example, when binding from JSON, set `json:"fieldname"`.
+
+Also, Gin provides two sets of methods for binding:
+
+- **Type** - Must bind
+  - **Methods** - `Bind`, `BindJSON`, `BindXML`, `BindQuery`, `BindYAML`, `BindHeader`, `BindTOML`
+  - **Behavior** - These methods use `MustBindWith` under the hood. If there is a binding error, the request is aborted with `c.AbortWithError(400, err).SetType(ErrorTypeBind)`. This sets the response status code to 400 and the `Content-Type` header is set to `text/plain; charset=utf-8`. Note that if you try to set the response code after this, it will result in a warning `[GIN-debug] [WARNING] Headers were already written. Wanted to override status code 400 with 422`. If you wish to have greater control over the behavior, consider using the `ShouldBind` equivalent method.
+- **Type** - Should bind
+  - **Methods** - `ShouldBind`, `ShouldBindJSON`, `ShouldBindXML`, `ShouldBindQuery`, `ShouldBindYAML`, `ShouldBindHeader`, `ShouldBindTOML`,
+  - **Behavior** - These methods use `ShouldBindWith` under the hood. If there is a binding error, the error is returned and it is the developer's responsibility to handle the request and error appropriately.
+
+When using the Bind-method, Gin tries to infer the binder depending on the Content-Type header. If you are sure what you are binding, you can use `MustBindWith` or `ShouldBindWith`.
+
+You can also specify that specific fields are required. If a field is decorated with `binding:"required"` and has an empty value when binding, an error will be returned.
+
+```go
+// Binding from JSON
+type Login struct {
+  User     string `form:"user" json:"user" xml:"user" binding:"required"`
+  Password string `form:"password" json:"password" xml:"password" binding:"required"`
+}
+
+func main() {
+  router := gin.Default()
+
+  // Example for binding JSON ({"user": "manu", "password": "123"})
+  router.POST("/loginJSON", func(c *gin.Context) {
+    var json Login
+    if err := c.ShouldBindJSON(&json); err != nil {
+      c.JSON(http.StatusBadRequest, gin.H{"error": err.Error()})
+      return
+    }
+
+    if json.User != "manu" || json.Password != "123" {
+      c.JSON(http.StatusUnauthorized, gin.H{"status": "unauthorized"})
+      return
+    }
+
+    c.JSON(http.StatusOK, gin.H{"status": "you are logged in"})
+  })
+
+  // Example for binding XML (
+  //  <?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
+  //  <root>
+  //    <user>manu</user>
+  //    <password>123</password>
+  //  </root>)
+  router.POST("/loginXML", func(c *gin.Context) {
+    var xml Login
+    if err := c.ShouldBindXML(&xml); err != nil {
+      c.JSON(http.StatusBadRequest, gin.H{"error": err.Error()})
+      return
+    }
+
+    if xml.User != "manu" || xml.Password != "123" {
+      c.JSON(http.StatusUnauthorized, gin.H{"status": "unauthorized"})
+      return
+    }
+
+    c.JSON(http.StatusOK, gin.H{"status": "you are logged in"})
+  })
+
+  // Example for binding a HTML form (user=manu&password=123)
+  router.POST("/loginForm", func(c *gin.Context) {
+    var form Login
+    // This will infer what binder to use depending on the content-type header.
+    if err := c.ShouldBind(&form); err != nil {
+      c.JSON(http.StatusBadRequest, gin.H{"error": err.Error()})
+      return
+    }
+
+    if form.User != "manu" || form.Password != "123" {
+      c.JSON(http.StatusUnauthorized, gin.H{"status": "unauthorized"})
+      return
+    }
+
+    c.JSON(http.StatusOK, gin.H{"status": "you are logged in"})
+  })
+
+  // Listen and serve on 0.0.0.0:8080
+  router.Run(":8080")
+}
+```
+
+Sample request
+
+```sh
+$ curl -v -X POST \
+  http://localhost:8080/loginJSON \
+  -H 'content-type: application/json' \
+  -d '{ "user": "manu" }'
+> POST /loginJSON HTTP/1.1
+> Host: localhost:8080
+> User-Agent: curl/7.51.0
+> Accept: */*
+> content-type: application/json
+> Content-Length: 18
+>
+* upload completely sent off: 18 out of 18 bytes
+< HTTP/1.1 400 Bad Request
+< Content-Type: application/json; charset=utf-8
+< Date: Fri, 04 Aug 2017 03:51:31 GMT
+< Content-Length: 100
+<
+{"error":"Key: 'Login.Password' Error:Field validation for 'Password' failed on the 'required' tag"}
+```
+
+Skip-validation: Running the example above using the `curl` command returns an error. This is because the example uses `binding:"required"` for `Password`. If instead, you use `binding:"-"` for `Password`, then it will not return an error when you run the example again.
+
+### Custom Validators
+
+It is also possible to register custom validators. See the [example code](https://github.com/gin-gonic/examples/tree/master/custom-validation/server.go).
+
+```go
+package main
+
+import (
+  "net/http"
+  "time"
+
+  "github.com/gin-gonic/gin"
+  "github.com/gin-gonic/gin/binding"
+  "github.com/go-playground/validator/v10"
+)
+
+// Booking contains binded and validated data.
+type Booking struct {
+  CheckIn  time.Time `form:"check_in" binding:"required,bookabledate" time_format:"2006-01-02"`
+  CheckOut time.Time `form:"check_out" binding:"required,gtfield=CheckIn" time_format:"2006-01-02"`
+}
+
+var bookableDate validator.Func = func(fl validator.FieldLevel) bool {
+  date, ok := fl.Field().Interface().(time.Time)
+  if ok {
+    today := time.Now()
+    if today.After(date) {
+      return false
+    }
+  }
+  return true
+}
+
+func main() {
+  route := gin.Default()
+
+  if v, ok := binding.Validator.Engine().(*validator.Validate); ok {
+    v.RegisterValidation("bookabledate", bookableDate)
+  }
+
+  route.GET("/bookable", getBookable)
+  route.Run(":8085")
+}
+
+func getBookable(c *gin.Context) {
+  var b Booking
+  if err := c.ShouldBindWith(&b, binding.Query); err == nil {
+    c.JSON(http.StatusOK, gin.H{"message": "Booking dates are valid!"})
+  } else {
+    c.JSON(http.StatusBadRequest, gin.H{"error": err.Error()})
+  }
+}
+```
+
+```console
+$ curl "localhost:8085/bookable?check_in=2030-04-16&check_out=2030-04-17"
+{"message":"Booking dates are valid!"}
+
+$ curl "localhost:8085/bookable?check_in=2030-03-10&check_out=2030-03-09"
+{"error":"Key: 'Booking.CheckOut' Error:Field validation for 'CheckOut' failed on the 'gtfield' tag"}
+
+$ curl "localhost:8085/bookable?check_in=2000-03-09&check_out=2000-03-10"
+{"error":"Key: 'Booking.CheckIn' Error:Field validation for 'CheckIn' failed on the 'bookabledate' tag"}%
+```
+
+[Struct level validations](https://github.com/go-playground/validator/releases/tag/v8.7) can also be registered this way.
+See the [struct-lvl-validation example](https://github.com/gin-gonic/examples/tree/master/struct-lvl-validations) to learn more.
+
+### Only Bind Query String
+
+`ShouldBindQuery` function only binds the query params and not the post data. See the [detail information](https://github.com/gin-gonic/gin/issues/742#issuecomment-315953017).
+
+```go
+package main
+
+import (
+  "log"
+  "net/http"
+
+  "github.com/gin-gonic/gin"
+)
+
+type Person struct {
+  Name    string `form:"name"`
+  Address string `form:"address"`
+}
+
+func main() {
+  route := gin.Default()
+  route.Any("/testing", startPage)
+  route.Run(":8085")
+}
+
+func startPage(c *gin.Context) {
+  var person Person
+  if c.ShouldBindQuery(&person) == nil {
+    log.Println("====== Only Bind By Query String ======")
+    log.Println(person.Name)
+    log.Println(person.Address)
+  }
+  c.String(http.StatusOK, "Success")
+}
+
+```
+
+### Bind Query String or Post Data
+
+See the [detail information](https://github.com/gin-gonic/gin/issues/742#issuecomment-264681292).
+
+```go
+package main
+
+import (
+  "log"
+  "net/http"
+  "time"
+
+  "github.com/gin-gonic/gin"
+)
+
+type Person struct {
+  Name       string    `form:"name"`
+  Address    string    `form:"address"`
+  Birthday   time.Time `form:"birthday" time_format:"2006-01-02" time_utc:"1"`
+  CreateTime time.Time `form:"createTime" time_format:"unixNano"`
+  UnixTime   time.Time `form:"unixTime" time_format:"unix"`
+  UnixMilliTime   time.Time `form:"unixMilliTime" time_format:"unixmilli"`
+  UnixMicroTime   time.Time `form:"unixMicroTime" time_format:"uNiXmIcRo"` // case does not matter for "unix*" time formats
+}
+
+func main() {
+  route := gin.Default()
+  route.GET("/testing", startPage)
+  route.Run(":8085")
+}
+
+func startPage(c *gin.Context) {
+  var person Person
+  // If `GET`, only `Form` binding engine (`query`) used.
+  // If `POST`, first checks the `content-type` for `JSON` or `XML`, then uses `Form` (`form-data`).
+  // See more at https://github.com/gin-gonic/gin/blob/master/binding/binding.go#L88
+  if c.ShouldBind(&person) == nil {
+    log.Println(person.Name)
+    log.Println(person.Address)
+    log.Println(person.Birthday)
+    log.Println(person.CreateTime)
+    log.Println(person.UnixTime)
+    log.Println(person.UnixMilliTime)
+    log.Println(person.UnixMicroTime)
+  }
+
+  c.String(http.StatusOK, "Success")
+}
+```
+
+Test it with:
+
+```sh
+curl -X GET "localhost:8085/testing?name=appleboy&address=xyz&birthday=1992-03-15&createTime=1562400033000000123&unixTime=1562400033&unixMilliTime=1562400033001&unixMicroTime=1562400033000012"
+```
+
+
+### Bind default value if none provided
+
+If the server should bind a default value to a field when the client does not provide one, specify the default value using the `default` key within the `form` tag:
+
+```go
+package main
+
+import (
+	"net/http"
+
+	"github.com/gin-gonic/gin"
+)
+
+type Person struct {
+	Name      string    `form:"name,default=William"`
+	Age       int       `form:"age,default=10"`
+	Friends   []string  `form:"friends,default=Will;Bill"`
+	Addresses [2]string `form:"addresses,default=foo bar" collection_format:"ssv"`
+	LapTimes  []int     `form:"lap_times,default=1;2;3" collection_format:"csv"`
+}
+
+func main() {
+	g := gin.Default()
+	g.POST("/person", func(c *gin.Context) {
+		var req Person
+		if err := c.ShouldBindQuery(&req); err != nil {
+			c.JSON(http.StatusBadRequest, err)
+			return
+		}
+		c.JSON(http.StatusOK, req)
+	})
+	_ = g.Run("localhost:8080")
+}
+```
+
+```
+curl -X POST http://localhost:8080/person
+{"Name":"William","Age":10,"Friends":["Will","Bill"],"Colors":["red","blue"],"LapTimes":[1,2,3]}
+```
+
+NOTE: For default [collection values](#collection-format-for-arrays), the following rules apply:
+- Since commas are used to delimit tag options, they are not supported within a default value and will result in undefined behavior
+- For the collection formats "multi" and "csv", a semicolon should be used in place of a comma to delimited default values
+- Since semicolons are used to delimit default values for "multi" and "csv", they are not supported within a default value for "multi" and "csv"
+
+
+#### Collection format for arrays
+
+| Format          | Description                                               | Example                 |
+| --------------- | --------------------------------------------------------- | ----------------------- |
+| multi (default) | Multiple parameter instances rather than multiple values. | key=foo&key=bar&key=baz |
+| csv             | Comma-separated values.                                   | foo,bar,baz             |
+| ssv             | Space-separated values.                                   | foo bar baz             |
+| tsv             | Tab-separated values.                                     | "foo\tbar\tbaz"         |
+| pipes           | Pipe-separated values.                                    | foo\|bar\|baz           |
+
+```go
+package main
+
+import (
+	"log"
+	"time"
+	"github.com/gin-gonic/gin"
+)
+
+type Person struct {
+	Name       string    `form:"name"`
+	Addresses  []string  `form:"addresses" collection_format:"csv"`
+	Birthday   time.Time `form:"birthday" time_format:"2006-01-02" time_utc:"1"`
+	CreateTime time.Time `form:"createTime" time_format:"unixNano"`
+	UnixTime   time.Time `form:"unixTime" time_format:"unix"`
+}
+
+func main() {
+	route := gin.Default()
+	route.GET("/testing", startPage)
+	route.Run(":8085")
+}
+func startPage(c *gin.Context) {
+	var person Person
+	// If `GET`, only `Form` binding engine (`query`) used.
+	// If `POST`, first checks the `content-type` for `JSON` or `XML`, then uses `Form` (`form-data`).
+	// See more at https://github.com/gin-gonic/gin/blob/master/binding/binding.go#L48
+        if c.ShouldBind(&person) == nil {
+                log.Println(person.Name)
+                log.Println(person.Addresses)
+                log.Println(person.Birthday)
+                log.Println(person.CreateTime)
+                log.Println(person.UnixTime)
+        }
+	c.String(200, "Success")
+}
+```
+
+Test it with:
+```sh
+$ curl -X GET "localhost:8085/testing?name=appleboy&addresses=foo,bar&birthday=1992-03-15&createTime=1562400033000000123&unixTime=1562400033"
+```
+
+### Bind Uri
+
+See the [detail information](https://github.com/gin-gonic/gin/issues/846).
+
+```go
+package main
+
+import (
+  "net/http"
+
+  "github.com/gin-gonic/gin"
+)
+
+type Person struct {
+  ID string `uri:"id" binding:"required,uuid"`
+  Name string `uri:"name" binding:"required"`
+}
+
+func main() {
+  route := gin.Default()
+  route.GET("/:name/:id", func(c *gin.Context) {
+    var person Person
+    if err := c.ShouldBindUri(&person); err != nil {
+      c.JSON(http.StatusBadRequest, gin.H{"msg": err.Error()})
+      return
+    }
+    c.JSON(http.StatusOK, gin.H{"name": person.Name, "uuid": person.ID})
+  })
+  route.Run(":8088")
+}
+```
+
+Test it with:
+
+```sh
+curl -v localhost:8088/thinkerou/987fbc97-4bed-5078-9f07-9141ba07c9f3
+curl -v localhost:8088/thinkerou/not-uuid
+```
+
+### Bind custom unmarshaler
+
+```go
+package main
+
+import (
+  "github.com/gin-gonic/gin"
+  "strings"
+)
+
+type Birthday string
+
+func (b *Birthday) UnmarshalParam(param string) error {
+  *b = Birthday(strings.Replace(param, "-", "/", -1))
+  return nil
+}
+
+func main() {
+  route := gin.Default()
+  var request struct {
+    Birthday Birthday `form:"birthday"`
+  }
+  route.GET("/test", func(ctx *gin.Context) {
+    _ = ctx.BindQuery(&request)
+    ctx.JSON(200, request.Birthday)
+  })
+  route.Run(":8088")
+}
+```
+
+Test it with:
+
+```sh
+curl 'localhost:8088/test?birthday=2000-01-01'
+```
+Result
+```sh
+"2000/01/01"
+```
+
+### Bind Header
+
+```go
+package main
+
+import (
+  "fmt"
+  "net/http"
+
+  "github.com/gin-gonic/gin"
+)
+
+type testHeader struct {
+  Rate   int    `header:"Rate"`
+  Domain string `header:"Domain"`
+}
+
+func main() {
+  r := gin.Default()
+  r.GET("/", func(c *gin.Context) {
+    h := testHeader{}
+
+    if err := c.ShouldBindHeader(&h); err != nil {
+      c.JSON(http.StatusOK, err)
+    }
+
+    fmt.Printf("%#v\n", h)
+    c.JSON(http.StatusOK, gin.H{"Rate": h.Rate, "Domain": h.Domain})
+  })
+
+  r.Run()
+
+// client
+// curl -H "rate:300" -H "domain:music" 127.0.0.1:8080/
+// output
+// {"Domain":"music","Rate":300}
+}
+```
+
+### Bind HTML checkboxes
+
+See the [detail information](https://github.com/gin-gonic/gin/issues/129#issuecomment-124260092)
+
+main.go
+
+```go
+...
+
+type myForm struct {
+    Colors []string `form:"colors[]"`
+}
+
+...
+
+func formHandler(c *gin.Context) {
+    var fakeForm myForm
+    c.ShouldBind(&fakeForm)
+    c.JSON(http.StatusOK, gin.H{"color": fakeForm.Colors})
+}
+
+...
+
+```
+
+form.html
+
+```html
+<form action="/" method="POST">
+    <p>Check some colors</p>
+    <label for="red">Red</label>
+    <input type="checkbox" name="colors[]" value="red" id="red">
+    <label for="green">Green</label>
+    <input type="checkbox" name="colors[]" value="green" id="green">
+    <label for="blue">Blue</label>
+    <input type="checkbox" name="colors[]" value="blue" id="blue">
+    <input type="submit">
+</form>
+```
+
+result:
+
+```json
+{"color":["red","green","blue"]}
+```
+
+### Multipart/Urlencoded binding
+
+```go
+type ProfileForm struct {
+  Name   string                `form:"name" binding:"required"`
+  Avatar *multipart.FileHeader `form:"avatar" binding:"required"`
+
+  // or for multiple files
+  // Avatars []*multipart.FileHeader `form:"avatar" binding:"required"`
+}
+
+func main() {
+  router := gin.Default()
+  router.POST("/profile", func(c *gin.Context) {
+    // you can bind multipart form with explicit binding declaration:
+    // c.ShouldBindWith(&form, binding.Form)
+    // or you can simply use autobinding with ShouldBind method:
+    var form ProfileForm
+    // in this case proper binding will be automatically selected
+    if err := c.ShouldBind(&form); err != nil {
+      c.String(http.StatusBadRequest, "bad request")
+      return
+    }
+
+    err := c.SaveUploadedFile(form.Avatar, form.Avatar.Filename)
+    if err != nil {
+      c.String(http.StatusInternalServerError, "unknown error")
+      return
+    }
+
+    // db.Save(&form)
+
+    c.String(http.StatusOK, "ok")
+  })
+  router.Run(":8080")
+}
+```
+
+Test it with:
+
+```sh
+curl -X POST -v --form name=user --form "avatar=@./avatar.png" http://localhost:8080/profile
+```
+
+### XML, JSON, YAML, TOML and ProtoBuf rendering
+
+```go
+func main() {
+  r := gin.Default()
+
+  // gin.H is a shortcut for map[string]any
+  r.GET("/someJSON", func(c *gin.Context) {
+    c.JSON(http.StatusOK, gin.H{"message": "hey", "status": http.StatusOK})
+  })
+
+  r.GET("/moreJSON", func(c *gin.Context) {
+    // You can also use a struct
+    var msg struct {
+      Name    string `json:"user"`
+      Message string
+      Number  int
+    }
+    msg.Name = "Lena"
+    msg.Message = "hey"
+    msg.Number = 123
+    // Note that msg.Name becomes "user" in the JSON
+    // Will output  :   {"user": "Lena", "Message": "hey", "Number": 123}
+    c.JSON(http.StatusOK, msg)
+  })
+
+  r.GET("/someXML", func(c *gin.Context) {
+    c.XML(http.StatusOK, gin.H{"message": "hey", "status": http.StatusOK})
+  })
+
+  r.GET("/someYAML", func(c *gin.Context) {
+    c.YAML(http.StatusOK, gin.H{"message": "hey", "status": http.StatusOK})
+  })
+
+  r.GET("/someTOML", func(c *gin.Context) {
+    c.TOML(http.StatusOK, gin.H{"message": "hey", "status": http.StatusOK})
+  })
+
+  r.GET("/someProtoBuf", func(c *gin.Context) {
+    reps := []int64{int64(1), int64(2)}
+    label := "test"
+    // The specific definition of protobuf is written in the testdata/protoexample file.
+    data := &protoexample.Test{
+      Label: &label,
+      Reps:  reps,
+    }
+    // Note that data becomes binary data in the response
+    // Will output protoexample.Test protobuf serialized data
+    c.ProtoBuf(http.StatusOK, data)
+  })
+
+  // Listen and serve on 0.0.0.0:8080
+  r.Run(":8080")
+}
+```
+
+#### SecureJSON
+
+Using SecureJSON to prevent json hijacking. Default prepends `"while(1),"` to response body if the given struct is array values.
+
+```go
+func main() {
+  r := gin.Default()
+
+  // You can also use your own secure json prefix
+  // r.SecureJsonPrefix(")]}',\n")
+
+  r.GET("/someJSON", func(c *gin.Context) {
+    names := []string{"lena", "austin", "foo"}
+
+    // Will output  :   while(1);["lena","austin","foo"]
+    c.SecureJSON(http.StatusOK, names)
+  })
+
+  // Listen and serve on 0.0.0.0:8080
+  r.Run(":8080")
+}
+```
+
+#### JSONP
+
+Using JSONP to request data from a server in a different domain. Add callback to response body if the query parameter callback exists.
+
+```go
+func main() {
+  r := gin.Default()
+
+  r.GET("/JSONP", func(c *gin.Context) {
+    data := gin.H{
+      "foo": "bar",
+    }
+
+    //callback is x
+    // Will output  :   x({\"foo\":\"bar\"})
+    c.JSONP(http.StatusOK, data)
+  })
+
+  // Listen and serve on 0.0.0.0:8080
+  r.Run(":8080")
+
+        // client
+        // curl http://127.0.0.1:8080/JSONP?callback=x
+}
+```
+
+#### AsciiJSON
+
+Using AsciiJSON to Generates ASCII-only JSON with escaped non-ASCII characters.
+
+```go
+func main() {
+  r := gin.Default()
+
+  r.GET("/someJSON", func(c *gin.Context) {
+    data := gin.H{
+      "lang": "GO语言",
+      "tag":  "<br>",
+    }
+
+    // will output : {"lang":"GO\u8bed\u8a00","tag":"\u003cbr\u003e"}
+    c.AsciiJSON(http.StatusOK, data)
+  })
+
+  // Listen and serve on 0.0.0.0:8080
+  r.Run(":8080")
+}
+```
+
+#### PureJSON
+
+Normally, JSON replaces special HTML characters with their unicode entities, e.g. `<` becomes `\u003c`. If you want to encode such characters literally, you can use PureJSON instead.
+This feature is unavailable in Go 1.6 and lower.
+
+```go
+func main() {
+  r := gin.Default()
+
+  // Serves unicode entities
+  r.GET("/json", func(c *gin.Context) {
+    c.JSON(http.StatusOK, gin.H{
+      "html": "<b>Hello, world!</b>",
+    })
+  })
+
+  // Serves literal characters
+  r.GET("/purejson", func(c *gin.Context) {
+    c.PureJSON(http.StatusOK, gin.H{
+      "html": "<b>Hello, world!</b>",
+    })
+  })
+
+  // listen and serve on 0.0.0.0:8080
+  r.Run(":8080")
+}
+```
+
+### Serving static files
+
+```go
+func main() {
+  router := gin.Default()
+  router.Static("/assets", "./assets")
+  router.StaticFS("/more_static", http.Dir("my_file_system"))
+  router.StaticFile("/favicon.ico", "./resources/favicon.ico")
+  router.StaticFileFS("/more_favicon.ico", "more_favicon.ico", http.Dir("my_file_system"))
+
+  // Listen and serve on 0.0.0.0:8080
+  router.Run(":8080")
+}
+```
+
+### Serving data from file
+
+```go
+func main() {
+  router := gin.Default()
+
+  router.GET("/local/file", func(c *gin.Context) {
+    c.File("local/file.go")
+  })
+
+  var fs http.FileSystem = // ...
+  router.GET("/fs/file", func(c *gin.Context) {
+    c.FileFromFS("fs/file.go", fs)
+  })
+}
+
+```
+
+### Serving data from reader
+
+```go
+func main() {
+  router := gin.Default()
+  router.GET("/someDataFromReader", func(c *gin.Context) {
+    response, err := http.Get("https://raw.githubusercontent.com/gin-gonic/logo/master/color.png")
+    if err != nil || response.StatusCode != http.StatusOK {
+      c.Status(http.StatusServiceUnavailable)
+      return
+    }
+
+    reader := response.Body
+     defer reader.Close()
+    contentLength := response.ContentLength
+    contentType := response.Header.Get("Content-Type")
+
+    extraHeaders := map[string]string{
+      "Content-Disposition": `attachment; filename="gopher.png"`,
+    }
+
+    c.DataFromReader(http.StatusOK, contentLength, contentType, reader, extraHeaders)
+  })
+  router.Run(":8080")
+}
+```
+
+### HTML rendering
+
+Using LoadHTMLGlob() or LoadHTMLFiles() or LoadHTMLFS()
+
+```go
+//go:embed templates/*
+var templates embed.FS
+
+func main() {
+  router := gin.Default()
+  router.LoadHTMLGlob("templates/*")
+  //router.LoadHTMLFiles("templates/template1.html", "templates/template2.html")
+  //router.LoadHTMLFS(http.Dir("templates"), "template1.html", "template2.html")
+  //or
+  //router.LoadHTMLFS(http.FS(templates), "templates/template1.html", "templates/template2.html")
+  router.GET("/index", func(c *gin.Context) {
+    c.HTML(http.StatusOK, "index.tmpl", gin.H{
+      "title": "Main website",
+    })
+  })
+  router.Run(":8080")
+}
+```
+
+templates/index.tmpl
+
+```html
+<html>
+  <h1>
+    {{ .title }}
+  </h1>
+</html>
+```
+
+Using templates with same name in different directories
+
+```go
+func main() {
+  router := gin.Default()
+  router.LoadHTMLGlob("templates/**/*")
+  router.GET("/posts/index", func(c *gin.Context) {
+    c.HTML(http.StatusOK, "posts/index.tmpl", gin.H{
+      "title": "Posts",
+    })
+  })
+  router.GET("/users/index", func(c *gin.Context) {
+    c.HTML(http.StatusOK, "users/index.tmpl", gin.H{
+      "title": "Users",
+    })
+  })
+  router.Run(":8080")
+}
+```
+
+templates/posts/index.tmpl
+
+```html
+{{ define "posts/index.tmpl" }}
+<html><h1>
+  {{ .title }}
+</h1>
+<p>Using posts/index.tmpl</p>
+</html>
+{{ end }}
+```
+
+templates/users/index.tmpl
+
+```html
+{{ define "users/index.tmpl" }}
+<html><h1>
+  {{ .title }}
+</h1>
+<p>Using users/index.tmpl</p>
+</html>
+{{ end }}
+```
+
+#### Custom Template renderer
+
+You can also use your own html template render
+
+```go
+import "html/template"
+
+func main() {
+  router := gin.Default()
+  html := template.Must(template.ParseFiles("file1", "file2"))
+  router.SetHTMLTemplate(html)
+  router.Run(":8080")
+}
+```
+
+#### Custom Delimiters
+
+You may use custom delims
+
+```go
+  r := gin.Default()
+  r.Delims("{[{", "}]}")
+  r.LoadHTMLGlob("/path/to/templates")
+```
+
+#### Custom Template Funcs
+
+See the detailed [example code](https://github.com/gin-gonic/examples/tree/master/template).
+
+main.go
+
+```go
+import (
+  "fmt"
+  "html/template"
+  "net/http"
+  "time"
+
+  "github.com/gin-gonic/gin"
+)
+
+func formatAsDate(t time.Time) string {
+  year, month, day := t.Date()
+  return fmt.Sprintf("%d/%02d/%02d", year, month, day)
+}
+
+func main() {
+  router := gin.Default()
+  router.Delims("{[{", "}]}")
+  router.SetFuncMap(template.FuncMap{
+      "formatAsDate": formatAsDate,
+  })
+  router.LoadHTMLFiles("./testdata/template/raw.tmpl")
+
+  router.GET("/raw", func(c *gin.Context) {
+      c.HTML(http.StatusOK, "raw.tmpl", gin.H{
+          "now": time.Date(2017, 07, 01, 0, 0, 0, 0, time.UTC),
+      })
+  })
+
+  router.Run(":8080")
+}
+
+```
+
+raw.tmpl
+
+```html
+Date: {[{.now | formatAsDate}]}
+```
+
+Result:
+
+```sh
+Date: 2017/07/01
+```
+
+### Multitemplate
+
+Gin allows only one html.Template by default. Check [a multitemplate render](https://github.com/gin-contrib/multitemplate) for using features like go 1.6 `block template`.
+
+### Redirects
+
+Issuing a HTTP redirect is easy. Both internal and external locations are supported.
+
+```go
+r.GET("/test", func(c *gin.Context) {
+  c.Redirect(http.StatusMovedPermanently, "http://www.google.com/")
+})
+```
+
+Issuing a HTTP redirect from POST. Refer to issue: [#444](https://github.com/gin-gonic/gin/issues/444)
+
+```go
+r.POST("/test", func(c *gin.Context) {
+  c.Redirect(http.StatusFound, "/foo")
+})
+```
+
+Issuing a Router redirect, use `HandleContext` like below.
+
+``` go
+r.GET("/test", func(c *gin.Context) {
+    c.Request.URL.Path = "/test2"
+    r.HandleContext(c)
+})
+r.GET("/test2", func(c *gin.Context) {
+    c.JSON(http.StatusOK, gin.H{"hello": "world"})
+})
+```
+
+### Custom Middleware
+
+```go
+func Logger() gin.HandlerFunc {
+  return func(c *gin.Context) {
+    t := time.Now()
+
+    // Set example variable
+    c.Set("example", "12345")
+
+    // before request
+
+    c.Next()
+
+    // after request
+    latency := time.Since(t)
+    log.Print(latency)
+
+    // access the status we are sending
+    status := c.Writer.Status()
+    log.Println(status)
+  }
+}
+
+func main() {
+  r := gin.New()
+  r.Use(Logger())
+
+  r.GET("/test", func(c *gin.Context) {
+    example := c.MustGet("example").(string)
+
+    // it would print: "12345"
+    log.Println(example)
+  })
+
+  // Listen and serve on 0.0.0.0:8080
+  r.Run(":8080")
+}
+```
+
+### Using BasicAuth() middleware
+
+```go
+// simulate some private data
+var secrets = gin.H{
+  "foo":    gin.H{"email": "foo@bar.com", "phone": "123433"},
+  "austin": gin.H{"email": "austin@example.com", "phone": "666"},
+  "lena":   gin.H{"email": "lena@guapa.com", "phone": "523443"},
+}
+
+func main() {
+  r := gin.Default()
+
+  // Group using gin.BasicAuth() middleware
+  // gin.Accounts is a shortcut for map[string]string
+  authorized := r.Group("/admin", gin.BasicAuth(gin.Accounts{
+    "foo":    "bar",
+    "austin": "1234",
+    "lena":   "hello2",
+    "manu":   "4321",
+  }))
+
+  // /admin/secrets endpoint
+  // hit "localhost:8080/admin/secrets
+  authorized.GET("/secrets", func(c *gin.Context) {
+    // get user, it was set by the BasicAuth middleware
+    user := c.MustGet(gin.AuthUserKey).(string)
+    if secret, ok := secrets[user]; ok {
+      c.JSON(http.StatusOK, gin.H{"user": user, "secret": secret})
+    } else {
+      c.JSON(http.StatusOK, gin.H{"user": user, "secret": "NO SECRET :("})
+    }
+  })
+
+  // Listen and serve on 0.0.0.0:8080
+  r.Run(":8080")
+}
+```
+
+### Goroutines inside a middleware
+
+When starting new Goroutines inside a middleware or handler, you **SHOULD NOT** use the original context inside it, you have to use a read-only copy.
+
+```go
+func main() {
+  r := gin.Default()
+
+  r.GET("/long_async", func(c *gin.Context) {
+    // create copy to be used inside the goroutine
+    cCp := c.Copy()
+    go func() {
+      // simulate a long task with time.Sleep(). 5 seconds
+      time.Sleep(5 * time.Second)
+
+      // note that you are using the copied context "cCp", IMPORTANT
+      log.Println("Done! in path " + cCp.Request.URL.Path)
+    }()
+  })
+
+  r.GET("/long_sync", func(c *gin.Context) {
+    // simulate a long task with time.Sleep(). 5 seconds
+    time.Sleep(5 * time.Second)
+
+    // since we are NOT using a goroutine, we do not have to copy the context
+    log.Println("Done! in path " + c.Request.URL.Path)
+  })
+
+  // Listen and serve on 0.0.0.0:8080
+  r.Run(":8080")
+}
+```
+
+### Custom HTTP configuration
+
+Use `http.ListenAndServe()` directly, like this:
+
+```go
+func main() {
+  router := gin.Default()
+  http.ListenAndServe(":8080", router)
+}
+```
+
+or
+
+```go
+func main() {
+  router := gin.Default()
+
+  s := &http.Server{
+    Addr:           ":8080",
+    Handler:        router,
+    ReadTimeout:    10 * time.Second,
+    WriteTimeout:   10 * time.Second,
+    MaxHeaderBytes: 1 << 20,
+  }
+  s.ListenAndServe()
+}
+```
+
+### Support Let's Encrypt
+
+example for 1-line LetsEncrypt HTTPS servers.
+
+```go
+package main
+
+import (
+  "log"
+  "net/http"
+
+  "github.com/gin-gonic/autotls"
+  "github.com/gin-gonic/gin"
+)
+
+func main() {
+  r := gin.Default()
+
+  // Ping handler
+  r.GET("/ping", func(c *gin.Context) {
+    c.String(http.StatusOK, "pong")
+  })
+
+  log.Fatal(autotls.Run(r, "example1.com", "example2.com"))
+}
+```
+
+example for custom autocert manager.
+
+```go
+package main
+
+import (
+  "log"
+  "net/http"
+
+  "github.com/gin-gonic/autotls"
+  "github.com/gin-gonic/gin"
+  "golang.org/x/crypto/acme/autocert"
+)
+
+func main() {
+  r := gin.Default()
+
+  // Ping handler
+  r.GET("/ping", func(c *gin.Context) {
+    c.String(http.StatusOK, "pong")
+  })
+
+  m := autocert.Manager{
+    Prompt:     autocert.AcceptTOS,
+    HostPolicy: autocert.HostWhitelist("example1.com", "example2.com"),
+    Cache:      autocert.DirCache("/var/www/.cache"),
+  }
+
+  log.Fatal(autotls.RunWithManager(r, &m))
+}
+```
+
+### Run multiple service using Gin
+
+See the [question](https://github.com/gin-gonic/gin/issues/346) and try the following example:
+
+```go
+package main
+
+import (
+  "log"
+  "net/http"
+  "time"
+
+  "github.com/gin-gonic/gin"
+  "golang.org/x/sync/errgroup"
+)
+
+var (
+  g errgroup.Group
+)
+
+func router01() http.Handler {
+  e := gin.New()
+  e.Use(gin.Recovery())
+  e.GET("/", func(c *gin.Context) {
+    c.JSON(
+      http.StatusOK,
+      gin.H{
+        "code":  http.StatusOK,
+        "error": "Welcome server 01",
+      },
+    )
+  })
+
+  return e
+}
+
+func router02() http.Handler {
+  e := gin.New()
+  e.Use(gin.Recovery())
+  e.GET("/", func(c *gin.Context) {
+    c.JSON(
+      http.StatusOK,
+      gin.H{
+        "code":  http.StatusOK,
+        "error": "Welcome server 02",
+      },
+    )
+  })
+
+  return e
+}
+
+func main() {
+  server01 := &http.Server{
+    Addr:         ":8080",
+    Handler:      router01(),
+    ReadTimeout:  5 * time.Second,
+    WriteTimeout: 10 * time.Second,
+  }
+
+  server02 := &http.Server{
+    Addr:         ":8081",
+    Handler:      router02(),
+    ReadTimeout:  5 * time.Second,
+    WriteTimeout: 10 * time.Second,
+  }
+
+  g.Go(func() error {
+    err := server01.ListenAndServe()
+    if err != nil && err != http.ErrServerClosed {
+      log.Fatal(err)
+    }
+    return err
+  })
+
+  g.Go(func() error {
+    err := server02.ListenAndServe()
+    if err != nil && err != http.ErrServerClosed {
+      log.Fatal(err)
+    }
+    return err
+  })
+
+  if err := g.Wait(); err != nil {
+    log.Fatal(err)
+  }
+}
+```
+
+### Graceful shutdown or restart
+
+There are a few approaches you can use to perform a graceful shutdown or restart. You can make use of third-party packages specifically built for that, or you can manually do the same with the functions and methods from the built-in packages.
+
+#### Third-party packages
+
+We can use [fvbock/endless](https://github.com/fvbock/endless) to replace the default `ListenAndServe`. Refer to issue [#296](https://github.com/gin-gonic/gin/issues/296) for more details.
+
+```go
+router := gin.Default()
+router.GET("/", handler)
+// [...]
+endless.ListenAndServe(":4242", router)
+```
+
+Alternatives:
+
+* [grace](https://github.com/facebookgo/grace): Graceful restart & zero downtime deploy for Go servers.
+* [graceful](https://github.com/tylerb/graceful): Graceful is a Go package enabling graceful shutdown of an http.Handler server.
+* [manners](https://github.com/braintree/manners): A polite Go HTTP server that shuts down gracefully.
+
+#### Manually
+
+In case you are using Go 1.8 or a later version, you may not need to use those libraries. Consider using `http.Server`'s built-in [Shutdown()](https://pkg.go.dev/net/http#Server.Shutdown) method for graceful shutdowns. The example below describes its usage, and we've got more examples using gin [here](https://github.com/gin-gonic/examples/tree/master/graceful-shutdown).
+
+```go
+// +build go1.8
+
+package main
+
+import (
+  "context"
+  "log"
+  "net/http"
+  "os"
+  "os/signal"
+  "syscall"
+  "time"
+
+  "github.com/gin-gonic/gin"
+)
+
+func main() {
+  router := gin.Default()
+  router.GET("/", func(c *gin.Context) {
+    time.Sleep(5 * time.Second)
+    c.String(http.StatusOK, "Welcome Gin Server")
+  })
+
+  srv := &http.Server{
+    Addr:    ":8080",
+    Handler: router,
+  }
+
+  // Initializing the server in a goroutine so that
+  // it won't block the graceful shutdown handling below
+  go func() {
+    if err := srv.ListenAndServe(); err != nil && !errors.Is(err, http.ErrServerClosed) {
+      log.Printf("listen: %s\n", err)
+    }
+  }()
+
+  // Wait for interrupt signal to gracefully shutdown the server with
+  // a timeout of 5 seconds.
+  quit := make(chan os.Signal)
+  // kill (no param) default send syscall.SIGTERM
+  // kill -2 is syscall.SIGINT
+  // kill -9 is syscall.SIGKILL but can't be caught, so don't need to add it
+  signal.Notify(quit, syscall.SIGINT, syscall.SIGTERM)
+  <-quit
+  log.Println("Shutting down server...")
+
+  // The context is used to inform the server it has 5 seconds to finish
+  // the request it is currently handling
+  ctx, cancel := context.WithTimeout(context.Background(), 5*time.Second)
+  defer cancel()
+
+  if err := srv.Shutdown(ctx); err != nil {
+    log.Fatal("Server forced to shutdown:", err)
+  }
+
+  log.Println("Server exiting")
+}
+```
+
+### Build a single binary with templates
+
+You can build a server into a single binary containing templates by using the [embed](https://pkg.go.dev/embed) package.
+
+```go
+package main
+
+import (
+  "embed"
+  "html/template"
+  "net/http"
+
+  "github.com/gin-gonic/gin"
+)
+
+//go:embed assets/* templates/*
+var f embed.FS
+
+func main() {
+  router := gin.Default()
+  templ := template.Must(template.New("").ParseFS(f, "templates/*.tmpl", "templates/foo/*.tmpl"))
+  router.SetHTMLTemplate(templ)
+
+  // example: /public/assets/images/example.png
+  router.StaticFS("/public", http.FS(f))
+
+  router.GET("/", func(c *gin.Context) {
+    c.HTML(http.StatusOK, "index.tmpl", gin.H{
+      "title": "Main website",
+    })
+  })
+
+  router.GET("/foo", func(c *gin.Context) {
+    c.HTML(http.StatusOK, "bar.tmpl", gin.H{
+      "title": "Foo website",
+    })
+  })
+
+  router.GET("favicon.ico", func(c *gin.Context) {
+    file, _ := f.ReadFile("assets/favicon.ico")
+    c.Data(
+      http.StatusOK,
+      "image/x-icon",
+      file,
+    )
+  })
+
+  router.Run(":8080")
+}
+```
+
+See a complete example in the `https://github.com/gin-gonic/examples/tree/master/assets-in-binary/example02` directory.
+
+### Bind form-data request with custom struct
+
+The follow example using custom struct:
+
+```go
+type StructA struct {
+    FieldA string `form:"field_a"`
+}
+
+type StructB struct {
+    NestedStruct StructA
+    FieldB string `form:"field_b"`
+}
+
+type StructC struct {
+    NestedStructPointer *StructA
+    FieldC string `form:"field_c"`
+}
+
+type StructD struct {
+    NestedAnonyStruct struct {
+        FieldX string `form:"field_x"`
+    }
+    FieldD string `form:"field_d"`
+}
+
+func GetDataB(c *gin.Context) {
+    var b StructB
+    c.Bind(&b)
+    c.JSON(http.StatusOK, gin.H{
+        "a": b.NestedStruct,
+        "b": b.FieldB,
+    })
+}
+
+func GetDataC(c *gin.Context) {
+    var b StructC
+    c.Bind(&b)
+    c.JSON(http.StatusOK, gin.H{
+        "a": b.NestedStructPointer,
+        "c": b.FieldC,
+    })
+}
+
+func GetDataD(c *gin.Context) {
+    var b StructD
+    c.Bind(&b)
+    c.JSON(http.StatusOK, gin.H{
+        "x": b.NestedAnonyStruct,
+        "d": b.FieldD,
+    })
+}
+
+func main() {
+    r := gin.Default()
+    r.GET("/getb", GetDataB)
+    r.GET("/getc", GetDataC)
+    r.GET("/getd", GetDataD)
+
+    r.Run()
+}
+```
+
+Using the command `curl` command result:
+
+```sh
+$ curl "http://localhost:8080/getb?field_a=hello&field_b=world"
+{"a":{"FieldA":"hello"},"b":"world"}
+$ curl "http://localhost:8080/getc?field_a=hello&field_c=world"
+{"a":{"FieldA":"hello"},"c":"world"}
+$ curl "http://localhost:8080/getd?field_x=hello&field_d=world"
+{"d":"world","x":{"FieldX":"hello"}}
+```
+
+### Try to bind body into different structs
+
+The normal methods for binding request body consumes `c.Request.Body` and they
+cannot be called multiple times.
+
+```go
+type formA struct {
+  Foo string `json:"foo" xml:"foo" binding:"required"`
+}
+
+type formB struct {
+  Bar string `json:"bar" xml:"bar" binding:"required"`
+}
+
+func SomeHandler(c *gin.Context) {
+  objA := formA{}
+  objB := formB{}
+  // Calling c.ShouldBind consumes c.Request.Body and it cannot be reused.
+  if errA := c.ShouldBind(&objA); errA == nil {
+    c.String(http.StatusOK, `the body should be formA`)
+  // Always an error is occurred by this because c.Request.Body is EOF now.
+  } else if errB := c.ShouldBind(&objB); errB == nil {
+    c.String(http.StatusOK, `the body should be formB`)
+  } else {
+    ...
+  }
+}
+```
+
+For this, you can use `c.ShouldBindBodyWith` or shortcuts.
+
+- `c.ShouldBindBodyWithJSON` is a shortcut for c.ShouldBindBodyWith(obj, binding.JSON).
+- `c.ShouldBindBodyWithXML` is a shortcut for c.ShouldBindBodyWith(obj, binding.XML).
+- `c.ShouldBindBodyWithYAML` is a shortcut for c.ShouldBindBodyWith(obj, binding.YAML).
+- `c.ShouldBindBodyWithTOML` is a shortcut for c.ShouldBindBodyWith(obj, binding.TOML).
+
+```go
+func SomeHandler(c *gin.Context) {
+  objA := formA{}
+  objB := formB{}
+  // This reads c.Request.Body and stores the result into the context.
+  if errA := c.ShouldBindBodyWith(&objA, binding.Form); errA == nil {
+    c.String(http.StatusOK, `the body should be formA`)
+  // At this time, it reuses body stored in the context.
+  } else if errB := c.ShouldBindBodyWith(&objB, binding.JSON); errB == nil {
+    c.String(http.StatusOK, `the body should be formB JSON`)
+  // And it can accepts other formats
+  } else if errB2 := c.ShouldBindBodyWithXML(&objB); errB2 == nil {
+    c.String(http.StatusOK, `the body should be formB XML`)
+  } else {
+    ...
+  }
+}
+```
+
+1. `c.ShouldBindBodyWith` stores body into the context before binding. This has
+a slight impact to performance, so you should not use this method if you are
+enough to call binding at once.
+2. This feature is only needed for some formats -- `JSON`, `XML`, `MsgPack`,
+`ProtoBuf`. For other formats, `Query`, `Form`, `FormPost`, `FormMultipart`,
+can be called by `c.ShouldBind()` multiple times without any damage to
+performance (See [#1341](https://github.com/gin-gonic/gin/pull/1341)).
+
+### Bind form-data request with custom struct and custom tag
+
+```go
+const (
+  customerTag = "url"
+  defaultMemory = 32 << 20
+)
+
+type customerBinding struct {}
+
+func (customerBinding) Name() string {
+  return "form"
+}
+
+func (customerBinding) Bind(req *http.Request, obj any) error {
+  if err := req.ParseForm(); err != nil {
+    return err
+  }
+  if err := req.ParseMultipartForm(defaultMemory); err != nil {
+    if err != http.ErrNotMultipart {
+      return err
+    }
+  }
+  if err := binding.MapFormWithTag(obj, req.Form, customerTag); err != nil {
+    return err
+  }
+  return validate(obj)
+}
+
+func validate(obj any) error {
+  if binding.Validator == nil {
+    return nil
+  }
+  return binding.Validator.ValidateStruct(obj)
+}
+
+// Now we can do this!!!
+// FormA is an external type that we can't modify it's tag
+type FormA struct {
+  FieldA string `url:"field_a"`
+}
+
+func ListHandler(s *Service) func(ctx *gin.Context) {
+  return func(ctx *gin.Context) {
+    var urlBinding = customerBinding{}
+    var opt FormA
+    err := ctx.MustBindWith(&opt, urlBinding)
+    if err != nil {
+      ...
+    }
+    ...
+  }
+}
+```
+
+### http2 server push
+
+http.Pusher is supported only **go1.8+**. See the [golang blog](https://go.dev/blog/h2push) for detail information.
+
+```go
+package main
+
+import (
+  "html/template"
+  "log"
+  "net/http"
+
+  "github.com/gin-gonic/gin"
+)
+
+var html = template.Must(template.New("https").Parse(`
+<html>
+<head>
+  <title>Https Test</title>
+  <script src="/assets/app.js"></script>
+</head>
+<body>
+  <h1 style="color:red;">Welcome, Ginner!</h1>
+</body>
+</html>
+`))
+
+func main() {
+  r := gin.Default()
+  r.Static("/assets", "./assets")
+  r.SetHTMLTemplate(html)
+
+  r.GET("/", func(c *gin.Context) {
+    if pusher := c.Writer.Pusher(); pusher != nil {
+      // use pusher.Push() to do server push
+      if err := pusher.Push("/assets/app.js", nil); err != nil {
+        log.Printf("Failed to push: %v", err)
+      }
+    }
+    c.HTML(http.StatusOK, "https", gin.H{
+      "status": "success",
+    })
+  })
+
+  // Listen and Server in https://127.0.0.1:8080
+  r.RunTLS(":8080", "./testdata/server.pem", "./testdata/server.key")
+}
+```
+
+### Define format for the log of routes
+
+The default log of routes is:
+
+```sh
+[GIN-debug] POST   /foo                      --> main.main.func1 (3 handlers)
+[GIN-debug] GET    /bar                      --> main.main.func2 (3 handlers)
+[GIN-debug] GET    /status                   --> main.main.func3 (3 handlers)
+```
+
+If you want to log this information in given format (e.g. JSON, key values or something else), then you can define this format with `gin.DebugPrintRouteFunc`.
+In the example below, we log all routes with standard log package but you can use another log tools that suits of your needs.
+
+```go
+import (
+  "log"
+  "net/http"
+
+  "github.com/gin-gonic/gin"
+)
+
+func main() {
+  r := gin.Default()
+  gin.DebugPrintRouteFunc = func(httpMethod, absolutePath, handlerName string, nuHandlers int) {
+    log.Printf("endpoint %v %v %v %v\n", httpMethod, absolutePath, handlerName, nuHandlers)
+  }
+
+  r.POST("/foo", func(c *gin.Context) {
+    c.JSON(http.StatusOK, "foo")
+  })
+
+  r.GET("/bar", func(c *gin.Context) {
+    c.JSON(http.StatusOK, "bar")
+  })
+
+  r.GET("/status", func(c *gin.Context) {
+    c.JSON(http.StatusOK, "ok")
+  })
+
+  // Listen and Server in http://0.0.0.0:8080
+  r.Run()
+}
+```
+
+### Set and get a cookie
+
+```go
+import (
+  "fmt"
+
+  "github.com/gin-gonic/gin"
+)
+
+func main() {
+  router := gin.Default()
+
+  router.GET("/cookie", func(c *gin.Context) {
+    cookie, err := c.Cookie("gin_cookie")
+
+    if err != nil {
+      cookie = "NotSet"
+      // Using http.Cookie struct for more control
+      c.SetCookieData(&http.Cookie{
+        Name:       "gin_cookie",
+        Value:      "test",
+        Path:       "/",
+        Domain:     "localhost",
+        MaxAge:     3600,
+        Secure:     false,
+        HttpOnly:   true,
+        // Additional fields available in http.Cookie
+        Expires:    time.Now().Add(24 * time.Hour),
+        // Partitioned: true, // Available in newer Go versions
+      })
+    }
+
+    fmt.Printf("Cookie value: %s \n", cookie)
+  })
+
+  router.Run()
+}
+```
+
+You can also use the `SetCookieData` method, which accepts a `*http.Cookie` directly for more flexibility:
+
+```go
+import (
+  "fmt"
+  "net/http"
+  "time"
+
+  "github.com/gin-gonic/gin"
+)
+
+func main() {
+  router := gin.Default()
+
+  router.GET("/cookie", func(c *gin.Context) {
+      cookie, err := c.Cookie("gin_cookie")
+
+      if err != nil {
+          cookie = "NotSet"
+          // Using http.Cookie struct for more control
+          c.SetCookieData(&http.Cookie{
+              Name:       "gin_cookie",
+              Value:      "test",
+              Path:       "/",
+              Domain:     "localhost",
+              MaxAge:     3600,
+              Secure:     false,
+              HttpOnly:   true,
+              // Additional fields available in http.Cookie
+              Expires:    time.Now().Add(24 * time.Hour),
+              // Partitioned: true, // Available in newer Go versions
+          })
+      }
+
+      fmt.Printf("Cookie value: %s \n", cookie)
+  })
+
+  router.Run()
+}
+```
+
+### Custom json codec at runtime
+
+Gin support custom json serialization and deserialization logic without using compile tags.
+
+1. Define a custom struct implements the `json.Core` interface.
+
+2. Before your engine starts, assign values to `json.API` using the custom struct.
+
+```go
+package main
+
+import (
+  "io"
+
+  "github.com/gin-gonic/gin"
+  "github.com/gin-gonic/gin/codec/json"
+  jsoniter "github.com/json-iterator/go"
+)
+
+var customConfig = jsoniter.Config{
+  EscapeHTML:             true,
+  SortMapKeys:            true,
+  ValidateJsonRawMessage: true,
+}.Froze()
+
+// implement api.JsonApi
+type customJsonApi struct {
+}
+
+func (j customJsonApi) Marshal(v any) ([]byte, error) {
+  return customConfig.Marshal(v)
+}
+
+func (j customJsonApi) Unmarshal(data []byte, v any) error {
+  return customConfig.Unmarshal(data, v)
+}
+
+func (j customJsonApi) MarshalIndent(v any, prefix, indent string) ([]byte, error) {
+  return customConfig.MarshalIndent(v, prefix, indent)
+}
+
+func (j customJsonApi) NewEncoder(writer io.Writer) json.Encoder {
+  return customConfig.NewEncoder(writer)
+}
+
+func (j customJsonApi) NewDecoder(reader io.Reader) json.Decoder {
+  return customConfig.NewDecoder(reader)
+}
+
+func main() {
+  //Replace the default json api
+  json.API = customJsonApi{}
+
+  //Start your gin engine
+  router := gin.Default()
+  router.Run(":8080")
+}
+```
+
+## Don't trust all proxies
+
+Gin lets you specify which headers to hold the real client IP (if any),
+as well as specifying which proxies (or direct clients) you trust to
+specify one of these headers.
+
+Use function `SetTrustedProxies()` on your `gin.Engine` to specify network addresses
+or network CIDRs from where clients which their request headers related to client
+IP can be trusted. They can be IPv4 addresses, IPv4 CIDRs, IPv6 addresses or
+IPv6 CIDRs.
+
+**Attention:** Gin trusts all proxies by default if you don't specify a trusted
+proxy using the function above, **this is NOT safe**. At the same time, if you don't
+use any proxy, you can disable this feature by using `Engine.SetTrustedProxies(nil)`,
+then `Context.ClientIP()` will return the remote address directly to avoid some
+unnecessary computation.
+
+```go
+import (
+  "fmt"
+
+  "github.com/gin-gonic/gin"
+)
+
+func main() {
+  router := gin.Default()
+  router.SetTrustedProxies([]string{"192.168.1.2"})
+
+  router.GET("/", func(c *gin.Context) {
+    // If the client is 192.168.1.2, use the X-Forwarded-For
+    // header to deduce the original client IP from the trust-
+    // worthy parts of that header.
+    // Otherwise, simply return the direct client IP
+    fmt.Printf("ClientIP: %s\n", c.ClientIP())
+  })
+  router.Run()
+}
+```
+
+**Notice:** If you are using a CDN service, you can set the `Engine.TrustedPlatform`
+to skip TrustedProxies check, it has a higher priority than TrustedProxies.
+Look at the example below:
+
+```go
+import (
+  "fmt"
+
+  "github.com/gin-gonic/gin"
+)
+
+func main() {
+  router := gin.Default()
+  // Use predefined header gin.PlatformXXX
+  // Google App Engine
+  router.TrustedPlatform = gin.PlatformGoogleAppEngine
+  // Cloudflare
+  router.TrustedPlatform = gin.PlatformCloudflare
+  // Fly.io
+  router.TrustedPlatform = gin.PlatformFlyIO
+  // Or, you can set your own trusted request header. But be sure your CDN
+  // prevents users from passing this header! For example, if your CDN puts
+  // the client IP in X-CDN-Client-IP:
+  router.TrustedPlatform = "X-CDN-Client-IP"
+
+  router.GET("/", func(c *gin.Context) {
+    // If you set TrustedPlatform, ClientIP() will resolve the
+    // corresponding header and return IP directly
+    fmt.Printf("ClientIP: %s\n", c.ClientIP())
+  })
+  router.Run()
+}
+```
+
+## Testing
+
+The `net/http/httptest` package is preferable way for HTTP testing.
+
+```go
+package main
+
+import (
+  "net/http"
+
+  "github.com/gin-gonic/gin"
+)
+
+func setupRouter() *gin.Engine {
+  r := gin.Default()
+  r.GET("/ping", func(c *gin.Context) {
+    c.String(http.StatusOK, "pong")
+  })
+  return r
+}
+
+func main() {
+  r := setupRouter()
+  r.Run(":8080")
+}
+```
+
+Test for code example above:
+
+```go
+package main
+
+import (
+  "net/http"
+  "net/http/httptest"
+  "testing"
+
+  "github.com/stretchr/testify/assert"
+)
+
+func TestPingRoute(t *testing.T) {
+  router := setupRouter()
+
+  w := httptest.NewRecorder()
+  req, _ := http.NewRequest(http.MethodGet, "/ping", nil)
+  router.ServeHTTP(w, req)
+
+  assert.Equal(t, http.StatusOK, w.Code)
+  assert.Equal(t, "pong", w.Body.String())
+}
+```
diff --git a/errors.go b/errors.go
index ca2bfc3f..829e9d2c 100644
--- a/errors.go
+++ b/errors.go
@@ -9,7 +9,7 @@ import (
 	"reflect"
 	"strings"
 
-	"github.com/gin-gonic/gin/internal/json"
+	"github.com/gin-gonic/gin/codec/json"
 )
 
 // ErrorType is an unsigned 64-bit error code as defined in the gin spec.
@@ -39,7 +39,7 @@ type Error struct {
 
 type errorMsgs []*Error
 
-var _ error = &Error{}
+var _ error = (*Error)(nil)
 
 // SetType sets the error's type.
 func (msg *Error) SetType(flags ErrorType) *Error {
@@ -77,7 +77,7 @@ func (msg *Error) JSON() any {
 
 // MarshalJSON implements the json.Marshaller interface.
 func (msg *Error) MarshalJSON() ([]byte, error) {
-	return json.Marshal(msg.JSON())
+	return json.API.Marshal(msg.JSON())
 }
 
 // Error implements the error interface.
@@ -91,7 +91,7 @@ func (msg *Error) IsType(flags ErrorType) bool {
 }
 
 // Unwrap returns the wrapped error, to allow interoperability with errors.Is(), errors.As() and errors.Unwrap()
-func (msg *Error) Unwrap() error {
+func (msg Error) Unwrap() error {
 	return msg.Err
 }
 
@@ -157,7 +157,7 @@ func (a errorMsgs) JSON() any {
 
 // MarshalJSON implements the json.Marshaller interface.
 func (a errorMsgs) MarshalJSON() ([]byte, error) {
-	return json.Marshal(a.JSON())
+	return json.API.Marshal(a.JSON())
 }
 
 func (a errorMsgs) String() string {
diff --git a/errors_test.go b/errors_test.go
index f77a6342..6d8df278 100644
--- a/errors_test.go
+++ b/errors_test.go
@@ -9,8 +9,9 @@ import (
 	"fmt"
 	"testing"
 
-	"github.com/gin-gonic/gin/internal/json"
+	"github.com/gin-gonic/gin/codec/json"
 	"github.com/stretchr/testify/assert"
+	"github.com/stretchr/testify/require"
 )
 
 func TestError(t *testing.T) {
@@ -32,8 +33,8 @@ func TestError(t *testing.T) {
 		"meta":  "some data",
 	}, err.JSON())
 
-	jsonBytes, _ := json.Marshal(err)
-	assert.Equal(t, "{\"error\":\"test error\",\"meta\":\"some data\"}", string(jsonBytes))
+	jsonBytes, _ := json.API.Marshal(err)
+	assert.JSONEq(t, "{\"error\":\"test error\",\"meta\":\"some data\"}", string(jsonBytes))
 
 	err.SetMeta(H{ //nolint: errcheck
 		"status": "200",
@@ -91,14 +92,14 @@ Error #03: third
 		H{"error": "second", "meta": "some data"},
 		H{"error": "third", "status": "400"},
 	}, errs.JSON())
-	jsonBytes, _ := json.Marshal(errs)
-	assert.Equal(t, "[{\"error\":\"first\"},{\"error\":\"second\",\"meta\":\"some data\"},{\"error\":\"third\",\"status\":\"400\"}]", string(jsonBytes))
+	jsonBytes, _ := json.API.Marshal(errs)
+	assert.JSONEq(t, "[{\"error\":\"first\"},{\"error\":\"second\",\"meta\":\"some data\"},{\"error\":\"third\",\"status\":\"400\"}]", string(jsonBytes))
 	errs = errorMsgs{
 		{Err: errors.New("first"), Type: ErrorTypePrivate},
 	}
 	assert.Equal(t, H{"error": "first"}, errs.JSON())
-	jsonBytes, _ = json.Marshal(errs)
-	assert.Equal(t, "{\"error\":\"first\"}", string(jsonBytes))
+	jsonBytes, _ = json.API.Marshal(errs)
+	assert.JSONEq(t, "{\"error\":\"first\"}", string(jsonBytes))
 
 	errs = errorMsgs{}
 	assert.Nil(t, errs.Last())
@@ -122,7 +123,18 @@ func TestErrorUnwrap(t *testing.T) {
 	})
 
 	// check that 'errors.Is()' and 'errors.As()' behave as expected :
-	assert.True(t, errors.Is(err, innerErr))
+	require.ErrorIs(t, err, innerErr)
 	var testErr TestErr
-	assert.True(t, errors.As(err, &testErr))
+	require.ErrorAs(t, err, &testErr)
+
+	// Test non-pointer usage of gin.Error
+	errNonPointer := Error{
+		Err:  innerErr,
+		Type: ErrorTypeAny,
+	}
+	wrappedErr := fmt.Errorf("wrapped: %w", errNonPointer)
+	// Check that 'errors.Is()' and 'errors.As()' behave as expected for non-pointer usage
+	require.ErrorIs(t, wrappedErr, innerErr)
+	var testErrNonPointer TestErr
+	require.ErrorAs(t, wrappedErr, &testErrNonPointer)
 }
diff --git a/fs.go b/fs.go
index 64274735..ab18adb3 100644
--- a/fs.go
+++ b/fs.go
@@ -9,37 +9,42 @@ import (
 	"os"
 )
 
-type onlyFilesFS struct {
-	fs http.FileSystem
+// OnlyFilesFS implements an http.FileSystem without `Readdir` functionality.
+type OnlyFilesFS struct {
+	FileSystem http.FileSystem
 }
 
-type neuteredReaddirFile struct {
-	http.File
-}
-
-// Dir returns a http.FileSystem that can be used by http.FileServer(). It is used internally
-// in router.Static().
-// if listDirectory == true, then it works the same as http.Dir() otherwise it returns
-// a filesystem that prevents http.FileServer() to list the directory files.
-func Dir(root string, listDirectory bool) http.FileSystem {
-	fs := http.Dir(root)
-	if listDirectory {
-		return fs
-	}
-	return &onlyFilesFS{fs}
-}
-
-// Open conforms to http.Filesystem.
-func (fs onlyFilesFS) Open(name string) (http.File, error) {
-	f, err := fs.fs.Open(name)
+// Open passes `Open` to the upstream implementation without `Readdir` functionality.
+func (o OnlyFilesFS) Open(name string) (http.File, error) {
+	f, err := o.FileSystem.Open(name)
 	if err != nil {
 		return nil, err
 	}
-	return neuteredReaddirFile{f}, nil
+
+	return neutralizedReaddirFile{f}, nil
 }
 
-// Readdir overrides the http.File default implementation.
-func (f neuteredReaddirFile) Readdir(count int) ([]os.FileInfo, error) {
+// neutralizedReaddirFile wraps http.File with a specific implementation of `Readdir`.
+type neutralizedReaddirFile struct {
+	http.File
+}
+
+// Readdir overrides the http.File default implementation and always returns nil.
+func (n neutralizedReaddirFile) Readdir(_ int) ([]os.FileInfo, error) {
 	// this disables directory listing
 	return nil, nil
 }
+
+// Dir returns an http.FileSystem that can be used by http.FileServer().
+// It is used internally in router.Static().
+// if listDirectory == true, then it works the same as http.Dir(),
+// otherwise it returns a filesystem that prevents http.FileServer() to list the directory files.
+func Dir(root string, listDirectory bool) http.FileSystem {
+	fs := http.Dir(root)
+
+	if listDirectory {
+		return fs
+	}
+
+	return &OnlyFilesFS{FileSystem: fs}
+}
diff --git a/fs_test.go b/fs_test.go
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..167ac1af
--- /dev/null
+++ b/fs_test.go
@@ -0,0 +1,72 @@
+package gin
+
+import (
+	"errors"
+	"net/http"
+	"os"
+	"testing"
+
+	"github.com/stretchr/testify/assert"
+	"github.com/stretchr/testify/require"
+)
+
+type mockFileSystem struct {
+	open func(name string) (http.File, error)
+}
+
+func (m *mockFileSystem) Open(name string) (http.File, error) {
+	return m.open(name)
+}
+
+func TestOnlyFilesFS_Open(t *testing.T) {
+	var testFile *os.File
+	mockFS := &mockFileSystem{
+		open: func(name string) (http.File, error) {
+			return testFile, nil
+		},
+	}
+	fs := &OnlyFilesFS{FileSystem: mockFS}
+
+	file, err := fs.Open("foo")
+
+	require.NoError(t, err)
+	assert.Equal(t, testFile, file.(neutralizedReaddirFile).File)
+}
+
+func TestOnlyFilesFS_Open_err(t *testing.T) {
+	testError := errors.New("mock")
+	mockFS := &mockFileSystem{
+		open: func(_ string) (http.File, error) {
+			return nil, testError
+		},
+	}
+	fs := &OnlyFilesFS{FileSystem: mockFS}
+
+	file, err := fs.Open("foo")
+
+	require.ErrorIs(t, err, testError)
+	assert.Nil(t, file)
+}
+
+func Test_neuteredReaddirFile_Readdir(t *testing.T) {
+	n := neutralizedReaddirFile{}
+
+	res, err := n.Readdir(0)
+
+	require.NoError(t, err)
+	assert.Nil(t, res)
+}
+
+func TestDir_listDirectory(t *testing.T) {
+	testRoot := "foo"
+	fs := Dir(testRoot, true)
+
+	assert.Equal(t, http.Dir(testRoot), fs)
+}
+
+func TestDir(t *testing.T) {
+	testRoot := "foo"
+	fs := Dir(testRoot, false)
+
+	assert.Equal(t, &OnlyFilesFS{FileSystem: http.Dir(testRoot)}, fs)
+}
diff --git a/gin.go b/gin.go
index f9324299..2e033bf3 100644
--- a/gin.go
+++ b/gin.go
@@ -15,12 +15,19 @@ import (
 	"sync"
 
 	"github.com/gin-gonic/gin/internal/bytesconv"
+	filesystem "github.com/gin-gonic/gin/internal/fs"
 	"github.com/gin-gonic/gin/render"
+	"github.com/quic-go/quic-go/http3"
 	"golang.org/x/net/http2"
 	"golang.org/x/net/http2/h2c"
 )
 
-const defaultMultipartMemory = 32 << 20 // 32 MB
+const (
+	defaultMultipartMemory = 32 << 20 // 32 MB
+	escapedColon           = "\\:"
+	colon                  = ":"
+	backslash              = "\\"
+)
 
 var (
 	default404Body = []byte("404 page not found")
@@ -43,6 +50,9 @@ var defaultTrustedCIDRs = []*net.IPNet{
 // HandlerFunc defines the handler used by gin middleware as return value.
 type HandlerFunc func(*Context)
 
+// OptionFunc defines the function to change the default configuration
+type OptionFunc func(*Engine)
+
 // HandlersChain defines a HandlerFunc slice.
 type HandlersChain []HandlerFunc
 
@@ -73,6 +83,8 @@ const (
 	// PlatformCloudflare when using Cloudflare's CDN. Trust CF-Connecting-IP for determining
 	// the client's IP
 	PlatformCloudflare = "CF-Connecting-IP"
+	// PlatformFlyIO when running on Fly.io. Trust Fly-Client-IP for determining the client's IP
+	PlatformFlyIO = "Fly-Client-IP"
 )
 
 // Engine is the framework's instance, it contains the muxer, middleware and configuration settings.
@@ -80,6 +92,10 @@ const (
 type Engine struct {
 	RouterGroup
 
+	// routeTreesUpdated ensures that the initialization or update of the route trees
+	// (used for routing HTTP requests) happens only once, even if called multiple times concurrently.
+	routeTreesUpdated sync.Once
+
 	// RedirectTrailingSlash enables automatic redirection if the current route can't be matched but a
 	// handler for the path with (without) the trailing slash exists.
 	// For example if /foo/ is requested but a route only exists for /foo, the
@@ -119,10 +135,16 @@ type Engine struct {
 	AppEngine bool
 
 	// UseRawPath if enabled, the url.RawPath will be used to find parameters.
+	// The RawPath is only a hint, EscapedPath() should be use instead. (https://pkg.go.dev/net/url@master#URL)
+	// Only use RawPath if you know what you are doing.
 	UseRawPath bool
 
+	// UseEscapedPath if enable, the url.EscapedPath() will be used to find parameters
+	// It overrides UseRawPath
+	UseEscapedPath bool
+
 	// UnescapePathValues if true, the path value will be unescaped.
-	// If UseRawPath is false (by default), the UnescapePathValues effectively is true,
+	// If UseRawPath and UseEscapedPath are false (by default), the UnescapePathValues effectively is true,
 	// as url.Path gonna be used, which is already unescaped.
 	UnescapePathValues bool
 
@@ -166,7 +188,7 @@ type Engine struct {
 	trustedCIDRs     []*net.IPNet
 }
 
-var _ IRouter = &Engine{}
+var _ IRouter = (*Engine)(nil)
 
 // New returns a new blank Engine instance without any middleware attached.
 // By default, the configuration is:
@@ -175,8 +197,9 @@ var _ IRouter = &Engine{}
 // - HandleMethodNotAllowed: false
 // - ForwardedByClientIP:    true
 // - UseRawPath:             false
+// - UseEscapedPath: 		 false
 // - UnescapePathValues:     true
-func New() *Engine {
+func New(opts ...OptionFunc) *Engine {
 	debugPrintWARNINGNew()
 	engine := &Engine{
 		RouterGroup: RouterGroup{
@@ -192,6 +215,7 @@ func New() *Engine {
 		RemoteIPHeaders:        []string{"X-Forwarded-For", "X-Real-IP"},
 		TrustedPlatform:        defaultPlatform,
 		UseRawPath:             false,
+		UseEscapedPath:         false,
 		RemoveExtraSlash:       false,
 		UnescapePathValues:     true,
 		MaxMultipartMemory:     defaultMultipartMemory,
@@ -201,19 +225,19 @@ func New() *Engine {
 		trustedProxies:         []string{"0.0.0.0/0", "::/0"},
 		trustedCIDRs:           defaultTrustedCIDRs,
 	}
-	engine.RouterGroup.engine = engine
+	engine.engine = engine
 	engine.pool.New = func() any {
-		return engine.allocateContext()
+		return engine.allocateContext(engine.maxParams)
 	}
-	return engine
+	return engine.With(opts...)
 }
 
 // Default returns an Engine instance with the Logger and Recovery middleware already attached.
-func Default() *Engine {
+func Default(opts ...OptionFunc) *Engine {
 	debugPrintWARNINGDefault()
 	engine := New()
 	engine.Use(Logger(), Recovery())
-	return engine
+	return engine.With(opts...)
 }
 
 func (engine *Engine) Handler() http.Handler {
@@ -225,8 +249,8 @@ func (engine *Engine) Handler() http.Handler {
 	return h2c.NewHandler(engine, h2s)
 }
 
-func (engine *Engine) allocateContext() *Context {
-	v := make(Params, 0, engine.maxParams)
+func (engine *Engine) allocateContext(maxParams uint16) *Context {
+	v := make(Params, 0, maxParams)
 	skippedNodes := make([]skippedNode, 0, engine.maxSections)
 	return &Context{engine: engine, params: &v, skippedNodes: &skippedNodes}
 }
@@ -271,6 +295,19 @@ func (engine *Engine) LoadHTMLFiles(files ...string) {
 	engine.SetHTMLTemplate(templ)
 }
 
+// LoadHTMLFS loads an http.FileSystem and a slice of patterns
+// and associates the result with HTML renderer.
+func (engine *Engine) LoadHTMLFS(fs http.FileSystem, patterns ...string) {
+	if IsDebugging() {
+		engine.HTMLRender = render.HTMLDebug{FileSystem: fs, Patterns: patterns, FuncMap: engine.FuncMap, Delims: engine.delims}
+		return
+	}
+
+	templ := template.Must(template.New("").Delims(engine.delims.Left, engine.delims.Right).Funcs(engine.FuncMap).ParseFS(
+		filesystem.FileSystem{FileSystem: fs}, patterns...))
+	engine.SetHTMLTemplate(templ)
+}
+
 // SetHTMLTemplate associate a template with HTML renderer.
 func (engine *Engine) SetHTMLTemplate(templ *template.Template) {
 	if len(engine.trees) > 0 {
@@ -307,6 +344,15 @@ func (engine *Engine) Use(middleware ...HandlerFunc) IRoutes {
 	return engine
 }
 
+// With returns an Engine with the configuration set in the OptionFunc.
+func (engine *Engine) With(opts ...OptionFunc) *Engine {
+	for _, opt := range opts {
+		opt(engine)
+	}
+
+	return engine
+}
+
 func (engine *Engine) rebuild404Handlers() {
 	engine.allNoRoute = engine.combineHandlers(engine.noRoute)
 }
@@ -330,7 +376,6 @@ func (engine *Engine) addRoute(method, path string, handlers HandlersChain) {
 	}
 	root.addRoute(path, handlers)
 
-	// Update maxParams
 	if paramsCount := countParams(path); paramsCount > engine.maxParams {
 		engine.maxParams = paramsCount
 	}
@@ -341,7 +386,7 @@ func (engine *Engine) addRoute(method, path string, handlers HandlersChain) {
 }
 
 // Routes returns a slice of registered routes, including some useful information, such as:
-// the http method, path and the handler name.
+// the http method, path, and the handler name.
 func (engine *Engine) Routes() (routes RoutesInfo) {
 	for _, tree := range engine.trees {
 		routes = iterate("", tree.method, routes, tree.root)
@@ -366,23 +411,6 @@ func iterate(path, method string, routes RoutesInfo, root *node) RoutesInfo {
 	return routes
 }
 
-// Run attaches the router to a http.Server and starts listening and serving HTTP requests.
-// It is a shortcut for http.ListenAndServe(addr, router)
-// Note: this method will block the calling goroutine indefinitely unless an error happens.
-func (engine *Engine) Run(addr ...string) (err error) {
-	defer func() { debugPrintError(err) }()
-
-	if engine.isUnsafeTrustedProxies() {
-		debugPrint("[WARNING] You trusted all proxies, this is NOT safe. We recommend you to set a value.\n" +
-			"Please check https://pkg.go.dev/github.com/gin-gonic/gin#readme-don-t-trust-all-proxies for details.")
-	}
-
-	address := resolveAddress(addr)
-	debugPrint("Listening and serving HTTP on %s\n", address)
-	err = http.ListenAndServe(address, engine.Handler())
-	return
-}
-
 func (engine *Engine) prepareTrustedCIDRs() ([]*net.IPNet, error) {
 	if engine.trustedProxies == nil {
 		return nil, nil
@@ -472,6 +500,26 @@ func (engine *Engine) validateHeader(header string) (clientIP string, valid bool
 	return "", false
 }
 
+// updateRouteTree do update to the route tree recursively
+func updateRouteTree(n *node) {
+	n.path = strings.ReplaceAll(n.path, escapedColon, colon)
+	n.fullPath = strings.ReplaceAll(n.fullPath, escapedColon, colon)
+	n.indices = strings.ReplaceAll(n.indices, backslash, colon)
+	if n.children == nil {
+		return
+	}
+	for _, child := range n.children {
+		updateRouteTree(child)
+	}
+}
+
+// updateRouteTrees do update to the route trees
+func (engine *Engine) updateRouteTrees() {
+	for _, tree := range engine.trees {
+		updateRouteTree(tree.root)
+	}
+}
+
 // parseIP parse a string representation of an IP and returns a net.IP with the
 // minimum byte representation or nil if input is invalid.
 func parseIP(ip string) net.IP {
@@ -486,6 +534,27 @@ func parseIP(ip string) net.IP {
 	return parsedIP
 }
 
+// Run attaches the router to a http.Server and starts listening and serving HTTP requests.
+// It is a shortcut for http.ListenAndServe(addr, router)
+// Note: this method will block the calling goroutine indefinitely unless an error happens.
+func (engine *Engine) Run(addr ...string) (err error) {
+	defer func() { debugPrintError(err) }()
+
+	if engine.isUnsafeTrustedProxies() {
+		debugPrint("[WARNING] You trusted all proxies, this is NOT safe. We recommend you to set a value.\n" +
+			"Please check https://github.com/gin-gonic/gin/blob/master/docs/doc.md#dont-trust-all-proxies for details.")
+	}
+	engine.updateRouteTrees()
+	address := resolveAddress(addr)
+	debugPrint("Listening and serving HTTP on %s\n", address)
+	server := &http.Server{ // #nosec G112
+		Addr:    address,
+		Handler: engine.Handler(),
+	}
+	err = server.ListenAndServe()
+	return
+}
+
 // RunTLS attaches the router to a http.Server and starts listening and serving HTTPS (secure) requests.
 // It is a shortcut for http.ListenAndServeTLS(addr, certFile, keyFile, router)
 // Note: this method will block the calling goroutine indefinitely unless an error happens.
@@ -495,10 +564,14 @@ func (engine *Engine) RunTLS(addr, certFile, keyFile string) (err error) {
 
 	if engine.isUnsafeTrustedProxies() {
 		debugPrint("[WARNING] You trusted all proxies, this is NOT safe. We recommend you to set a value.\n" +
-			"Please check https://pkg.go.dev/github.com/gin-gonic/gin#readme-don-t-trust-all-proxies for details.")
+			"Please check https://github.com/gin-gonic/gin/blob/master/docs/doc.md#dont-trust-all-proxies for details.")
 	}
 
-	err = http.ListenAndServeTLS(addr, certFile, keyFile, engine.Handler())
+	server := &http.Server{ // #nosec G112
+		Addr:    addr,
+		Handler: engine.Handler(),
+	}
+	err = server.ListenAndServeTLS(certFile, keyFile)
 	return
 }
 
@@ -511,7 +584,7 @@ func (engine *Engine) RunUnix(file string) (err error) {
 
 	if engine.isUnsafeTrustedProxies() {
 		debugPrint("[WARNING] You trusted all proxies, this is NOT safe. We recommend you to set a value.\n" +
-			"Please check https://pkg.go.dev/github.com/gin-gonic/gin#readme-don-t-trust-all-proxies for details.")
+			"Please check https://github.com/gin-gonic/gin/blob/master/docs/doc.md#dont-trust-all-proxies for details.")
 	}
 
 	listener, err := net.Listen("unix", file)
@@ -521,7 +594,10 @@ func (engine *Engine) RunUnix(file string) (err error) {
 	defer listener.Close()
 	defer os.Remove(file)
 
-	err = http.Serve(listener, engine.Handler())
+	server := &http.Server{ // #nosec G112
+		Handler: engine.Handler(),
+	}
+	err = server.Serve(listener)
 	return
 }
 
@@ -534,10 +610,11 @@ func (engine *Engine) RunFd(fd int) (err error) {
 
 	if engine.isUnsafeTrustedProxies() {
 		debugPrint("[WARNING] You trusted all proxies, this is NOT safe. We recommend you to set a value.\n" +
-			"Please check https://pkg.go.dev/github.com/gin-gonic/gin#readme-don-t-trust-all-proxies for details.")
+			"Please check https://github.com/gin-gonic/gin/blob/master/docs/doc.md#dont-trust-all-proxies for details.")
 	}
 
 	f := os.NewFile(uintptr(fd), fmt.Sprintf("fd@%d", fd))
+	defer f.Close()
 	listener, err := net.FileListener(f)
 	if err != nil {
 		return
@@ -547,6 +624,22 @@ func (engine *Engine) RunFd(fd int) (err error) {
 	return
 }
 
+// RunQUIC attaches the router to a http.Server and starts listening and serving QUIC requests.
+// It is a shortcut for http3.ListenAndServeQUIC(addr, certFile, keyFile, router)
+// Note: this method will block the calling goroutine indefinitely unless an error happens.
+func (engine *Engine) RunQUIC(addr, certFile, keyFile string) (err error) {
+	debugPrint("Listening and serving QUIC on %s\n", addr)
+	defer func() { debugPrintError(err) }()
+
+	if engine.isUnsafeTrustedProxies() {
+		debugPrint("[WARNING] You trusted all proxies, this is NOT safe. We recommend you to set a value.\n" +
+			"Please check https://github.com/gin-gonic/gin/blob/master/docs/doc.md#dont-trust-all-proxies for details.")
+	}
+
+	err = http3.ListenAndServeQUIC(addr, certFile, keyFile, engine.Handler())
+	return
+}
+
 // RunListener attaches the router to a http.Server and starts listening and serving HTTP requests
 // through the specified net.Listener
 func (engine *Engine) RunListener(listener net.Listener) (err error) {
@@ -555,15 +648,22 @@ func (engine *Engine) RunListener(listener net.Listener) (err error) {
 
 	if engine.isUnsafeTrustedProxies() {
 		debugPrint("[WARNING] You trusted all proxies, this is NOT safe. We recommend you to set a value.\n" +
-			"Please check https://pkg.go.dev/github.com/gin-gonic/gin#readme-don-t-trust-all-proxies for details.")
+			"Please check https://github.com/gin-gonic/gin/blob/master/docs/doc.md#dont-trust-all-proxies for details.")
 	}
 
-	err = http.Serve(listener, engine.Handler())
+	server := &http.Server{ // #nosec G112
+		Handler: engine.Handler(),
+	}
+	err = server.Serve(listener)
 	return
 }
 
 // ServeHTTP conforms to the http.Handler interface.
 func (engine *Engine) ServeHTTP(w http.ResponseWriter, req *http.Request) {
+	engine.routeTreesUpdated.Do(func() {
+		engine.updateRouteTrees()
+	})
+
 	c := engine.pool.Get().(*Context)
 	c.writermem.reset(w)
 	c.Request = req
@@ -579,17 +679,23 @@ func (engine *Engine) ServeHTTP(w http.ResponseWriter, req *http.Request) {
 // Disclaimer: You can loop yourself to deal with this, use wisely.
 func (engine *Engine) HandleContext(c *Context) {
 	oldIndexValue := c.index
+	oldHandlers := c.handlers
 	c.reset()
 	engine.handleHTTPRequest(c)
 
 	c.index = oldIndexValue
+	c.handlers = oldHandlers
 }
 
 func (engine *Engine) handleHTTPRequest(c *Context) {
 	httpMethod := c.Request.Method
 	rPath := c.Request.URL.Path
 	unescape := false
-	if engine.UseRawPath && len(c.Request.URL.RawPath) > 0 {
+
+	if engine.UseEscapedPath {
+		rPath = c.Request.URL.EscapedPath()
+		unescape = engine.UnescapePathValues
+	} else if engine.UseRawPath && len(c.Request.URL.RawPath) > 0 {
 		rPath = c.Request.URL.RawPath
 		unescape = engine.UnescapePathValues
 	}
@@ -629,18 +735,26 @@ func (engine *Engine) handleHTTPRequest(c *Context) {
 		break
 	}
 
-	if engine.HandleMethodNotAllowed {
+	if engine.HandleMethodNotAllowed && len(t) > 0 {
+		// According to RFC 7231 section 6.5.5, MUST generate an Allow header field in response
+		// containing a list of the target resource's currently supported methods.
+		allowed := make([]string, 0, len(t)-1)
 		for _, tree := range engine.trees {
 			if tree.method == httpMethod {
 				continue
 			}
 			if value := tree.root.getValue(rPath, nil, c.skippedNodes, unescape); value.handlers != nil {
-				c.handlers = engine.allNoMethod
-				serveError(c, http.StatusMethodNotAllowed, default405Body)
-				return
+				allowed = append(allowed, tree.method)
 			}
 		}
+		if len(allowed) > 0 {
+			c.handlers = engine.allNoMethod
+			c.writermem.Header().Set("Allow", strings.Join(allowed, ", "))
+			serveError(c, http.StatusMethodNotAllowed, default405Body)
+			return
+		}
 	}
+
 	c.handlers = engine.allNoRoute
 	serveError(c, http.StatusNotFound, default404Body)
 }
@@ -668,6 +782,9 @@ func redirectTrailingSlash(c *Context) {
 	req := c.Request
 	p := req.URL.Path
 	if prefix := path.Clean(c.Request.Header.Get("X-Forwarded-Prefix")); prefix != "." {
+		prefix = sanitizePathChars(prefix)
+		prefix = removeRepeatedChar(prefix, '/')
+
 		p = prefix + "/" + req.URL.Path
 	}
 	req.URL.Path = p + "/"
@@ -677,6 +794,17 @@ func redirectTrailingSlash(c *Context) {
 	redirectRequest(c)
 }
 
+// sanitizePathChars removes unsafe characters from path strings,
+// keeping only ASCII letters, ASCII numbers, forward slashes, and hyphens.
+func sanitizePathChars(s string) string {
+	return strings.Map(func(r rune) rune {
+		if (r >= 'a' && r <= 'z') || (r >= 'A' && r <= 'Z') || (r >= '0' && r <= '9') || r == '/' || r == '-' {
+			return r
+		}
+		return -1
+	}, s)
+}
+
 func redirectFixedPath(c *Context, root *node, trailingSlash bool) bool {
 	req := c.Request
 	rPath := req.URL.Path
diff --git a/ginS/gins.go b/ginS/gins.go
index ea38c613..7918ce3a 100644
--- a/ginS/gins.go
+++ b/ginS/gins.go
@@ -12,15 +12,9 @@ import (
 	"github.com/gin-gonic/gin"
 )
 
-var once sync.Once
-var internalEngine *gin.Engine
-
-func engine() *gin.Engine {
-	once.Do(func() {
-		internalEngine = gin.Default()
-	})
-	return internalEngine
-}
+var engine = sync.OnceValue(func() *gin.Engine {
+	return gin.Default()
+})
 
 // LoadHTMLGlob is a wrapper for Engine.LoadHTMLGlob.
 func LoadHTMLGlob(pattern string) {
@@ -32,6 +26,11 @@ func LoadHTMLFiles(files ...string) {
 	engine().LoadHTMLFiles(files...)
 }
 
+// LoadHTMLFS is a wrapper for Engine.LoadHTMLFS.
+func LoadHTMLFS(fs http.FileSystem, patterns ...string) {
+	engine().LoadHTMLFS(fs, patterns...)
+}
+
 // SetHTMLTemplate is a wrapper for Engine.SetHTMLTemplate.
 func SetHTMLTemplate(templ *template.Template) {
 	engine().SetHTMLTemplate(templ)
@@ -154,7 +153,7 @@ func RunUnix(file string) (err error) {
 
 // RunFd attaches the router to a http.Server and starts listening and serving HTTP requests
 // through the specified file descriptor.
-// Note: the method will block the calling goroutine indefinitely unless on error happens.
+// Note: the method will block the calling goroutine indefinitely unless an error happens.
 func RunFd(fd int) (err error) {
 	return engine().RunFd(fd)
 }
diff --git a/ginS/gins_test.go b/ginS/gins_test.go
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..ffde85d2
--- /dev/null
+++ b/ginS/gins_test.go
@@ -0,0 +1,246 @@
+// Copyright 2025 Gin Core Team. All rights reserved.
+// Use of this source code is governed by a MIT style
+// license that can be found in the LICENSE file.
+
+package ginS
+
+import (
+	"html/template"
+	"net/http"
+	"net/http/httptest"
+	"testing"
+
+	"github.com/gin-gonic/gin"
+	"github.com/stretchr/testify/assert"
+)
+
+func init() {
+	gin.SetMode(gin.TestMode)
+}
+
+func TestGET(t *testing.T) {
+	GET("/test", func(c *gin.Context) {
+		c.String(http.StatusOK, "test")
+	})
+
+	req := httptest.NewRequest(http.MethodGet, "/test", nil)
+	w := httptest.NewRecorder()
+	engine().ServeHTTP(w, req)
+
+	assert.Equal(t, http.StatusOK, w.Code)
+	assert.Equal(t, "test", w.Body.String())
+}
+
+func TestPOST(t *testing.T) {
+	POST("/post", func(c *gin.Context) {
+		c.String(http.StatusCreated, "created")
+	})
+
+	req := httptest.NewRequest(http.MethodPost, "/post", nil)
+	w := httptest.NewRecorder()
+	engine().ServeHTTP(w, req)
+
+	assert.Equal(t, http.StatusCreated, w.Code)
+	assert.Equal(t, "created", w.Body.String())
+}
+
+func TestPUT(t *testing.T) {
+	PUT("/put", func(c *gin.Context) {
+		c.String(http.StatusOK, "updated")
+	})
+
+	req := httptest.NewRequest(http.MethodPut, "/put", nil)
+	w := httptest.NewRecorder()
+	engine().ServeHTTP(w, req)
+
+	assert.Equal(t, http.StatusOK, w.Code)
+	assert.Equal(t, "updated", w.Body.String())
+}
+
+func TestDELETE(t *testing.T) {
+	DELETE("/delete", func(c *gin.Context) {
+		c.String(http.StatusOK, "deleted")
+	})
+
+	req := httptest.NewRequest(http.MethodDelete, "/delete", nil)
+	w := httptest.NewRecorder()
+	engine().ServeHTTP(w, req)
+
+	assert.Equal(t, http.StatusOK, w.Code)
+	assert.Equal(t, "deleted", w.Body.String())
+}
+
+func TestPATCH(t *testing.T) {
+	PATCH("/patch", func(c *gin.Context) {
+		c.String(http.StatusOK, "patched")
+	})
+
+	req := httptest.NewRequest(http.MethodPatch, "/patch", nil)
+	w := httptest.NewRecorder()
+	engine().ServeHTTP(w, req)
+
+	assert.Equal(t, http.StatusOK, w.Code)
+	assert.Equal(t, "patched", w.Body.String())
+}
+
+func TestOPTIONS(t *testing.T) {
+	OPTIONS("/options", func(c *gin.Context) {
+		c.String(http.StatusOK, "options")
+	})
+
+	req := httptest.NewRequest(http.MethodOptions, "/options", nil)
+	w := httptest.NewRecorder()
+	engine().ServeHTTP(w, req)
+
+	assert.Equal(t, http.StatusOK, w.Code)
+	assert.Equal(t, "options", w.Body.String())
+}
+
+func TestHEAD(t *testing.T) {
+	HEAD("/head", func(c *gin.Context) {
+		c.String(http.StatusOK, "head")
+	})
+
+	req := httptest.NewRequest(http.MethodHead, "/head", nil)
+	w := httptest.NewRecorder()
+	engine().ServeHTTP(w, req)
+
+	assert.Equal(t, http.StatusOK, w.Code)
+}
+
+func TestAny(t *testing.T) {
+	Any("/any", func(c *gin.Context) {
+		c.String(http.StatusOK, "any")
+	})
+
+	req := httptest.NewRequest(http.MethodGet, "/any", nil)
+	w := httptest.NewRecorder()
+	engine().ServeHTTP(w, req)
+
+	assert.Equal(t, http.StatusOK, w.Code)
+	assert.Equal(t, "any", w.Body.String())
+}
+
+func TestHandle(t *testing.T) {
+	Handle(http.MethodGet, "/handle", func(c *gin.Context) {
+		c.String(http.StatusOK, "handle")
+	})
+
+	req := httptest.NewRequest(http.MethodGet, "/handle", nil)
+	w := httptest.NewRecorder()
+	engine().ServeHTTP(w, req)
+
+	assert.Equal(t, http.StatusOK, w.Code)
+	assert.Equal(t, "handle", w.Body.String())
+}
+
+func TestGroup(t *testing.T) {
+	group := Group("/group")
+	group.GET("/test", func(c *gin.Context) {
+		c.String(http.StatusOK, "group test")
+	})
+
+	req := httptest.NewRequest(http.MethodGet, "/group/test", nil)
+	w := httptest.NewRecorder()
+	engine().ServeHTTP(w, req)
+
+	assert.Equal(t, http.StatusOK, w.Code)
+	assert.Equal(t, "group test", w.Body.String())
+}
+
+func TestUse(t *testing.T) {
+	var middlewareExecuted bool
+	Use(func(c *gin.Context) {
+		middlewareExecuted = true
+		c.Next()
+	})
+
+	GET("/middleware-test", func(c *gin.Context) {
+		c.String(http.StatusOK, "ok")
+	})
+
+	req := httptest.NewRequest(http.MethodGet, "/middleware-test", nil)
+	w := httptest.NewRecorder()
+	engine().ServeHTTP(w, req)
+
+	assert.True(t, middlewareExecuted)
+	assert.Equal(t, http.StatusOK, w.Code)
+}
+
+func TestNoRoute(t *testing.T) {
+	NoRoute(func(c *gin.Context) {
+		c.String(http.StatusNotFound, "custom 404")
+	})
+
+	req := httptest.NewRequest(http.MethodGet, "/nonexistent", nil)
+	w := httptest.NewRecorder()
+	engine().ServeHTTP(w, req)
+
+	assert.Equal(t, http.StatusNotFound, w.Code)
+	assert.Equal(t, "custom 404", w.Body.String())
+}
+
+func TestNoMethod(t *testing.T) {
+	NoMethod(func(c *gin.Context) {
+		c.String(http.StatusMethodNotAllowed, "method not allowed")
+	})
+
+	// This just verifies that NoMethod is callable
+	// Testing the actual behavior would require a separate engine instance
+	assert.NotNil(t, engine())
+}
+
+func TestRoutes(t *testing.T) {
+	GET("/routes-test", func(c *gin.Context) {})
+
+	routes := Routes()
+	assert.NotEmpty(t, routes)
+
+	found := false
+	for _, route := range routes {
+		if route.Path == "/routes-test" && route.Method == http.MethodGet {
+			found = true
+			break
+		}
+	}
+	assert.True(t, found)
+}
+
+func TestSetHTMLTemplate(t *testing.T) {
+	tmpl := template.Must(template.New("test").Parse("Hello {{.}}"))
+	SetHTMLTemplate(tmpl)
+
+	// Verify engine has template set
+	assert.NotNil(t, engine())
+}
+
+func TestStaticFile(t *testing.T) {
+	StaticFile("/static-file", "../testdata/test_file.txt")
+
+	req := httptest.NewRequest(http.MethodGet, "/static-file", nil)
+	w := httptest.NewRecorder()
+	engine().ServeHTTP(w, req)
+
+	assert.Equal(t, http.StatusOK, w.Code)
+}
+
+func TestStatic(t *testing.T) {
+	Static("/static-dir", "../testdata")
+
+	req := httptest.NewRequest(http.MethodGet, "/static-dir/test_file.txt", nil)
+	w := httptest.NewRecorder()
+	engine().ServeHTTP(w, req)
+
+	assert.Equal(t, http.StatusOK, w.Code)
+}
+
+func TestStaticFS(t *testing.T) {
+	fs := http.Dir("../testdata")
+	StaticFS("/static-fs", fs)
+
+	req := httptest.NewRequest(http.MethodGet, "/static-fs/test_file.txt", nil)
+	w := httptest.NewRecorder()
+	engine().ServeHTTP(w, req)
+
+	assert.Equal(t, http.StatusOK, w.Code)
+}
diff --git a/gin_integration_test.go b/gin_integration_test.go
index b0532a25..3ea5fe2f 100644
--- a/gin_integration_test.go
+++ b/gin_integration_test.go
@@ -9,25 +9,26 @@ import (
 	"crypto/tls"
 	"fmt"
 	"html/template"
-	"io/ioutil"
+	"io"
 	"net"
 	"net/http"
 	"net/http/httptest"
 	"os"
 	"path/filepath"
 	"runtime"
+	"strings"
 	"sync"
 	"testing"
 	"time"
 
 	"github.com/stretchr/testify/assert"
+	"github.com/stretchr/testify/require"
 )
 
 // params[0]=url example:http://127.0.0.1:8080/index (cannot be empty)
 // params[1]=response status (custom compare status) default:"200 OK"
 // params[2]=response body (custom compare content)  default:"it worked"
 func testRequest(t *testing.T, params ...string) {
-
 	if len(params) == 0 {
 		t.Fatal("url cannot be empty")
 	}
@@ -40,18 +41,18 @@ func testRequest(t *testing.T, params ...string) {
 	client := &http.Client{Transport: tr}
 
 	resp, err := client.Get(params[0])
-	assert.NoError(t, err)
+	require.NoError(t, err)
 	defer resp.Body.Close()
 
-	body, ioerr := ioutil.ReadAll(resp.Body)
-	assert.NoError(t, ioerr)
+	body, ioerr := io.ReadAll(resp.Body)
+	require.NoError(t, ioerr)
 
-	var responseStatus = "200 OK"
+	responseStatus := "200 OK"
 	if len(params) > 1 && params[1] != "" {
 		responseStatus = params[1]
 	}
 
-	var responseBody = "it worked"
+	responseBody := "it worked"
 	if len(params) > 2 && params[2] != "" {
 		responseBody = params[2]
 	}
@@ -69,17 +70,18 @@ func TestRunEmpty(t *testing.T) {
 		router.GET("/example", func(c *Context) { c.String(http.StatusOK, "it worked") })
 		assert.NoError(t, router.Run())
 	}()
-	// have to wait for the goroutine to start and run the server
-	// otherwise the main thread will complete
-	time.Sleep(5 * time.Millisecond)
 
-	assert.Error(t, router.Run(":8080"))
+	// Wait for server to be ready with exponential backoff
+	err := waitForServerReady("http://localhost:8080/example", 10)
+	require.NoError(t, err, "server should start successfully")
+
+	require.Error(t, router.Run(":8080"))
 	testRequest(t, "http://localhost:8080/example")
 }
 
 func TestBadTrustedCIDRs(t *testing.T) {
 	router := New()
-	assert.Error(t, router.SetTrustedProxies([]string{"hello/world"}))
+	require.Error(t, router.SetTrustedProxies([]string{"hello/world"}))
 }
 
 /* legacy tests
@@ -87,7 +89,7 @@ func TestBadTrustedCIDRsForRun(t *testing.T) {
 	os.Setenv("PORT", "")
 	router := New()
 	router.TrustedProxies = []string{"hello/world"}
-	assert.Error(t, router.Run(":8080"))
+	require.Error(t, router.Run(":8080"))
 }
 
 func TestBadTrustedCIDRsForRunUnix(t *testing.T) {
@@ -100,7 +102,7 @@ func TestBadTrustedCIDRsForRunUnix(t *testing.T) {
 
 	go func() {
 		router.GET("/example", func(c *Context) { c.String(http.StatusOK, "it worked") })
-		assert.Error(t, router.RunUnix(unixTestSocket))
+		require.Error(t, router.RunUnix(unixTestSocket))
 	}()
 	// have to wait for the goroutine to start and run the server
 	// otherwise the main thread will complete
@@ -112,15 +114,15 @@ func TestBadTrustedCIDRsForRunFd(t *testing.T) {
 	router.TrustedProxies = []string{"hello/world"}
 
 	addr, err := net.ResolveTCPAddr("tcp", "localhost:0")
-	assert.NoError(t, err)
+	require.NoError(t, err)
 	listener, err := net.ListenTCP("tcp", addr)
-	assert.NoError(t, err)
+	require.NoError(t, err)
 	socketFile, err := listener.File()
-	assert.NoError(t, err)
+	require.NoError(t, err)
 
 	go func() {
 		router.GET("/example", func(c *Context) { c.String(http.StatusOK, "it worked") })
-		assert.Error(t, router.RunFd(int(socketFile.Fd())))
+		require.Error(t, router.RunFd(int(socketFile.Fd())))
 	}()
 	// have to wait for the goroutine to start and run the server
 	// otherwise the main thread will complete
@@ -132,12 +134,12 @@ func TestBadTrustedCIDRsForRunListener(t *testing.T) {
 	router.TrustedProxies = []string{"hello/world"}
 
 	addr, err := net.ResolveTCPAddr("tcp", "localhost:0")
-	assert.NoError(t, err)
+	require.NoError(t, err)
 	listener, err := net.ListenTCP("tcp", addr)
-	assert.NoError(t, err)
+	require.NoError(t, err)
 	go func() {
 		router.GET("/example", func(c *Context) { c.String(http.StatusOK, "it worked") })
-		assert.Error(t, router.RunListener(listener))
+		require.Error(t, router.RunListener(listener))
 	}()
 	// have to wait for the goroutine to start and run the server
 	// otherwise the main thread will complete
@@ -148,7 +150,7 @@ func TestBadTrustedCIDRsForRunTLS(t *testing.T) {
 	os.Setenv("PORT", "")
 	router := New()
 	router.TrustedProxies = []string{"hello/world"}
-	assert.Error(t, router.RunTLS(":8080", "./testdata/certificate/cert.pem", "./testdata/certificate/key.pem"))
+	require.Error(t, router.RunTLS(":8080", "./testdata/certificate/cert.pem", "./testdata/certificate/key.pem"))
 }
 */
 
@@ -164,12 +166,12 @@ func TestRunTLS(t *testing.T) {
 	// otherwise the main thread will complete
 	time.Sleep(5 * time.Millisecond)
 
-	assert.Error(t, router.RunTLS(":8443", "./testdata/certificate/cert.pem", "./testdata/certificate/key.pem"))
+	require.Error(t, router.RunTLS(":8443", "./testdata/certificate/cert.pem", "./testdata/certificate/key.pem"))
 	testRequest(t, "https://localhost:8443/example")
 }
 
 func TestPusher(t *testing.T) {
-	var html = template.Must(template.New("https").Parse(`
+	html := template.Must(template.New("https").Parse(`
 <html>
 <head>
   <title>Https Test</title>
@@ -201,7 +203,7 @@ func TestPusher(t *testing.T) {
 	// otherwise the main thread will complete
 	time.Sleep(5 * time.Millisecond)
 
-	assert.Error(t, router.RunTLS(":8449", "./testdata/certificate/cert.pem", "./testdata/certificate/key.pem"))
+	require.Error(t, router.RunTLS(":8449", "./testdata/certificate/cert.pem", "./testdata/certificate/key.pem"))
 	testRequest(t, "https://localhost:8449/pusher")
 }
 
@@ -212,18 +214,19 @@ func TestRunEmptyWithEnv(t *testing.T) {
 		router.GET("/example", func(c *Context) { c.String(http.StatusOK, "it worked") })
 		assert.NoError(t, router.Run())
 	}()
-	// have to wait for the goroutine to start and run the server
-	// otherwise the main thread will complete
-	time.Sleep(5 * time.Millisecond)
 
-	assert.Error(t, router.Run(":3123"))
+	// Wait for server to be ready with exponential backoff
+	err := waitForServerReady("http://localhost:3123/example", 10)
+	require.NoError(t, err, "server should start successfully")
+
+	require.Error(t, router.Run(":3123"))
 	testRequest(t, "http://localhost:3123/example")
 }
 
 func TestRunTooMuchParams(t *testing.T) {
 	router := New()
 	assert.Panics(t, func() {
-		assert.NoError(t, router.Run("2", "2"))
+		require.NoError(t, router.Run("2", "2"))
 	})
 }
 
@@ -233,11 +236,12 @@ func TestRunWithPort(t *testing.T) {
 		router.GET("/example", func(c *Context) { c.String(http.StatusOK, "it worked") })
 		assert.NoError(t, router.Run(":5150"))
 	}()
-	// have to wait for the goroutine to start and run the server
-	// otherwise the main thread will complete
-	time.Sleep(5 * time.Millisecond)
 
-	assert.Error(t, router.Run(":5150"))
+	// Wait for server to be ready with exponential backoff
+	err := waitForServerReady("http://localhost:5150/example", 10)
+	require.NoError(t, err, "server should start successfully")
+
+	require.Error(t, router.Run(":5150"))
 	testRequest(t, "http://localhost:5150/example")
 }
 
@@ -257,36 +261,53 @@ func TestUnixSocket(t *testing.T) {
 	time.Sleep(5 * time.Millisecond)
 
 	c, err := net.Dial("unix", unixTestSocket)
-	assert.NoError(t, err)
+	require.NoError(t, err)
 
 	fmt.Fprint(c, "GET /example HTTP/1.0\r\n\r\n")
 	scanner := bufio.NewScanner(c)
-	var response string
+	var responseBuilder strings.Builder
 	for scanner.Scan() {
-		response += scanner.Text()
+		responseBuilder.WriteString(scanner.Text())
 	}
+	response := responseBuilder.String()
 	assert.Contains(t, response, "HTTP/1.0 200", "should get a 200")
 	assert.Contains(t, response, "it worked", "resp body should match")
 }
 
 func TestBadUnixSocket(t *testing.T) {
 	router := New()
-	assert.Error(t, router.RunUnix("#/tmp/unix_unit_test"))
+	require.Error(t, router.RunUnix("#/tmp/unix_unit_test"))
+}
+
+func TestRunQUIC(t *testing.T) {
+	router := New()
+	go func() {
+		router.GET("/example", func(c *Context) { c.String(http.StatusOK, "it worked") })
+
+		assert.NoError(t, router.RunQUIC(":8443", "./testdata/certificate/cert.pem", "./testdata/certificate/key.pem"))
+	}()
+
+	// have to wait for the goroutine to start and run the server
+	// otherwise the main thread will complete
+	time.Sleep(5 * time.Millisecond)
+
+	require.Error(t, router.RunQUIC(":8443", "./testdata/certificate/cert.pem", "./testdata/certificate/key.pem"))
+	testRequest(t, "https://localhost:8443/example")
 }
 
 func TestFileDescriptor(t *testing.T) {
 	router := New()
 
 	addr, err := net.ResolveTCPAddr("tcp", "localhost:0")
-	assert.NoError(t, err)
+	require.NoError(t, err)
 	listener, err := net.ListenTCP("tcp", addr)
-	assert.NoError(t, err)
+	require.NoError(t, err)
 	socketFile, err := listener.File()
 	if isWindows() {
 		// not supported by windows, it is unimplemented now
-		assert.Error(t, err)
+		require.Error(t, err)
 	} else {
-		assert.NoError(t, err)
+		require.NoError(t, err)
 	}
 
 	if socketFile == nil {
@@ -302,29 +323,30 @@ func TestFileDescriptor(t *testing.T) {
 	time.Sleep(5 * time.Millisecond)
 
 	c, err := net.Dial("tcp", listener.Addr().String())
-	assert.NoError(t, err)
+	require.NoError(t, err)
 
 	fmt.Fprintf(c, "GET /example HTTP/1.0\r\n\r\n")
 	scanner := bufio.NewScanner(c)
-	var response string
+	var responseBuilder strings.Builder
 	for scanner.Scan() {
-		response += scanner.Text()
+		responseBuilder.WriteString(scanner.Text())
 	}
+	response := responseBuilder.String()
 	assert.Contains(t, response, "HTTP/1.0 200", "should get a 200")
 	assert.Contains(t, response, "it worked", "resp body should match")
 }
 
 func TestBadFileDescriptor(t *testing.T) {
 	router := New()
-	assert.Error(t, router.RunFd(0))
+	require.Error(t, router.RunFd(0))
 }
 
 func TestListener(t *testing.T) {
 	router := New()
 	addr, err := net.ResolveTCPAddr("tcp", "localhost:0")
-	assert.NoError(t, err)
+	require.NoError(t, err)
 	listener, err := net.ListenTCP("tcp", addr)
-	assert.NoError(t, err)
+	require.NoError(t, err)
 	go func() {
 		router.GET("/example", func(c *Context) { c.String(http.StatusOK, "it worked") })
 		assert.NoError(t, router.RunListener(listener))
@@ -334,14 +356,15 @@ func TestListener(t *testing.T) {
 	time.Sleep(5 * time.Millisecond)
 
 	c, err := net.Dial("tcp", listener.Addr().String())
-	assert.NoError(t, err)
+	require.NoError(t, err)
 
 	fmt.Fprintf(c, "GET /example HTTP/1.0\r\n\r\n")
 	scanner := bufio.NewScanner(c)
-	var response string
+	var responseBuilder strings.Builder
 	for scanner.Scan() {
-		response += scanner.Text()
+		responseBuilder.WriteString(scanner.Text())
 	}
+	response := responseBuilder.String()
 	assert.Contains(t, response, "HTTP/1.0 200", "should get a 200")
 	assert.Contains(t, response, "it worked", "resp body should match")
 }
@@ -349,11 +372,11 @@ func TestListener(t *testing.T) {
 func TestBadListener(t *testing.T) {
 	router := New()
 	addr, err := net.ResolveTCPAddr("tcp", "localhost:10086")
-	assert.NoError(t, err)
+	require.NoError(t, err)
 	listener, err := net.ListenTCP("tcp", addr)
-	assert.NoError(t, err)
+	require.NoError(t, err)
 	listener.Close()
-	assert.Error(t, router.RunListener(listener))
+	require.Error(t, router.RunListener(listener))
 }
 
 func TestWithHttptestWithAutoSelectedPort(t *testing.T) {
@@ -379,7 +402,14 @@ func TestConcurrentHandleContext(t *testing.T) {
 	wg.Add(iterations)
 	for i := 0; i < iterations; i++ {
 		go func() {
-			testGetRequestHandler(t, router, "/")
+			req, err := http.NewRequest(http.MethodGet, "/", nil)
+			assert.NoError(t, err)
+
+			w := httptest.NewRecorder()
+			router.ServeHTTP(w, req)
+
+			assert.Equal(t, "it worked", w.Body.String(), "resp body should match")
+			assert.Equal(t, 200, w.Code, "should get a 200")
 			wg.Done()
 		}()
 	}
@@ -401,17 +431,6 @@ func TestConcurrentHandleContext(t *testing.T) {
 // 	testRequest(t, "http://localhost:8033/example")
 // }
 
-func testGetRequestHandler(t *testing.T, h http.Handler, url string) {
-	req, err := http.NewRequest(http.MethodGet, url, nil)
-	assert.NoError(t, err)
-
-	w := httptest.NewRecorder()
-	h.ServeHTTP(w, req)
-
-	assert.Equal(t, "it worked", w.Body.String(), "resp body should match")
-	assert.Equal(t, 200, w.Code, "should get a 200")
-}
-
 func TestTreeRunDynamicRouting(t *testing.T) {
 	router := New()
 	router.GET("/aa/*xx", func(c *Context) { c.String(http.StatusOK, "/aa/*xx") })
@@ -561,3 +580,28 @@ func TestTreeRunDynamicRouting(t *testing.T) {
 func isWindows() bool {
 	return runtime.GOOS == "windows"
 }
+
+func TestEscapedColon(t *testing.T) {
+	router := New()
+	f := func(u string) {
+		router.GET(u, func(c *Context) { c.String(http.StatusOK, u) })
+	}
+	f("/r/r\\:r")
+	f("/r/r:r")
+	f("/r/r/:r")
+	f("/r/r/\\:r")
+	f("/r/r/r\\:r")
+	assert.Panics(t, func() {
+		f("\\foo:")
+	})
+
+	router.updateRouteTrees()
+	ts := httptest.NewServer(router)
+	defer ts.Close()
+
+	testRequest(t, ts.URL+"/r/r123", "", "/r/r:r")
+	testRequest(t, ts.URL+"/r/r:r", "", "/r/r\\:r")
+	testRequest(t, ts.URL+"/r/r/r123", "", "/r/r/:r")
+	testRequest(t, ts.URL+"/r/r/:r", "", "/r/r/\\:r")
+	testRequest(t, ts.URL+"/r/r/r:r", "", "/r/r/r\\:r")
+}
diff --git a/gin_test.go b/gin_test.go
index 4fac677a..43c9494d 100644
--- a/gin_test.go
+++ b/gin_test.go
@@ -8,17 +8,19 @@ import (
 	"crypto/tls"
 	"fmt"
 	"html/template"
-	"io/ioutil"
+	"io"
 	"net"
 	"net/http"
 	"net/http/httptest"
 	"reflect"
 	"strconv"
+	"strings"
 	"sync/atomic"
 	"testing"
 	"time"
 
 	"github.com/stretchr/testify/assert"
+	"github.com/stretchr/testify/require"
 	"golang.org/x/net/http2"
 )
 
@@ -44,7 +46,7 @@ func setupHTMLFiles(t *testing.T, mode string, tls bool, loadMethod func(*Engine
 		})
 		router.GET("/raw", func(c *Context) {
 			c.HTML(http.StatusOK, "raw.tmpl", map[string]any{
-				"now": time.Date(2017, 07, 01, 0, 0, 0, 0, time.UTC),
+				"now": time.Date(2017, 07, 01, 0, 0, 0, 0, time.UTC), //nolint:gofumpt
 			})
 		})
 	})
@@ -71,19 +73,19 @@ func TestLoadHTMLGlobDebugMode(t *testing.T) {
 	)
 	defer ts.Close()
 
-	res, err := http.Get(fmt.Sprintf("%s/test", ts.URL))
+	res, err := http.Get(ts.URL + "/test")
 	if err != nil {
-		fmt.Println(err)
+		t.Error(err)
 	}
 
-	resp, _ := ioutil.ReadAll(res.Body)
+	resp, _ := io.ReadAll(res.Body)
 	assert.Equal(t, "<h1>Hello world</h1>", string(resp))
 }
 
 func TestH2c(t *testing.T) {
-	ln, err := net.Listen("tcp", "127.0.0.1:0")
+	ln, err := net.Listen("tcp", localhostIP+":0")
 	if err != nil {
-		fmt.Println(err)
+		t.Error(err)
 	}
 	r := Default()
 	r.UseH2C = true
@@ -93,7 +95,7 @@ func TestH2c(t *testing.T) {
 	go func() {
 		err := http.Serve(ln, r.Handler())
 		if err != nil {
-			fmt.Println(err)
+			t.Log(err)
 		}
 	}()
 	defer ln.Close()
@@ -111,10 +113,10 @@ func TestH2c(t *testing.T) {
 
 	res, err := httpClient.Get(url)
 	if err != nil {
-		fmt.Println(err)
+		t.Error(err)
 	}
 
-	resp, _ := ioutil.ReadAll(res.Body)
+	resp, _ := io.ReadAll(res.Body)
 	assert.Equal(t, "<h1>Hello world</h1>", string(resp))
 }
 
@@ -129,12 +131,12 @@ func TestLoadHTMLGlobTestMode(t *testing.T) {
 	)
 	defer ts.Close()
 
-	res, err := http.Get(fmt.Sprintf("%s/test", ts.URL))
+	res, err := http.Get(ts.URL + "/test")
 	if err != nil {
-		fmt.Println(err)
+		t.Error(err)
 	}
 
-	resp, _ := ioutil.ReadAll(res.Body)
+	resp, _ := io.ReadAll(res.Body)
 	assert.Equal(t, "<h1>Hello world</h1>", string(resp))
 }
 
@@ -149,12 +151,12 @@ func TestLoadHTMLGlobReleaseMode(t *testing.T) {
 	)
 	defer ts.Close()
 
-	res, err := http.Get(fmt.Sprintf("%s/test", ts.URL))
+	res, err := http.Get(ts.URL + "/test")
 	if err != nil {
-		fmt.Println(err)
+		t.Error(err)
 	}
 
-	resp, _ := ioutil.ReadAll(res.Body)
+	resp, _ := io.ReadAll(res.Body)
 	assert.Equal(t, "<h1>Hello world</h1>", string(resp))
 }
 
@@ -176,12 +178,12 @@ func TestLoadHTMLGlobUsingTLS(t *testing.T) {
 		},
 	}
 	client := &http.Client{Transport: tr}
-	res, err := client.Get(fmt.Sprintf("%s/test", ts.URL))
+	res, err := client.Get(ts.URL + "/test")
 	if err != nil {
-		fmt.Println(err)
+		t.Error(err)
 	}
 
-	resp, _ := ioutil.ReadAll(res.Body)
+	resp, _ := io.ReadAll(res.Body)
 	assert.Equal(t, "<h1>Hello world</h1>", string(resp))
 }
 
@@ -196,12 +198,12 @@ func TestLoadHTMLGlobFromFuncMap(t *testing.T) {
 	)
 	defer ts.Close()
 
-	res, err := http.Get(fmt.Sprintf("%s/raw", ts.URL))
+	res, err := http.Get(ts.URL + "/raw")
 	if err != nil {
-		fmt.Println(err)
+		t.Error(err)
 	}
 
-	resp, _ := ioutil.ReadAll(res.Body)
+	resp, _ := io.ReadAll(res.Body)
 	assert.Equal(t, "Date: 2017/07/01", string(resp))
 }
 
@@ -227,12 +229,12 @@ func TestLoadHTMLFilesTestMode(t *testing.T) {
 	)
 	defer ts.Close()
 
-	res, err := http.Get(fmt.Sprintf("%s/test", ts.URL))
+	res, err := http.Get(ts.URL + "/test")
 	if err != nil {
-		fmt.Println(err)
+		t.Error(err)
 	}
 
-	resp, _ := ioutil.ReadAll(res.Body)
+	resp, _ := io.ReadAll(res.Body)
 	assert.Equal(t, "<h1>Hello world</h1>", string(resp))
 }
 
@@ -247,12 +249,12 @@ func TestLoadHTMLFilesDebugMode(t *testing.T) {
 	)
 	defer ts.Close()
 
-	res, err := http.Get(fmt.Sprintf("%s/test", ts.URL))
+	res, err := http.Get(ts.URL + "/test")
 	if err != nil {
-		fmt.Println(err)
+		t.Error(err)
 	}
 
-	resp, _ := ioutil.ReadAll(res.Body)
+	resp, _ := io.ReadAll(res.Body)
 	assert.Equal(t, "<h1>Hello world</h1>", string(resp))
 }
 
@@ -267,12 +269,12 @@ func TestLoadHTMLFilesReleaseMode(t *testing.T) {
 	)
 	defer ts.Close()
 
-	res, err := http.Get(fmt.Sprintf("%s/test", ts.URL))
+	res, err := http.Get(ts.URL + "/test")
 	if err != nil {
-		fmt.Println(err)
+		t.Error(err)
 	}
 
-	resp, _ := ioutil.ReadAll(res.Body)
+	resp, _ := io.ReadAll(res.Body)
 	assert.Equal(t, "<h1>Hello world</h1>", string(resp))
 }
 
@@ -294,12 +296,12 @@ func TestLoadHTMLFilesUsingTLS(t *testing.T) {
 		},
 	}
 	client := &http.Client{Transport: tr}
-	res, err := client.Get(fmt.Sprintf("%s/test", ts.URL))
+	res, err := client.Get(ts.URL + "/test")
 	if err != nil {
-		fmt.Println(err)
+		t.Error(err)
 	}
 
-	resp, _ := ioutil.ReadAll(res.Body)
+	resp, _ := io.ReadAll(res.Body)
 	assert.Equal(t, "<h1>Hello world</h1>", string(resp))
 }
 
@@ -314,42 +316,151 @@ func TestLoadHTMLFilesFuncMap(t *testing.T) {
 	)
 	defer ts.Close()
 
-	res, err := http.Get(fmt.Sprintf("%s/raw", ts.URL))
+	res, err := http.Get(ts.URL + "/raw")
 	if err != nil {
-		fmt.Println(err)
+		t.Error(err)
 	}
 
-	resp, _ := ioutil.ReadAll(res.Body)
+	resp, _ := io.ReadAll(res.Body)
+	assert.Equal(t, "Date: 2017/07/01", string(resp))
+}
+
+var tmplFS = http.Dir("testdata/template")
+
+func TestLoadHTMLFSTestMode(t *testing.T) {
+	ts := setupHTMLFiles(
+		t,
+		TestMode,
+		false,
+		func(router *Engine) {
+			router.LoadHTMLFS(tmplFS, "hello.tmpl", "raw.tmpl")
+		},
+	)
+	defer ts.Close()
+
+	res, err := http.Get(ts.URL + "/test")
+	if err != nil {
+		t.Error(err)
+	}
+
+	resp, _ := io.ReadAll(res.Body)
+	assert.Equal(t, "<h1>Hello world</h1>", string(resp))
+}
+
+func TestLoadHTMLFSDebugMode(t *testing.T) {
+	ts := setupHTMLFiles(
+		t,
+		DebugMode,
+		false,
+		func(router *Engine) {
+			router.LoadHTMLFS(tmplFS, "hello.tmpl", "raw.tmpl")
+		},
+	)
+	defer ts.Close()
+
+	res, err := http.Get(ts.URL + "/test")
+	if err != nil {
+		t.Error(err)
+	}
+
+	resp, _ := io.ReadAll(res.Body)
+	assert.Equal(t, "<h1>Hello world</h1>", string(resp))
+}
+
+func TestLoadHTMLFSReleaseMode(t *testing.T) {
+	ts := setupHTMLFiles(
+		t,
+		ReleaseMode,
+		false,
+		func(router *Engine) {
+			router.LoadHTMLFS(tmplFS, "hello.tmpl", "raw.tmpl")
+		},
+	)
+	defer ts.Close()
+
+	res, err := http.Get(ts.URL + "/test")
+	if err != nil {
+		t.Error(err)
+	}
+
+	resp, _ := io.ReadAll(res.Body)
+	assert.Equal(t, "<h1>Hello world</h1>", string(resp))
+}
+
+func TestLoadHTMLFSUsingTLS(t *testing.T) {
+	ts := setupHTMLFiles(
+		t,
+		TestMode,
+		true,
+		func(router *Engine) {
+			router.LoadHTMLFS(tmplFS, "hello.tmpl", "raw.tmpl")
+		},
+	)
+	defer ts.Close()
+
+	// Use InsecureSkipVerify for avoiding `x509: certificate signed by unknown authority` error
+	tr := &http.Transport{
+		TLSClientConfig: &tls.Config{
+			InsecureSkipVerify: true,
+		},
+	}
+	client := &http.Client{Transport: tr}
+	res, err := client.Get(ts.URL + "/test")
+	if err != nil {
+		t.Error(err)
+	}
+
+	resp, _ := io.ReadAll(res.Body)
+	assert.Equal(t, "<h1>Hello world</h1>", string(resp))
+}
+
+func TestLoadHTMLFSFuncMap(t *testing.T) {
+	ts := setupHTMLFiles(
+		t,
+		TestMode,
+		false,
+		func(router *Engine) {
+			router.LoadHTMLFS(tmplFS, "hello.tmpl", "raw.tmpl")
+		},
+	)
+	defer ts.Close()
+
+	res, err := http.Get(ts.URL + "/raw")
+	if err != nil {
+		t.Error(err)
+	}
+
+	resp, _ := io.ReadAll(res.Body)
 	assert.Equal(t, "Date: 2017/07/01", string(resp))
 }
 
 func TestAddRoute(t *testing.T) {
 	router := New()
-	router.addRoute("GET", "/", HandlersChain{func(_ *Context) {}})
+	router.addRoute(http.MethodGet, "/", HandlersChain{func(_ *Context) {}})
 
 	assert.Len(t, router.trees, 1)
-	assert.NotNil(t, router.trees.get("GET"))
-	assert.Nil(t, router.trees.get("POST"))
+	assert.NotNil(t, router.trees.get(http.MethodGet))
+	assert.Nil(t, router.trees.get(http.MethodPost))
 
-	router.addRoute("POST", "/", HandlersChain{func(_ *Context) {}})
+	router.addRoute(http.MethodPost, "/", HandlersChain{func(_ *Context) {}})
 
 	assert.Len(t, router.trees, 2)
-	assert.NotNil(t, router.trees.get("GET"))
-	assert.NotNil(t, router.trees.get("POST"))
+	assert.NotNil(t, router.trees.get(http.MethodGet))
+	assert.NotNil(t, router.trees.get(http.MethodPost))
 
-	router.addRoute("POST", "/post", HandlersChain{func(_ *Context) {}})
+	router.addRoute(http.MethodPost, "/post", HandlersChain{func(_ *Context) {}})
 	assert.Len(t, router.trees, 2)
 }
 
 func TestAddRouteFails(t *testing.T) {
 	router := New()
 	assert.Panics(t, func() { router.addRoute("", "/", HandlersChain{func(_ *Context) {}}) })
-	assert.Panics(t, func() { router.addRoute("GET", "a", HandlersChain{func(_ *Context) {}}) })
-	assert.Panics(t, func() { router.addRoute("GET", "/", HandlersChain{}) })
+	assert.Panics(t, func() { router.addRoute(http.MethodGet, "a", HandlersChain{func(_ *Context) {}}) })
+	assert.Panics(t, func() { router.addRoute(http.MethodGet, "/", HandlersChain{}) })
 
-	router.addRoute("POST", "/post", HandlersChain{func(_ *Context) {}})
+	router.addRoute(http.MethodPost, "/post", HandlersChain{func(_ *Context) {}})
 	assert.Panics(t, func() {
-		router.addRoute("POST", "/post", HandlersChain{func(_ *Context) {}})
+		router.addRoute(http.MethodPost, "/post", HandlersChain{func(_ *Context) {}})
 	})
 }
 
@@ -434,6 +545,29 @@ func TestNoMethodWithoutGlobalHandlers(t *testing.T) {
 }
 
 func TestRebuild404Handlers(t *testing.T) {
+	var middleware0 HandlerFunc = func(c *Context) {}
+	var middleware1 HandlerFunc = func(c *Context) {}
+
+	router := New()
+
+	// Initially, allNoRoute should be nil
+	assert.Nil(t, router.allNoRoute)
+
+	// Set NoRoute handlers
+	router.NoRoute(middleware0)
+	assert.Len(t, router.allNoRoute, 1)
+	assert.Len(t, router.noRoute, 1)
+	compareFunc(t, router.allNoRoute[0], middleware0)
+
+	// Add Use middleware should trigger rebuild404Handlers
+	router.Use(middleware1)
+	assert.Len(t, router.allNoRoute, 2)
+	assert.Len(t, router.Handlers, 1)
+	assert.Len(t, router.noRoute, 1)
+
+	// Global middleware should come first
+	compareFunc(t, router.allNoRoute[0], middleware1)
+	compareFunc(t, router.allNoRoute[1], middleware0)
 }
 
 func TestNoMethodWithGlobalHandlers(t *testing.T) {
@@ -491,27 +625,27 @@ func TestListOfRoutes(t *testing.T) {
 
 	assert.Len(t, list, 7)
 	assertRoutePresent(t, list, RouteInfo{
-		Method:  "GET",
+		Method:  http.MethodGet,
 		Path:    "/favicon.ico",
 		Handler: "^(.*/vendor/)?github.com/gin-gonic/gin.handlerTest1$",
 	})
 	assertRoutePresent(t, list, RouteInfo{
-		Method:  "GET",
+		Method:  http.MethodGet,
 		Path:    "/",
 		Handler: "^(.*/vendor/)?github.com/gin-gonic/gin.handlerTest1$",
 	})
 	assertRoutePresent(t, list, RouteInfo{
-		Method:  "GET",
+		Method:  http.MethodGet,
 		Path:    "/users/",
 		Handler: "^(.*/vendor/)?github.com/gin-gonic/gin.handlerTest2$",
 	})
 	assertRoutePresent(t, list, RouteInfo{
-		Method:  "GET",
+		Method:  http.MethodGet,
 		Path:    "/users/:id",
 		Handler: "^(.*/vendor/)?github.com/gin-gonic/gin.handlerTest1$",
 	})
 	assertRoutePresent(t, list, RouteInfo{
-		Method:  "POST",
+		Method:  http.MethodPost,
 		Path:    "/users/:id",
 		Handler: "^(.*/vendor/)?github.com/gin-gonic/gin.handlerTest2$",
 	})
@@ -529,7 +663,7 @@ func TestEngineHandleContext(t *testing.T) {
 	}
 
 	assert.NotPanics(t, func() {
-		w := PerformRequest(r, "GET", "/")
+		w := PerformRequest(r, http.MethodGet, "/")
 		assert.Equal(t, 301, w.Code)
 	})
 }
@@ -546,10 +680,10 @@ func TestEngineHandleContextManyReEntries(t *testing.T) {
 	r.GET("/:count", func(c *Context) {
 		countStr := c.Param("count")
 		count, err := strconv.Atoi(countStr)
-		assert.NoError(t, err)
+		require.NoError(t, err)
 
 		n, err := c.Writer.Write([]byte("."))
-		assert.NoError(t, err)
+		require.NoError(t, err)
 		assert.Equal(t, 1, n)
 
 		switch {
@@ -562,7 +696,7 @@ func TestEngineHandleContextManyReEntries(t *testing.T) {
 	})
 
 	assert.NotPanics(t, func() {
-		w := PerformRequest(r, "GET", "/"+strconv.Itoa(expectValue-1)) // include 0 value
+		w := PerformRequest(r, http.MethodGet, "/"+strconv.Itoa(expectValue-1)) // include 0 value
 		assert.Equal(t, 200, w.Code)
 		assert.Equal(t, expectValue, w.Body.Len())
 	})
@@ -571,6 +705,93 @@ func TestEngineHandleContextManyReEntries(t *testing.T) {
 	assert.Equal(t, int64(expectValue), middlewareCounter)
 }
 
+func TestEngineHandleContextPreventsMiddlewareReEntry(t *testing.T) {
+	// given
+	var handlerCounterV1, handlerCounterV2, middlewareCounterV1 int64
+
+	r := New()
+	v1 := r.Group("/v1")
+	{
+		v1.Use(func(c *Context) {
+			atomic.AddInt64(&middlewareCounterV1, 1)
+		})
+		v1.GET("/test", func(c *Context) {
+			atomic.AddInt64(&handlerCounterV1, 1)
+			c.Status(http.StatusOK)
+		})
+	}
+
+	v2 := r.Group("/v2")
+	{
+		v2.GET("/test", func(c *Context) {
+			c.Request.URL.Path = "/v1/test"
+			r.HandleContext(c)
+		}, func(c *Context) {
+			atomic.AddInt64(&handlerCounterV2, 1)
+		})
+	}
+
+	// when
+	responseV1 := PerformRequest(r, "GET", "/v1/test")
+	responseV2 := PerformRequest(r, "GET", "/v2/test")
+
+	// then
+	assert.Equal(t, 200, responseV1.Code)
+	assert.Equal(t, 200, responseV2.Code)
+	assert.Equal(t, int64(2), handlerCounterV1)
+	assert.Equal(t, int64(2), middlewareCounterV1)
+	assert.Equal(t, int64(1), handlerCounterV2)
+}
+
+func TestEngineHandleContextUseEscapedPathPercentEncoded(t *testing.T) {
+	r := New()
+	r.UseEscapedPath = true
+	r.UnescapePathValues = false
+
+	r.GET("/v1/:path", func(c *Context) {
+		// Path is Escaped, the %25 is not interpreted as %
+		assert.Equal(t, "foo%252Fbar", c.Param("path"))
+		c.Status(http.StatusOK)
+	})
+
+	req := httptest.NewRequest(http.MethodGet, "/v1/foo%252Fbar", nil)
+	w := httptest.NewRecorder()
+	r.ServeHTTP(w, req)
+}
+
+func TestEngineHandleContextUseRawPathPercentEncoded(t *testing.T) {
+	r := New()
+	r.UseRawPath = true
+	r.UnescapePathValues = false
+
+	r.GET("/v1/:path", func(c *Context) {
+		// Path is used, the %25 is interpreted as %
+		assert.Equal(t, "foo%2Fbar", c.Param("path"))
+		c.Status(http.StatusOK)
+	})
+
+	req := httptest.NewRequest(http.MethodGet, "/v1/foo%252Fbar", nil)
+	w := httptest.NewRecorder()
+	r.ServeHTTP(w, req)
+}
+
+func TestEngineHandleContextUseEscapedPathOverride(t *testing.T) {
+	r := New()
+	r.UseEscapedPath = true
+	r.UseRawPath = true
+	r.UnescapePathValues = false
+
+	r.GET("/v1/:path", func(c *Context) {
+		assert.Equal(t, "foo%25bar", c.Param("path"))
+		c.Status(http.StatusOK)
+	})
+
+	assert.NotPanics(t, func() {
+		w := PerformRequest(r, http.MethodGet, "/v1/foo%25bar")
+		assert.Equal(t, 200, w.Code)
+	})
+}
+
 func TestPrepareTrustedCIRDsWith(t *testing.T) {
 	r := New()
 
@@ -579,7 +800,7 @@ func TestPrepareTrustedCIRDsWith(t *testing.T) {
 		expectedTrustedCIDRs := []*net.IPNet{parseCIDR("0.0.0.0/0")}
 		err := r.SetTrustedProxies([]string{"0.0.0.0/0"})
 
-		assert.NoError(t, err)
+		require.NoError(t, err)
 		assert.Equal(t, expectedTrustedCIDRs, r.trustedCIDRs)
 	}
 
@@ -587,7 +808,7 @@ func TestPrepareTrustedCIRDsWith(t *testing.T) {
 	{
 		err := r.SetTrustedProxies([]string{"192.168.1.33/33"})
 
-		assert.Error(t, err)
+		require.Error(t, err)
 	}
 
 	// valid ipv4 address
@@ -596,7 +817,7 @@ func TestPrepareTrustedCIRDsWith(t *testing.T) {
 
 		err := r.SetTrustedProxies([]string{"192.168.1.33"})
 
-		assert.NoError(t, err)
+		require.NoError(t, err)
 		assert.Equal(t, expectedTrustedCIDRs, r.trustedCIDRs)
 	}
 
@@ -604,7 +825,7 @@ func TestPrepareTrustedCIRDsWith(t *testing.T) {
 	{
 		err := r.SetTrustedProxies([]string{"192.168.1.256"})
 
-		assert.Error(t, err)
+		require.Error(t, err)
 	}
 
 	// valid ipv6 address
@@ -612,7 +833,7 @@ func TestPrepareTrustedCIRDsWith(t *testing.T) {
 		expectedTrustedCIDRs := []*net.IPNet{parseCIDR("2002:0000:0000:1234:abcd:ffff:c0a8:0101/128")}
 		err := r.SetTrustedProxies([]string{"2002:0000:0000:1234:abcd:ffff:c0a8:0101"})
 
-		assert.NoError(t, err)
+		require.NoError(t, err)
 		assert.Equal(t, expectedTrustedCIDRs, r.trustedCIDRs)
 	}
 
@@ -620,7 +841,7 @@ func TestPrepareTrustedCIRDsWith(t *testing.T) {
 	{
 		err := r.SetTrustedProxies([]string{"gggg:0000:0000:1234:abcd:ffff:c0a8:0101"})
 
-		assert.Error(t, err)
+		require.Error(t, err)
 	}
 
 	// valid ipv6 cidr
@@ -628,7 +849,7 @@ func TestPrepareTrustedCIRDsWith(t *testing.T) {
 		expectedTrustedCIDRs := []*net.IPNet{parseCIDR("::/0")}
 		err := r.SetTrustedProxies([]string{"::/0"})
 
-		assert.NoError(t, err)
+		require.NoError(t, err)
 		assert.Equal(t, expectedTrustedCIDRs, r.trustedCIDRs)
 	}
 
@@ -636,7 +857,7 @@ func TestPrepareTrustedCIRDsWith(t *testing.T) {
 	{
 		err := r.SetTrustedProxies([]string{"gggg:0000:0000:1234:abcd:ffff:c0a8:0101/129"})
 
-		assert.Error(t, err)
+		require.Error(t, err)
 	}
 
 	// valid combination
@@ -652,7 +873,7 @@ func TestPrepareTrustedCIRDsWith(t *testing.T) {
 			"172.16.0.1",
 		})
 
-		assert.NoError(t, err)
+		require.NoError(t, err)
 		assert.Equal(t, expectedTrustedCIDRs, r.trustedCIDRs)
 	}
 
@@ -664,7 +885,7 @@ func TestPrepareTrustedCIRDsWith(t *testing.T) {
 			"172.16.0.256",
 		})
 
-		assert.Error(t, err)
+		require.Error(t, err)
 	}
 
 	// nil value
@@ -672,7 +893,7 @@ func TestPrepareTrustedCIRDsWith(t *testing.T) {
 		err := r.SetTrustedProxies(nil)
 
 		assert.Nil(t, r.trustedCIDRs)
-		assert.Nil(t, err)
+		require.NoError(t, err)
 	}
 }
 
@@ -696,3 +917,170 @@ func assertRoutePresent(t *testing.T, gotRoutes RoutesInfo, wantRoute RouteInfo)
 
 func handlerTest1(c *Context) {}
 func handlerTest2(c *Context) {}
+
+func TestNewOptionFunc(t *testing.T) {
+	fc := func(e *Engine) {
+		e.GET("/test1", handlerTest1)
+		e.GET("/test2", handlerTest2)
+
+		e.Use(func(c *Context) {
+			c.Next()
+		})
+	}
+
+	r := New(fc)
+
+	routes := r.Routes()
+	assertRoutePresent(t, routes, RouteInfo{Path: "/test1", Method: http.MethodGet, Handler: "github.com/gin-gonic/gin.handlerTest1"})
+	assertRoutePresent(t, routes, RouteInfo{Path: "/test2", Method: http.MethodGet, Handler: "github.com/gin-gonic/gin.handlerTest2"})
+}
+
+func TestWithOptionFunc(t *testing.T) {
+	r := New()
+
+	r.With(func(e *Engine) {
+		e.GET("/test1", handlerTest1)
+		e.GET("/test2", handlerTest2)
+
+		e.Use(func(c *Context) {
+			c.Next()
+		})
+	})
+
+	routes := r.Routes()
+	assertRoutePresent(t, routes, RouteInfo{Path: "/test1", Method: http.MethodGet, Handler: "github.com/gin-gonic/gin.handlerTest1"})
+	assertRoutePresent(t, routes, RouteInfo{Path: "/test2", Method: http.MethodGet, Handler: "github.com/gin-gonic/gin.handlerTest2"})
+}
+
+type Birthday string
+
+func (b *Birthday) UnmarshalParam(param string) error {
+	*b = Birthday(strings.ReplaceAll(param, "-", "/"))
+	return nil
+}
+
+func TestCustomUnmarshalStruct(t *testing.T) {
+	route := Default()
+	var request struct {
+		Birthday Birthday `form:"birthday"`
+	}
+	route.GET("/test", func(ctx *Context) {
+		_ = ctx.BindQuery(&request)
+		ctx.JSON(200, request.Birthday)
+	})
+	req := httptest.NewRequest(http.MethodGet, "/test?birthday=2000-01-01", nil)
+	w := httptest.NewRecorder()
+	route.ServeHTTP(w, req)
+	assert.Equal(t, 200, w.Code)
+	assert.Equal(t, `"2000/01/01"`, w.Body.String())
+}
+
+// Test the fix for https://github.com/gin-gonic/gin/issues/4002
+func TestMethodNotAllowedNoRoute(t *testing.T) {
+	g := New()
+	g.HandleMethodNotAllowed = true
+
+	req := httptest.NewRequest(http.MethodGet, "/", nil)
+	resp := httptest.NewRecorder()
+	assert.NotPanics(t, func() { g.ServeHTTP(resp, req) })
+	assert.Equal(t, http.StatusNotFound, resp.Code)
+}
+
+// Test the fix for https://github.com/gin-gonic/gin/pull/4415
+func TestLiteralColonWithRun(t *testing.T) {
+	SetMode(TestMode)
+	router := New()
+
+	router.GET(`/test\:action`, func(c *Context) {
+		c.JSON(http.StatusOK, H{"path": "literal_colon"})
+	})
+
+	router.updateRouteTrees()
+
+	w := httptest.NewRecorder()
+
+	req, _ := http.NewRequest(http.MethodGet, "/test:action", nil)
+	router.ServeHTTP(w, req)
+
+	assert.Equal(t, http.StatusOK, w.Code)
+	assert.Contains(t, w.Body.String(), "literal_colon")
+}
+
+func TestLiteralColonWithDirectServeHTTP(t *testing.T) {
+	SetMode(TestMode)
+	router := New()
+
+	router.GET(`/test\:action`, func(c *Context) {
+		c.JSON(http.StatusOK, H{"path": "literal_colon"})
+	})
+
+	w := httptest.NewRecorder()
+	req, _ := http.NewRequest(http.MethodGet, "/test:action", nil)
+	router.ServeHTTP(w, req)
+
+	assert.Equal(t, http.StatusOK, w.Code)
+	assert.Contains(t, w.Body.String(), "literal_colon")
+}
+
+func TestLiteralColonWithHandler(t *testing.T) {
+	SetMode(TestMode)
+	router := New()
+
+	router.GET(`/test\:action`, func(c *Context) {
+		c.JSON(http.StatusOK, H{"path": "literal_colon"})
+	})
+
+	handler := router.Handler()
+
+	w := httptest.NewRecorder()
+	req, _ := http.NewRequest(http.MethodGet, "/test:action", nil)
+	handler.ServeHTTP(w, req)
+
+	assert.Equal(t, http.StatusOK, w.Code)
+	assert.Contains(t, w.Body.String(), "literal_colon")
+}
+
+func TestLiteralColonWithHTTPServer(t *testing.T) {
+	SetMode(TestMode)
+	router := New()
+
+	router.GET(`/test\:action`, func(c *Context) {
+		c.JSON(http.StatusOK, H{"path": "literal_colon"})
+	})
+
+	router.GET("/test/:param", func(c *Context) {
+		c.JSON(http.StatusOK, H{"param": c.Param("param")})
+	})
+
+	w := httptest.NewRecorder()
+	req, _ := http.NewRequest(http.MethodGet, "/test:action", nil)
+	router.ServeHTTP(w, req)
+
+	assert.Equal(t, http.StatusOK, w.Code)
+	assert.Contains(t, w.Body.String(), "literal_colon")
+
+	w2 := httptest.NewRecorder()
+	req2, _ := http.NewRequest(http.MethodGet, "/test/foo", nil)
+	router.ServeHTTP(w2, req2)
+
+	assert.Equal(t, http.StatusOK, w2.Code)
+	assert.Contains(t, w2.Body.String(), "foo")
+}
+
+// Test that updateRouteTrees is called only once
+func TestUpdateRouteTreesCalledOnce(t *testing.T) {
+	SetMode(TestMode)
+	router := New()
+
+	router.GET(`/test\:action`, func(c *Context) {
+		c.String(http.StatusOK, "ok")
+	})
+
+	for range 5 {
+		w := httptest.NewRecorder()
+		req, _ := http.NewRequest(http.MethodGet, "/test:action", nil)
+		router.ServeHTTP(w, req)
+		assert.Equal(t, http.StatusOK, w.Code)
+		assert.Equal(t, "ok", w.Body.String())
+	}
+}
diff --git a/githubapi_test.go b/githubapi_test.go
index c6350e81..20d4aeaf 100644
--- a/githubapi_test.go
+++ b/githubapi_test.go
@@ -5,15 +5,17 @@
 package gin
 
 import (
-	"bytes"
 	"fmt"
 	"math/rand"
 	"net/http"
 	"net/http/httptest"
 	"os"
+	"strconv"
+	"strings"
 	"testing"
 
 	"github.com/stretchr/testify/assert"
+	"github.com/stretchr/testify/require"
 )
 
 type route struct {
@@ -295,9 +297,9 @@ func TestShouldBindUri(t *testing.T) {
 	}
 	router.Handle(http.MethodGet, "/rest/:name/:id", func(c *Context) {
 		var person Person
-		assert.NoError(t, c.ShouldBindUri(&person))
-		assert.True(t, person.Name != "")
-		assert.True(t, person.ID != "")
+		require.NoError(t, c.ShouldBindUri(&person))
+		assert.NotEmpty(t, person.Name)
+		assert.NotEmpty(t, person.ID)
 		c.String(http.StatusOK, "ShouldBindUri test OK")
 	})
 
@@ -317,9 +319,9 @@ func TestBindUri(t *testing.T) {
 	}
 	router.Handle(http.MethodGet, "/rest/:name/:id", func(c *Context) {
 		var person Person
-		assert.NoError(t, c.BindUri(&person))
-		assert.True(t, person.Name != "")
-		assert.True(t, person.ID != "")
+		require.NoError(t, c.BindUri(&person))
+		assert.NotEmpty(t, person.Name)
+		assert.NotEmpty(t, person.ID)
 		c.String(http.StatusOK, "BindUri test OK")
 	})
 
@@ -338,7 +340,7 @@ func TestBindUriError(t *testing.T) {
 	}
 	router.Handle(http.MethodGet, "/new/rest/:num", func(c *Context) {
 		var m Member
-		assert.Error(t, c.BindUri(&m))
+		require.Error(t, c.BindUri(&m))
 	})
 
 	path1, _ := exampleFromPath("/new/rest/:num")
@@ -401,7 +403,7 @@ func TestGithubAPI(t *testing.T) {
 }
 
 func exampleFromPath(path string) (string, Params) {
-	output := new(bytes.Buffer)
+	output := new(strings.Builder)
 	params := make(Params, 0, 6)
 	start := -1
 	for i, c := range path {
@@ -410,7 +412,7 @@ func exampleFromPath(path string) (string, Params) {
 		}
 		if start >= 0 {
 			if c == '/' {
-				value := fmt.Sprint(rand.Intn(100000))
+				value := strconv.Itoa(rand.Intn(100000))
 				params = append(params, Param{
 					Key:   path[start:i],
 					Value: value,
@@ -424,7 +426,7 @@ func exampleFromPath(path string) (string, Params) {
 		}
 	}
 	if start >= 0 {
-		value := fmt.Sprint(rand.Intn(100000))
+		value := strconv.Itoa(rand.Intn(100000))
 		params = append(params, Param{
 			Key:   path[start:],
 			Value: value,
diff --git a/go.mod b/go.mod
index fa1db99a..3a2b2bf2 100644
--- a/go.mod
+++ b/go.mod
@@ -1,36 +1,42 @@
 module github.com/gin-gonic/gin
 
-go 1.18
+go 1.24.0
 
 require (
-	github.com/bytedance/sonic v1.4.0
-	github.com/gin-contrib/sse v0.1.0
-	github.com/go-playground/validator/v10 v10.11.1
-	github.com/goccy/go-json v0.9.11
+	github.com/bytedance/sonic v1.14.2
+	github.com/gin-contrib/sse v1.1.0
+	github.com/go-playground/validator/v10 v10.28.0
+	github.com/goccy/go-json v0.10.2
+	github.com/goccy/go-yaml v1.19.0
 	github.com/json-iterator/go v1.1.12
-	github.com/mattn/go-isatty v0.0.16
-	github.com/pelletier/go-toml/v2 v2.0.2
-	github.com/stretchr/testify v1.8.0
-	github.com/ugorji/go/codec v1.2.7
-	golang.org/x/net v0.0.0-20211112202133-69e39bad7dc2
-	google.golang.org/protobuf v1.28.1
-	gopkg.in/yaml.v2 v2.4.0
+	github.com/mattn/go-isatty v0.0.20
+	github.com/modern-go/reflect2 v1.0.2
+	github.com/pelletier/go-toml/v2 v2.2.4
+	github.com/quic-go/quic-go v0.57.1
+	github.com/stretchr/testify v1.11.1
+	github.com/ugorji/go/codec v1.3.1
+	golang.org/x/net v0.47.0
+	google.golang.org/protobuf v1.36.10
 )
 
 require (
-	github.com/chenzhuoyu/base64x v0.0.0-20220526154910-8bf9453eb81a // indirect
+	github.com/bytedance/gopkg v0.1.3 // indirect
+	github.com/bytedance/sonic/loader v0.4.0 // indirect
+	github.com/cloudwego/base64x v0.1.6 // indirect
 	github.com/davecgh/go-spew v1.1.1 // indirect
-	github.com/go-playground/locales v0.14.0 // indirect
-	github.com/go-playground/universal-translator v0.18.0 // indirect
-	github.com/klauspost/cpuid/v2 v2.0.14 // indirect
-	github.com/leodido/go-urn v1.2.1 // indirect
+	github.com/gabriel-vasile/mimetype v1.4.10 // indirect
+	github.com/go-playground/locales v0.14.1 // indirect
+	github.com/go-playground/universal-translator v0.18.1 // indirect
+	github.com/klauspost/cpuid/v2 v2.3.0 // indirect
+	github.com/kr/text v0.2.0 // indirect
+	github.com/leodido/go-urn v1.4.0 // indirect
 	github.com/modern-go/concurrent v0.0.0-20180228061459-e0a39a4cb421 // indirect
-	github.com/modern-go/reflect2 v1.0.2 // indirect
 	github.com/pmezard/go-difflib v1.0.0 // indirect
+	github.com/quic-go/qpack v0.6.0 // indirect
 	github.com/twitchyliquid64/golang-asm v0.15.1 // indirect
-	golang.org/x/arch v0.0.0-20220412001346-fc48f9fe4c15 // indirect
-	golang.org/x/crypto v0.0.0-20211215153901-e495a2d5b3d3 // indirect
-	golang.org/x/sys v0.0.0-20220811171246-fbc7d0a398ab // indirect
-	golang.org/x/text v0.3.7 // indirect
+	golang.org/x/arch v0.20.0 // indirect
+	golang.org/x/crypto v0.45.0 // indirect
+	golang.org/x/sys v0.38.0 // indirect
+	golang.org/x/text v0.31.0 // indirect
 	gopkg.in/yaml.v3 v3.0.1 // indirect
 )
diff --git a/go.sum b/go.sum
index 1c31d299..a487aaaf 100644
--- a/go.sum
+++ b/go.sum
@@ -1,113 +1,95 @@
-github.com/bytedance/sonic v1.4.0 h1:d6vgPhwgHfpmEiz/9Fzea9fGzWY7RO1TQEySBiRwDLY=
-github.com/bytedance/sonic v1.4.0/go.mod h1:V973WhNhGmvHxW6nQmsHEfHaoU9F3zTF+93rH03hcUQ=
-github.com/chenzhuoyu/base64x v0.0.0-20211019084208-fb5309c8db06/go.mod h1:DH46F32mSOjUmXrMHnKwZdA8wcEefY7UVqBKYGjpdQY=
-github.com/chenzhuoyu/base64x v0.0.0-20220526154910-8bf9453eb81a h1:lmGPzuocwDxoPAMr9h16zoJY/USZR9jIh99nrmKk1uI=
-github.com/chenzhuoyu/base64x v0.0.0-20220526154910-8bf9453eb81a/go.mod h1:DH46F32mSOjUmXrMHnKwZdA8wcEefY7UVqBKYGjpdQY=
+github.com/bytedance/gopkg v0.1.3 h1:TPBSwH8RsouGCBcMBktLt1AymVo2TVsBVCY4b6TnZ/M=
+github.com/bytedance/gopkg v0.1.3/go.mod h1:576VvJ+eJgyCzdjS+c4+77QF3p7ubbtiKARP3TxducM=
+github.com/bytedance/sonic v1.14.2 h1:k1twIoe97C1DtYUo+fZQy865IuHia4PR5RPiuGPPIIE=
+github.com/bytedance/sonic v1.14.2/go.mod h1:T80iDELeHiHKSc0C9tubFygiuXoGzrkjKzX2quAx980=
+github.com/bytedance/sonic/loader v0.4.0 h1:olZ7lEqcxtZygCK9EKYKADnpQoYkRQxaeY2NYzevs+o=
+github.com/bytedance/sonic/loader v0.4.0/go.mod h1:AR4NYCk5DdzZizZ5djGqQ92eEhCCcdf5x77udYiSJRo=
+github.com/cloudwego/base64x v0.1.6 h1:t11wG9AECkCDk5fMSoxmufanudBtJ+/HemLstXDLI2M=
+github.com/cloudwego/base64x v0.1.6/go.mod h1:OFcloc187FXDaYHvrNIjxSe8ncn0OOM8gEHfghB2IPU=
 github.com/creack/pty v1.1.9/go.mod h1:oKZEueFk5CKHvIhNR5MUki03XCEU+Q6VDXinZuGJ33E=
 github.com/davecgh/go-spew v1.1.0/go.mod h1:J7Y8YcW2NihsgmVo/mv3lAwl/skON4iLHjSsI+c5H38=
 github.com/davecgh/go-spew v1.1.1 h1:vj9j/u1bqnvCEfJOwUhtlOARqs3+rkHYY13jYWTU97c=
 github.com/davecgh/go-spew v1.1.1/go.mod h1:J7Y8YcW2NihsgmVo/mv3lAwl/skON4iLHjSsI+c5H38=
-github.com/gin-contrib/sse v0.1.0 h1:Y/yl/+YNO8GZSjAhjMsSuLt29uWRFHdHYUb5lYOV9qE=
-github.com/gin-contrib/sse v0.1.0/go.mod h1:RHrZQHXnP2xjPF+u1gW/2HnVO7nvIa9PG3Gm+fLHvGI=
-github.com/go-playground/assert/v2 v2.0.1 h1:MsBgLAaY856+nPRTKrp3/OZK38U/wa0CcBYNjji3q3A=
-github.com/go-playground/assert/v2 v2.0.1/go.mod h1:VDjEfimB/XKnb+ZQfWdccd7VUvScMdVu0Titje2rxJ4=
-github.com/go-playground/locales v0.14.0 h1:u50s323jtVGugKlcYeyzC0etD1HifMjqmJqb8WugfUU=
-github.com/go-playground/locales v0.14.0/go.mod h1:sawfccIbzZTqEDETgFXqTho0QybSa7l++s0DH+LDiLs=
-github.com/go-playground/universal-translator v0.18.0 h1:82dyy6p4OuJq4/CByFNOn/jYrnRPArHwAcmLoJZxyho=
-github.com/go-playground/universal-translator v0.18.0/go.mod h1:UvRDBj+xPUEGrFYl+lu/H90nyDXpg0fqeB/AQUGNTVA=
-github.com/go-playground/validator/v10 v10.11.1 h1:prmOlTVv+YjZjmRmNSF3VmspqJIxJWXmqUsHwfTRRkQ=
-github.com/go-playground/validator/v10 v10.11.1/go.mod h1:i+3WkQ1FvaUjjxh1kSvIA4dMGDBiPU55YFDl0WbKdWU=
-github.com/goccy/go-json v0.9.4/go.mod h1:6MelG93GURQebXPDq3khkgXZkazVtN9CRI+MGFi0w8I=
-github.com/goccy/go-json v0.9.11 h1:/pAaQDLHEoCq/5FFmSKBswWmK6H0e8g4159Kc/X/nqk=
-github.com/goccy/go-json v0.9.11/go.mod h1:6MelG93GURQebXPDq3khkgXZkazVtN9CRI+MGFi0w8I=
-github.com/golang/protobuf v1.5.0/go.mod h1:FsONVRAS9T7sI+LIUmWTfcYkHO4aIWwzhcaSAoJOfIk=
-github.com/google/go-cmp v0.5.5 h1:Khx7svrCpmxxtHBq5j2mp/xVjsi8hQMfNLvJFAlrGgU=
-github.com/google/go-cmp v0.5.5/go.mod h1:v8dTdLbMG2kIc/vJvl+f65V22dbkXbowE6jgT/gNBxE=
+github.com/gabriel-vasile/mimetype v1.4.10 h1:zyueNbySn/z8mJZHLt6IPw0KoZsiQNszIpU+bX4+ZK0=
+github.com/gabriel-vasile/mimetype v1.4.10/go.mod h1:d+9Oxyo1wTzWdyVUPMmXFvp4F9tea18J8ufA774AB3s=
+github.com/gin-contrib/sse v1.1.0 h1:n0w2GMuUpWDVp7qSpvze6fAu9iRxJY4Hmj6AmBOU05w=
+github.com/gin-contrib/sse v1.1.0/go.mod h1:hxRZ5gVpWMT7Z0B0gSNYqqsSCNIJMjzvm6fqCz9vjwM=
+github.com/go-playground/assert/v2 v2.2.0 h1:JvknZsQTYeFEAhQwI4qEt9cyV5ONwRHC+lYKSsYSR8s=
+github.com/go-playground/assert/v2 v2.2.0/go.mod h1:VDjEfimB/XKnb+ZQfWdccd7VUvScMdVu0Titje2rxJ4=
+github.com/go-playground/locales v0.14.1 h1:EWaQ/wswjilfKLTECiXz7Rh+3BjFhfDFKv/oXslEjJA=
+github.com/go-playground/locales v0.14.1/go.mod h1:hxrqLVvrK65+Rwrd5Fc6F2O76J/NuW9t0sjnWqG1slY=
+github.com/go-playground/universal-translator v0.18.1 h1:Bcnm0ZwsGyWbCzImXv+pAJnYK9S473LQFuzCbDbfSFY=
+github.com/go-playground/universal-translator v0.18.1/go.mod h1:xekY+UJKNuX9WP91TpwSH2VMlDf28Uj24BCp08ZFTUY=
+github.com/go-playground/validator/v10 v10.28.0 h1:Q7ibns33JjyW48gHkuFT91qX48KG0ktULL6FgHdG688=
+github.com/go-playground/validator/v10 v10.28.0/go.mod h1:GoI6I1SjPBh9p7ykNE/yj3fFYbyDOpwMn5KXd+m2hUU=
+github.com/goccy/go-json v0.10.2 h1:CrxCmQqYDkv1z7lO7Wbh2HN93uovUHgrECaO5ZrCXAU=
+github.com/goccy/go-json v0.10.2/go.mod h1:6MelG93GURQebXPDq3khkgXZkazVtN9CRI+MGFi0w8I=
+github.com/goccy/go-yaml v1.19.0 h1:EmkZ9RIsX+Uq4DYFowegAuJo8+xdX3T/2dwNPXbxEYE=
+github.com/goccy/go-yaml v1.19.0/go.mod h1:XBurs7gK8ATbW4ZPGKgcbrY1Br56PdM69F7LkFRi1kA=
+github.com/google/go-cmp v0.7.0 h1:wk8382ETsv4JYUZwIsn6YpYiWiBsYLSJiTsyBybVuN8=
+github.com/google/go-cmp v0.7.0/go.mod h1:pXiqmnSA92OHEEa9HXL2W4E7lf9JzCmGVUdgjX3N/iU=
 github.com/google/gofuzz v1.0.0/go.mod h1:dBl0BpW6vV/+mYPU4Po3pmUjxk6FQPldtuIdl/M65Eg=
 github.com/json-iterator/go v1.1.12 h1:PV8peI4a0ysnczrg+LtxykD8LfKY9ML6u2jnxaEnrnM=
 github.com/json-iterator/go v1.1.12/go.mod h1:e30LSqwooZae/UwlEbR2852Gd8hjQvJoHmT4TnhNGBo=
-github.com/klauspost/cpuid/v2 v2.0.9/go.mod h1:FInQzS24/EEf25PyTYn52gqo7WaD8xa0213Md/qVLRg=
-github.com/klauspost/cpuid/v2 v2.0.14 h1:QRqdp6bb9M9S5yyKeYteXKuoKE4p0tGlra81fKOpWH8=
-github.com/klauspost/cpuid/v2 v2.0.14/go.mod h1:g2LTdtYhdyuGPqyWyv7qRAmj1WBqxuObKfj5c0PQa7c=
-github.com/kr/pretty v0.1.0/go.mod h1:dAy3ld7l9f0ibDNOQOHHMYYIIbhfbHSm3C4ZsoJORNo=
-github.com/kr/pretty v0.2.1/go.mod h1:ipq/a2n7PKx3OHsz4KJII5eveXtPO4qwEXGdVfWzfnI=
-github.com/kr/pretty v0.3.0 h1:WgNl7dwNpEZ6jJ9k1snq4pZsg7DOEN8hP9Xw0Tsjwk0=
-github.com/kr/pretty v0.3.0/go.mod h1:640gp4NfQd8pI5XOwp5fnNeVWj67G7CFk/SaSQn7NBk=
-github.com/kr/pty v1.1.1/go.mod h1:pFQYn66WHrOpPYNljwOMqo10TkYh1fy3cYio2l3bCsQ=
-github.com/kr/text v0.1.0/go.mod h1:4Jbv+DJW3UT/LiOwJeYQe1efqtUx/iVham/4vfdArNI=
+github.com/klauspost/cpuid/v2 v2.3.0 h1:S4CRMLnYUhGeDFDqkGriYKdfoFlDnMtqTiI/sFzhA9Y=
+github.com/klauspost/cpuid/v2 v2.3.0/go.mod h1:hqwkgyIinND0mEev00jJYCxPNVRVXFQeu1XKlok6oO0=
+github.com/kr/pretty v0.3.1 h1:flRD4NNwYAUpkphVc1HcthR4KEIFJ65n8Mw5qdRn3LE=
+github.com/kr/pretty v0.3.1/go.mod h1:hoEshYVHaxMs3cyo3Yncou5ZscifuDolrwPKZanG3xk=
 github.com/kr/text v0.2.0 h1:5Nx0Ya0ZqY2ygV366QzturHI13Jq95ApcVaJBhpS+AY=
 github.com/kr/text v0.2.0/go.mod h1:eLer722TekiGuMkidMxC/pM04lWEeraHUUmBw8l2grE=
-github.com/leodido/go-urn v1.2.1 h1:BqpAaACuzVSgi/VLzGZIobT2z4v53pjosyNd9Yv6n/w=
-github.com/leodido/go-urn v1.2.1/go.mod h1:zt4jvISO2HfUBqxjfIshjdMTYS56ZS/qv49ictyFfxY=
-github.com/mattn/go-isatty v0.0.16 h1:bq3VjFmv/sOjHtdEhmkEV4x1AJtvUvOJ2PFAZ5+peKQ=
-github.com/mattn/go-isatty v0.0.16/go.mod h1:kYGgaQfpe5nmfYZH+SKPsOc2e4SrIfOl2e/yFXSvRLM=
+github.com/leodido/go-urn v1.4.0 h1:WT9HwE9SGECu3lg4d/dIA+jxlljEa1/ffXKmRjqdmIQ=
+github.com/leodido/go-urn v1.4.0/go.mod h1:bvxc+MVxLKB4z00jd1z+Dvzr47oO32F/QSNjSBOlFxI=
+github.com/mattn/go-isatty v0.0.20 h1:xfD0iDuEKnDkl03q4limB+vH+GxLEtL/jb4xVJSWWEY=
+github.com/mattn/go-isatty v0.0.20/go.mod h1:W+V8PltTTMOvKvAeJH7IuucS94S2C6jfK/D7dTCTo3Y=
 github.com/modern-go/concurrent v0.0.0-20180228061459-e0a39a4cb421 h1:ZqeYNhU3OHLH3mGKHDcjJRFFRrJa6eAM5H+CtDdOsPc=
 github.com/modern-go/concurrent v0.0.0-20180228061459-e0a39a4cb421/go.mod h1:6dJC0mAP4ikYIbvyc7fijjWJddQyLn8Ig3JB5CqoB9Q=
 github.com/modern-go/reflect2 v1.0.2 h1:xBagoLtFs94CBntxluKeaWgTMpvLxC4ur3nMaC9Gz0M=
 github.com/modern-go/reflect2 v1.0.2/go.mod h1:yWuevngMOJpCy52FWWMvUC8ws7m/LJsjYzDa0/r8luk=
-github.com/pelletier/go-toml/v2 v2.0.2 h1:+jQXlF3scKIcSEKkdHzXhCTDLPFi5r1wnK6yPS+49Gw=
-github.com/pelletier/go-toml/v2 v2.0.2/go.mod h1:MovirKjgVRESsAvNZlAjtFwV867yGuwRkXbG66OzopI=
-github.com/pkg/diff v0.0.0-20210226163009-20ebb0f2a09e/go.mod h1:pJLUxLENpZxwdsKMEsNbx1VGcRFpLqf3715MtcvvzbA=
+github.com/pelletier/go-toml/v2 v2.2.4 h1:mye9XuhQ6gvn5h28+VilKrrPoQVanw5PMw/TB0t5Ec4=
+github.com/pelletier/go-toml/v2 v2.2.4/go.mod h1:2gIqNv+qfxSVS7cM2xJQKtLSTLUE9V8t9Stt+h56mCY=
 github.com/pmezard/go-difflib v1.0.0 h1:4DBwDE0NGyQoBHbLQYPwSUPoCMWR5BEzIk/f1lZbAQM=
 github.com/pmezard/go-difflib v1.0.0/go.mod h1:iKH77koFhYxTK1pcRnkKkqfTogsbg7gZNVY4sRDYZ/4=
-github.com/rogpeppe/go-internal v1.6.1/go.mod h1:xXDCJY+GAPziupqXw64V24skbSoqbTEfhy4qGm1nDQc=
-github.com/rogpeppe/go-internal v1.8.0 h1:FCbCCtXNOY3UtUuHUYaghJg4y7Fd14rXifAYUAtL9R8=
-github.com/rogpeppe/go-internal v1.8.0/go.mod h1:WmiCO8CzOY8rg0OYDC4/i/2WRWAB6poM+XZ2dLUbcbE=
+github.com/quic-go/qpack v0.6.0 h1:g7W+BMYynC1LbYLSqRt8PBg5Tgwxn214ZZR34VIOjz8=
+github.com/quic-go/qpack v0.6.0/go.mod h1:lUpLKChi8njB4ty2bFLX2x4gzDqXwUpaO1DP9qMDZII=
+github.com/quic-go/quic-go v0.57.1 h1:25KAAR9QR8KZrCZRThWMKVAwGoiHIrNbT72ULHTuI10=
+github.com/quic-go/quic-go v0.57.1/go.mod h1:ly4QBAjHA2VhdnxhojRsCUOeJwKYg+taDlos92xb1+s=
+github.com/rogpeppe/go-internal v1.10.0 h1:TMyTOH3F/DB16zRVcYyreMH6GnZZrwQVAoYjRBZyWFQ=
+github.com/rogpeppe/go-internal v1.10.0/go.mod h1:UQnix2H7Ngw/k4C5ijL5+65zddjncjaFoBhdsK/akog=
 github.com/stretchr/objx v0.1.0/go.mod h1:HFkY916IF+rwdDfMAkV7OtwuqBVzrE8GR6GFx+wExME=
 github.com/stretchr/objx v0.4.0/go.mod h1:YvHI0jy2hoMjB+UWwv71VJQ9isScKT/TqJzVSSt89Yw=
+github.com/stretchr/objx v0.5.0/go.mod h1:Yh+to48EsGEfYuaHDzXPcE3xhTkx73EhmCGUpEOglKo=
+github.com/stretchr/objx v0.5.2/go.mod h1:FRsXN1f5AsAjCGJKqEizvkpNtU+EGNCLh3NxZ/8L+MA=
 github.com/stretchr/testify v1.3.0/go.mod h1:M5WIy9Dh21IEIfnGCwXGc5bZfKNJtfHm1UVUgZn+9EI=
-github.com/stretchr/testify v1.6.1/go.mod h1:6Fq8oRcR53rry900zMqJjRRixrwX3KX962/h/Wwjteg=
-github.com/stretchr/testify v1.7.0/go.mod h1:6Fq8oRcR53rry900zMqJjRRixrwX3KX962/h/Wwjteg=
 github.com/stretchr/testify v1.7.1/go.mod h1:6Fq8oRcR53rry900zMqJjRRixrwX3KX962/h/Wwjteg=
-github.com/stretchr/testify v1.7.2/go.mod h1:R6va5+xMeoiuVRoj+gSkQ7d3FALtqAAGI1FQKckRals=
-github.com/stretchr/testify v1.8.0 h1:pSgiaMZlXftHpm5L7V1+rVB+AZJydKsMxsQBIJw4PKk=
 github.com/stretchr/testify v1.8.0/go.mod h1:yNjHg4UonilssWZ8iaSj1OCr/vHnekPRkoO+kdMU+MU=
-github.com/tidwall/gjson v1.12.1/go.mod h1:/wbyibRr2FHMks5tjHJ5F8dMZh3AcwJEMf5vlfC0lxk=
-github.com/tidwall/gjson v1.13.0 h1:3TFY9yxOQShrvmjdM76K+jc66zJeT6D3/VFFYCGQf7M=
-github.com/tidwall/gjson v1.13.0/go.mod h1:/wbyibRr2FHMks5tjHJ5F8dMZh3AcwJEMf5vlfC0lxk=
-github.com/tidwall/match v1.1.1 h1:+Ho715JplO36QYgwN9PGYNhgZvoUSc9X2c80KVTi+GA=
-github.com/tidwall/match v1.1.1/go.mod h1:eRSPERbgtNPcGhD8UCthc6PmLEQXEWd3PRB5JTxsfmM=
-github.com/tidwall/pretty v1.2.0 h1:RWIZEg2iJ8/g6fDDYzMpobmaoGh5OLl4AXtGUGPcqCs=
-github.com/tidwall/pretty v1.2.0/go.mod h1:ITEVvHYasfjBbM0u2Pg8T2nJnzm8xPwvNhhsoaGGjNU=
-github.com/tidwall/sjson v1.2.4 h1:cuiLzLnaMeBhRmEv00Lpk3tkYrcxpmbU81tAY4Dw0tc=
-github.com/tidwall/sjson v1.2.4/go.mod h1:098SZ494YoMWPmMO6ct4dcFnqxwj9r/gF0Etp19pSNM=
+github.com/stretchr/testify v1.8.4/go.mod h1:sz/lmYIOXD/1dqDmKjjqLyZ2RngseejIcXlSw2iwfAo=
+github.com/stretchr/testify v1.10.0/go.mod h1:r2ic/lqez/lEtzL7wO/rwa5dbSLXVDPFyf8C91i36aY=
+github.com/stretchr/testify v1.11.1 h1:7s2iGBzp5EwR7/aIZr8ao5+dra3wiQyKjjFuvgVKu7U=
+github.com/stretchr/testify v1.11.1/go.mod h1:wZwfW3scLgRK+23gO65QZefKpKQRnfz6sD981Nm4B6U=
 github.com/twitchyliquid64/golang-asm v0.15.1 h1:SU5vSMR7hnwNxj24w34ZyCi/FmDZTkS4MhqMhdFk5YI=
 github.com/twitchyliquid64/golang-asm v0.15.1/go.mod h1:a1lVb/DtPvCB8fslRZhAngC2+aY1QWCk3Cedj/Gdt08=
-github.com/ugorji/go v1.2.7/go.mod h1:nF9osbDWLy6bDVv/Rtoh6QgnvNDpmCalQV5urGCCS6M=
-github.com/ugorji/go/codec v1.2.7 h1:YPXUKf7fYbp/y8xloBqZOw2qaVggbfwMlI8WM3wZUJ0=
-github.com/ugorji/go/codec v1.2.7/go.mod h1:WGN1fab3R1fzQlVQTkfxVtIBhWDRqOviHU95kRgeqEY=
-golang.org/x/arch v0.0.0-20210923205945-b76863e36670/go.mod h1:5om86z9Hs0C8fWVUuoMHwpExlXzs5Tkyp9hOrfG7pp8=
-golang.org/x/arch v0.0.0-20220412001346-fc48f9fe4c15 h1:GVfVkciLYxn5mY5EncwAe0SXUn9Rm81rRkZ0TTmn/cU=
-golang.org/x/arch v0.0.0-20220412001346-fc48f9fe4c15/go.mod h1:5om86z9Hs0C8fWVUuoMHwpExlXzs5Tkyp9hOrfG7pp8=
-golang.org/x/crypto v0.0.0-20211215153901-e495a2d5b3d3 h1:0es+/5331RGQPcXlMfP+WrnIIS6dNnNRe0WB02W0F4M=
-golang.org/x/crypto v0.0.0-20211215153901-e495a2d5b3d3/go.mod h1:IxCIyHEi3zRg3s0A5j5BB6A9Jmi73HwBIUl50j+osU4=
-golang.org/x/net v0.0.0-20211112202133-69e39bad7dc2 h1:CIJ76btIcR3eFI5EgSo6k1qKw9KJexJuRLI9G7Hp5wE=
-golang.org/x/net v0.0.0-20211112202133-69e39bad7dc2/go.mod h1:9nx3DQGgdP8bBQD5qxJ1jj9UTztislL4KSBs9R2vV5Y=
-golang.org/x/sys v0.0.0-20201119102817-f84b799fce68/go.mod h1:h1NjWce9XRLGQEsW7wpKNCjG9DtNlClVuFLEZdDNbEs=
-golang.org/x/sys v0.0.0-20210423082822-04245dca01da/go.mod h1:h1NjWce9XRLGQEsW7wpKNCjG9DtNlClVuFLEZdDNbEs=
-golang.org/x/sys v0.0.0-20210615035016-665e8c7367d1/go.mod h1:oPkhp1MJrh7nUepCBck5+mAzfO9JrbApNNgaTdGDITg=
-golang.org/x/sys v0.0.0-20210806184541-e5e7981a1069/go.mod h1:oPkhp1MJrh7nUepCBck5+mAzfO9JrbApNNgaTdGDITg=
-golang.org/x/sys v0.0.0-20220811171246-fbc7d0a398ab h1:2QkjZIsXupsJbJIdSjjUOgWK3aEtzyuh2mPt3l/CkeU=
-golang.org/x/sys v0.0.0-20220811171246-fbc7d0a398ab/go.mod h1:oPkhp1MJrh7nUepCBck5+mAzfO9JrbApNNgaTdGDITg=
-golang.org/x/term v0.0.0-20201126162022-7de9c90e9dd1/go.mod h1:bj7SfCRtBDWHUb9snDiAeCFNEtKQo2Wmx5Cou7ajbmo=
-golang.org/x/text v0.3.6/go.mod h1:5Zoc/QRtKVWzQhOtBMvqHzDpF6irO9z98xDceosuGiQ=
-golang.org/x/text v0.3.7 h1:olpwvP2KacW1ZWvsR7uQhoyTYvKAupfQrRGBFM352Gk=
-golang.org/x/text v0.3.7/go.mod h1:u+2+/6zg+i71rQMx5EYifcz6MCKuco9NR6JIITiCfzQ=
-golang.org/x/tools v0.0.0-20180917221912-90fa682c2a6e/go.mod h1:n7NCudcB/nEzxVGmLbDWY5pfWTLqBcC2KZ6jyYvM4mQ=
-golang.org/x/xerrors v0.0.0-20191204190536-9bdfabe68543 h1:E7g+9GITq07hpfrRu66IVDexMakfv52eLZ2CXBWiKr4=
-golang.org/x/xerrors v0.0.0-20191204190536-9bdfabe68543/go.mod h1:I/5z698sn9Ka8TeJc9MKroUUfqBBauWjQqLJ2OPfmY0=
-google.golang.org/protobuf v1.26.0-rc.1/go.mod h1:jlhhOSvTdKEhbULTjvd4ARK9grFBp09yW+WbY/TyQbw=
-google.golang.org/protobuf v1.28.1 h1:d0NfwRgPtno5B1Wa6L2DAG+KivqkdutMf1UhdNx175w=
-google.golang.org/protobuf v1.28.1/go.mod h1:HV8QOd/L58Z+nl8r43ehVNZIU/HEI6OcFqwMG9pJV4I=
+github.com/ugorji/go/codec v1.3.1 h1:waO7eEiFDwidsBN6agj1vJQ4AG7lh2yqXyOXqhgQuyY=
+github.com/ugorji/go/codec v1.3.1/go.mod h1:pRBVtBSKl77K30Bv8R2P+cLSGaTtex6fsA2Wjqmfxj4=
+go.uber.org/mock v0.5.2 h1:LbtPTcP8A5k9WPXj54PPPbjcI4Y6lhyOZXn+VS7wNko=
+go.uber.org/mock v0.5.2/go.mod h1:wLlUxC2vVTPTaE3UD51E0BGOAElKrILxhVSDYQLld5o=
+golang.org/x/arch v0.20.0 h1:dx1zTU0MAE98U+TQ8BLl7XsJbgze2WnNKF/8tGp/Q6c=
+golang.org/x/arch v0.20.0/go.mod h1:bdwinDaKcfZUGpH09BB7ZmOfhalA8lQdzl62l8gGWsk=
+golang.org/x/crypto v0.45.0 h1:jMBrvKuj23MTlT0bQEOBcAE0mjg8mK9RXFhRH6nyF3Q=
+golang.org/x/crypto v0.45.0/go.mod h1:XTGrrkGJve7CYK7J8PEww4aY7gM3qMCElcJQ8n8JdX4=
+golang.org/x/net v0.47.0 h1:Mx+4dIFzqraBXUugkia1OOvlD6LemFo1ALMHjrXDOhY=
+golang.org/x/net v0.47.0/go.mod h1:/jNxtkgq5yWUGYkaZGqo27cfGZ1c5Nen03aYrrKpVRU=
+golang.org/x/sys v0.6.0/go.mod h1:oPkhp1MJrh7nUepCBck5+mAzfO9JrbApNNgaTdGDITg=
+golang.org/x/sys v0.38.0 h1:3yZWxaJjBmCWXqhN1qh02AkOnCQ1poK6oF+a7xWL6Gc=
+golang.org/x/sys v0.38.0/go.mod h1:OgkHotnGiDImocRcuBABYBEXf8A9a87e/uXjp9XT3ks=
+golang.org/x/text v0.31.0 h1:aC8ghyu4JhP8VojJ2lEHBnochRno1sgL6nEi9WGFGMM=
+golang.org/x/text v0.31.0/go.mod h1:tKRAlv61yKIjGGHX/4tP1LTbc13YSec1pxVEWXzfoeM=
+golang.org/x/time v0.12.0 h1:ScB/8o8olJvc+CQPWrK3fPZNfh7qgwCrY0zJmoEQLSE=
+golang.org/x/time v0.12.0/go.mod h1:CDIdPxbZBQxdj6cxyCIdrNogrJKMJ7pr37NYpMcMDSg=
+google.golang.org/protobuf v1.36.10 h1:AYd7cD/uASjIL6Q9LiTjz8JLcrh/88q5UObnmY3aOOE=
+google.golang.org/protobuf v1.36.10/go.mod h1:HTf+CrKn2C3g5S8VImy6tdcUvCska2kB7j23XfzDpco=
 gopkg.in/check.v1 v0.0.0-20161208181325-20d25e280405/go.mod h1:Co6ibVJAznAaIkqp8huTwlJQCZ016jof/cbN4VW5Yz0=
-gopkg.in/check.v1 v1.0.0-20180628173108-788fd7840127/go.mod h1:Co6ibVJAznAaIkqp8huTwlJQCZ016jof/cbN4VW5Yz0=
 gopkg.in/check.v1 v1.0.0-20201130134442-10cb98267c6c h1:Hei/4ADfdWqJk1ZMxUNpqntNwaWcugrBjAiHlqqRiVk=
 gopkg.in/check.v1 v1.0.0-20201130134442-10cb98267c6c/go.mod h1:JHkPIbrfpd72SG/EVd6muEfDQjcINNoR0C8j2r3qZ4Q=
-gopkg.in/errgo.v2 v2.1.0/go.mod h1:hNsd1EY+bozCKY1Ytp96fpM3vjJbqLJn88ws8XvfDNI=
-gopkg.in/yaml.v2 v2.4.0 h1:D8xgwECY7CYvx+Y2n4sBz93Jn9JRvxdiyyo8CTfuKaY=
-gopkg.in/yaml.v2 v2.4.0/go.mod h1:RDklbk79AGWmwhnvt/jBztapEOGDOx6ZbXqjP6csGnQ=
 gopkg.in/yaml.v3 v3.0.0-20200313102051-9f266ea9e77c/go.mod h1:K4uyk7z7BCEPqu6E+C64Yfv1cQ7kz7rIZviUmN+EgEM=
-gopkg.in/yaml.v3 v3.0.0-20210107192922-496545a6307b/go.mod h1:K4uyk7z7BCEPqu6E+C64Yfv1cQ7kz7rIZviUmN+EgEM=
 gopkg.in/yaml.v3 v3.0.1 h1:fxVm/GzAzEWqLHuvctI91KS9hhNmmWOoWu0XTYJS7CA=
 gopkg.in/yaml.v3 v3.0.1/go.mod h1:K4uyk7z7BCEPqu6E+C64Yfv1cQ7kz7rIZviUmN+EgEM=
-rsc.io/pdf v0.1.1/go.mod h1:n8OzWcQ6Sp37PL01nO98y4iUCRdTGarVfzxY20ICaU4=
diff --git a/internal/bytesconv/bytesconv.go b/internal/bytesconv/bytesconv.go
index 86e4c4d4..a02c53c3 100644
--- a/internal/bytesconv/bytesconv.go
+++ b/internal/bytesconv/bytesconv.go
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-// Copyright 2020 Gin Core Team. All rights reserved.
+// Copyright 2023 Gin Core Team. All rights reserved.
 // Use of this source code is governed by a MIT style
 // license that can be found in the LICENSE file.
 
@@ -9,16 +9,13 @@ import (
 )
 
 // StringToBytes converts string to byte slice without a memory allocation.
+// For more details, see https://github.com/golang/go/issues/53003#issuecomment-1140276077.
 func StringToBytes(s string) []byte {
-	return *(*[]byte)(unsafe.Pointer(
-		&struct {
-			string
-			Cap int
-		}{s, len(s)},
-	))
+	return unsafe.Slice(unsafe.StringData(s), len(s))
 }
 
 // BytesToString converts byte slice to string without a memory allocation.
+// For more details, see https://github.com/golang/go/issues/53003#issuecomment-1140276077.
 func BytesToString(b []byte) string {
-	return *(*string)(unsafe.Pointer(&b))
+	return unsafe.String(unsafe.SliceData(b), len(b))
 }
diff --git a/internal/bytesconv/bytesconv_test.go b/internal/bytesconv/bytesconv_test.go
index eeaad5ee..60e28fb4 100644
--- a/internal/bytesconv/bytesconv_test.go
+++ b/internal/bytesconv/bytesconv_test.go
@@ -6,14 +6,17 @@ package bytesconv
 
 import (
 	"bytes"
+	cRand "crypto/rand"
 	"math/rand"
 	"strings"
 	"testing"
 	"time"
 )
 
-var testString = "Albert Einstein: Logic will get you from A to B. Imagination will take you everywhere."
-var testBytes = []byte(testString)
+var (
+	testString = "Albert Einstein: Logic will get you from A to B. Imagination will take you everywhere."
+	testBytes  = []byte(testString)
+)
 
 func rawBytesToStr(b []byte) string {
 	return string(b)
@@ -28,13 +31,25 @@ func rawStrToBytes(s string) []byte {
 func TestBytesToString(t *testing.T) {
 	data := make([]byte, 1024)
 	for i := 0; i < 100; i++ {
-		rand.Read(data)
+		_, err := cRand.Read(data)
+		if err != nil {
+			t.Fatal(err)
+		}
 		if rawBytesToStr(data) != BytesToString(data) {
 			t.Fatal("don't match")
 		}
 	}
 }
 
+func TestBytesToStringEmpty(t *testing.T) {
+	if got := BytesToString([]byte{}); got != "" {
+		t.Fatalf("BytesToString([]byte{}) = %q; want empty string", got)
+	}
+	if got := BytesToString(nil); got != "" {
+		t.Fatalf("BytesToString(nil) = %q; want empty string", got)
+	}
+}
+
 const letterBytes = "abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyzABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZ"
 const (
 	letterIdxBits = 6                    // 6 bits to represent a letter index
@@ -42,7 +57,7 @@ const (
 	letterIdxMax  = 63 / letterIdxBits   // # of letter indices fitting in 63 bits
 )
 
-var src = rand.NewSource(time.Now().UnixNano())
+var src = rand.New(rand.NewSource(time.Now().UnixNano()))
 
 func RandStringBytesMaskImprSrcSB(n int) string {
 	sb := strings.Builder{}
@@ -72,28 +87,38 @@ func TestStringToBytes(t *testing.T) {
 	}
 }
 
+func TestStringToBytesEmpty(t *testing.T) {
+	b := StringToBytes("")
+	if len(b) != 0 {
+		t.Fatalf(`StringToBytes("") length = %d; want 0`, len(b))
+	}
+	if !bytes.Equal(b, []byte("")) {
+		t.Fatalf(`StringToBytes("") = %v; want []byte("")`, b)
+	}
+}
+
 // go test -v -run=none -bench=^BenchmarkBytesConv -benchmem=true
 
 func BenchmarkBytesConvBytesToStrRaw(b *testing.B) {
-	for i := 0; i < b.N; i++ {
+	for b.Loop() {
 		rawBytesToStr(testBytes)
 	}
 }
 
 func BenchmarkBytesConvBytesToStr(b *testing.B) {
-	for i := 0; i < b.N; i++ {
+	for b.Loop() {
 		BytesToString(testBytes)
 	}
 }
 
 func BenchmarkBytesConvStrToBytesRaw(b *testing.B) {
-	for i := 0; i < b.N; i++ {
+	for b.Loop() {
 		rawStrToBytes(testString)
 	}
 }
 
 func BenchmarkBytesConvStrToBytes(b *testing.B) {
-	for i := 0; i < b.N; i++ {
+	for b.Loop() {
 		StringToBytes(testString)
 	}
 }
diff --git a/internal/fs/fs.go b/internal/fs/fs.go
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..c2530383
--- /dev/null
+++ b/internal/fs/fs.go
@@ -0,0 +1,21 @@
+package fs
+
+import (
+	"io/fs"
+	"net/http"
+)
+
+// FileSystem implements an [fs.FS].
+type FileSystem struct {
+	http.FileSystem
+}
+
+// Open passes `Open` to the upstream implementation and return an [fs.File].
+func (o FileSystem) Open(name string) (fs.File, error) {
+	f, err := o.FileSystem.Open(name)
+	if err != nil {
+		return nil, err
+	}
+
+	return fs.File(f), nil
+}
diff --git a/internal/fs/fs_test.go b/internal/fs/fs_test.go
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..f937cf7f
--- /dev/null
+++ b/internal/fs/fs_test.go
@@ -0,0 +1,49 @@
+package fs
+
+import (
+	"errors"
+	"net/http"
+	"os"
+	"testing"
+
+	"github.com/stretchr/testify/assert"
+	"github.com/stretchr/testify/require"
+)
+
+type mockFileSystem struct {
+	open func(name string) (http.File, error)
+}
+
+func (m *mockFileSystem) Open(name string) (http.File, error) {
+	return m.open(name)
+}
+
+func TestFileSystem_Open(t *testing.T) {
+	var testFile *os.File
+	mockFS := &mockFileSystem{
+		open: func(name string) (http.File, error) {
+			return testFile, nil
+		},
+	}
+	fs := &FileSystem{mockFS}
+
+	file, err := fs.Open("foo")
+
+	require.NoError(t, err)
+	assert.Equal(t, testFile, file)
+}
+
+func TestFileSystem_Open_err(t *testing.T) {
+	testError := errors.New("mock")
+	mockFS := &mockFileSystem{
+		open: func(_ string) (http.File, error) {
+			return nil, testError
+		},
+	}
+	fs := &FileSystem{mockFS}
+
+	file, err := fs.Open("foo")
+
+	require.ErrorIs(t, err, testError)
+	assert.Nil(t, file)
+}
diff --git a/internal/json/go_json.go b/internal/json/go_json.go
deleted file mode 100644
index 23f71726..00000000
--- a/internal/json/go_json.go
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,23 +0,0 @@
-// Copyright 2017 Bo-Yi Wu. All rights reserved.
-// Use of this source code is governed by a MIT style
-// license that can be found in the LICENSE file.
-
-//go:build go_json
-// +build go_json
-
-package json
-
-import json "github.com/goccy/go-json"
-
-var (
-	// Marshal is exported by gin/json package.
-	Marshal = json.Marshal
-	// Unmarshal is exported by gin/json package.
-	Unmarshal = json.Unmarshal
-	// MarshalIndent is exported by gin/json package.
-	MarshalIndent = json.MarshalIndent
-	// NewDecoder is exported by gin/json package.
-	NewDecoder = json.NewDecoder
-	// NewEncoder is exported by gin/json package.
-	NewEncoder = json.NewEncoder
-)
diff --git a/internal/json/json.go b/internal/json/json.go
deleted file mode 100644
index c5f3efc8..00000000
--- a/internal/json/json.go
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,25 +0,0 @@
-// Copyright 2017 Bo-Yi Wu. All rights reserved.
-// Use of this source code is governed by a MIT style
-// license that can be found in the LICENSE file.
-
-//go:build !jsoniter && !go_json && !(sonic && avx && (linux || windows || darwin) && amd64)
-// +build !jsoniter
-// +build !go_json
-// +build !sonic !avx !linux,!windows,!darwin !amd64
-
-package json
-
-import "encoding/json"
-
-var (
-	// Marshal is exported by gin/json package.
-	Marshal = json.Marshal
-	// Unmarshal is exported by gin/json package.
-	Unmarshal = json.Unmarshal
-	// MarshalIndent is exported by gin/json package.
-	MarshalIndent = json.MarshalIndent
-	// NewDecoder is exported by gin/json package.
-	NewDecoder = json.NewDecoder
-	// NewEncoder is exported by gin/json package.
-	NewEncoder = json.NewEncoder
-)
diff --git a/internal/json/jsoniter.go b/internal/json/jsoniter.go
deleted file mode 100644
index 853b1a90..00000000
--- a/internal/json/jsoniter.go
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,24 +0,0 @@
-// Copyright 2017 Bo-Yi Wu. All rights reserved.
-// Use of this source code is governed by a MIT style
-// license that can be found in the LICENSE file.
-
-//go:build jsoniter
-// +build jsoniter
-
-package json
-
-import jsoniter "github.com/json-iterator/go"
-
-var (
-	json = jsoniter.ConfigCompatibleWithStandardLibrary
-	// Marshal is exported by gin/json package.
-	Marshal = json.Marshal
-	// Unmarshal is exported by gin/json package.
-	Unmarshal = json.Unmarshal
-	// MarshalIndent is exported by gin/json package.
-	MarshalIndent = json.MarshalIndent
-	// NewDecoder is exported by gin/json package.
-	NewDecoder = json.NewDecoder
-	// NewEncoder is exported by gin/json package.
-	NewEncoder = json.NewEncoder
-)
diff --git a/internal/json/sonic.go b/internal/json/sonic.go
deleted file mode 100644
index 5a9ca4b2..00000000
--- a/internal/json/sonic.go
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,27 +0,0 @@
-// Copyright 2022 Gin Core Team. All rights reserved.
-// Use of this source code is governed by a MIT style
-// license that can be found in the LICENSE file.
-
-//go:build sonic && avx && (linux || windows || darwin) && amd64
-// +build sonic
-// +build avx
-// +build linux windows darwin
-// +build amd64
-
-package json
-
-import "github.com/bytedance/sonic"
-
-var (
-	json = sonic.ConfigStd
-	// Marshal is exported by gin/json package.
-	Marshal = json.Marshal
-	// Unmarshal is exported by gin/json package.
-	Unmarshal = json.Unmarshal
-	// MarshalIndent is exported by gin/json package.
-	MarshalIndent = json.MarshalIndent
-	// NewDecoder is exported by gin/json package.
-	NewDecoder = json.NewDecoder
-	// NewEncoder is exported by gin/json package.
-	NewEncoder = json.NewEncoder
-)
diff --git a/logger.go b/logger.go
index cd1e7fa6..6441f7ea 100644
--- a/logger.go
+++ b/logger.go
@@ -44,11 +44,18 @@ type LoggerConfig struct {
 	// Optional. Default value is gin.DefaultWriter.
 	Output io.Writer
 
-	// SkipPaths is an url path array which logs are not written.
+	// SkipPaths is a URL path array which logs are not written.
 	// Optional.
 	SkipPaths []string
+
+	// Skip is a Skipper that indicates which logs should not be written.
+	// Optional.
+	Skip Skipper
 }
 
+// Skipper is a function to skip logs based on provided Context
+type Skipper func(c *Context) bool
+
 // LogFormatter gives the signature of the formatter function passed to LoggerWithFormatter
 type LogFormatter func(params LogFormatterParams) string
 
@@ -75,7 +82,7 @@ type LogFormatterParams struct {
 	// BodySize is the size of the Response Body
 	BodySize int
 	// Keys are the keys set on the request's context.
-	Keys map[string]any
+	Keys map[any]any
 }
 
 // StatusCodeColor is the ANSI color for appropriately logging http status code to a terminal.
@@ -83,6 +90,8 @@ func (p *LogFormatterParams) StatusCodeColor() string {
 	code := p.StatusCode
 
 	switch {
+	case code >= http.StatusContinue && code < http.StatusOK:
+		return white
 	case code >= http.StatusOK && code < http.StatusMultipleChoices:
 		return green
 	case code >= http.StatusMultipleChoices && code < http.StatusBadRequest:
@@ -94,6 +103,27 @@ func (p *LogFormatterParams) StatusCodeColor() string {
 	}
 }
 
+// LatencyColor is the ANSI color for latency
+func (p *LogFormatterParams) LatencyColor() string {
+	latency := p.Latency
+	switch {
+	case latency < time.Millisecond*100:
+		return white
+	case latency < time.Millisecond*200:
+		return green
+	case latency < time.Millisecond*300:
+		return cyan
+	case latency < time.Millisecond*500:
+		return blue
+	case latency < time.Second:
+		return yellow
+	case latency < time.Second*2:
+		return magenta
+	default:
+		return red
+	}
+}
+
 // MethodColor is the ANSI color for appropriately logging http method to a terminal.
 func (p *LogFormatterParams) MethodColor() string {
 	method := p.Method
@@ -130,20 +160,27 @@ func (p *LogFormatterParams) IsOutputColor() bool {
 
 // defaultLogFormatter is the default log format function Logger middleware uses.
 var defaultLogFormatter = func(param LogFormatterParams) string {
-	var statusColor, methodColor, resetColor string
+	var statusColor, methodColor, resetColor, latencyColor string
 	if param.IsOutputColor() {
 		statusColor = param.StatusCodeColor()
 		methodColor = param.MethodColor()
 		resetColor = param.ResetColor()
+		latencyColor = param.LatencyColor()
 	}
 
-	if param.Latency > time.Minute {
-		param.Latency = param.Latency.Truncate(time.Second)
+	switch {
+	case param.Latency > time.Minute:
+		param.Latency = param.Latency.Truncate(time.Second * 10)
+	case param.Latency > time.Second:
+		param.Latency = param.Latency.Truncate(time.Millisecond * 10)
+	case param.Latency > time.Millisecond:
+		param.Latency = param.Latency.Truncate(time.Microsecond * 10)
 	}
-	return fmt.Sprintf("[GIN] %v |%s %3d %s| %13v | %15s |%s %-7s %s %#v\n%s",
+
+	return fmt.Sprintf("[GIN] %v |%s %3d %s|%s %8v %s| %15s |%s %-7s %s %#v\n%s",
 		param.TimeStamp.Format("2006/01/02 - 15:04:05"),
 		statusColor, param.StatusCode, resetColor,
-		param.Latency,
+		latencyColor, param.Latency, resetColor,
 		param.ClientIP,
 		methodColor, param.Method, resetColor,
 		param.Path,
@@ -239,32 +276,34 @@ func LoggerWithConfig(conf LoggerConfig) HandlerFunc {
 		// Process request
 		c.Next()
 
-		// Log only when path is not being skipped
-		if _, ok := skip[path]; !ok {
-			param := LogFormatterParams{
-				Request: c.Request,
-				isTerm:  isTerm,
-				Keys:    c.Keys,
-			}
-
-			// Stop timer
-			param.TimeStamp = time.Now()
-			param.Latency = param.TimeStamp.Sub(start)
-
-			param.ClientIP = c.ClientIP()
-			param.Method = c.Request.Method
-			param.StatusCode = c.Writer.Status()
-			param.ErrorMessage = c.Errors.ByType(ErrorTypePrivate).String()
-
-			param.BodySize = c.Writer.Size()
-
-			if raw != "" {
-				path = path + "?" + raw
-			}
-
-			param.Path = path
-
-			fmt.Fprint(out, formatter(param))
+		// Log only when it is not being skipped
+		if _, ok := skip[path]; ok || (conf.Skip != nil && conf.Skip(c)) {
+			return
 		}
+
+		param := LogFormatterParams{
+			Request: c.Request,
+			isTerm:  isTerm,
+			Keys:    c.Keys,
+		}
+
+		// Stop timer
+		param.TimeStamp = time.Now()
+		param.Latency = param.TimeStamp.Sub(start)
+
+		param.ClientIP = c.ClientIP()
+		param.Method = c.Request.Method
+		param.StatusCode = c.Writer.Status()
+		param.ErrorMessage = c.Errors.ByType(ErrorTypePrivate).String()
+
+		param.BodySize = c.Writer.Size()
+
+		if raw != "" {
+			path = path + "?" + raw
+		}
+
+		param.Path = path
+
+		fmt.Fprint(out, formatter(param))
 	}
 }
diff --git a/logger_test.go b/logger_test.go
index 7bc11371..53d0df95 100644
--- a/logger_test.go
+++ b/logger_test.go
@@ -5,10 +5,10 @@
 package gin
 
 import (
-	"bytes"
 	"errors"
 	"fmt"
 	"net/http"
+	"strings"
 	"testing"
 	"time"
 
@@ -20,7 +20,7 @@ func init() {
 }
 
 func TestLogger(t *testing.T) {
-	buffer := new(bytes.Buffer)
+	buffer := new(strings.Builder)
 	router := New()
 	router.Use(LoggerWithWriter(buffer))
 	router.GET("/example", func(c *Context) {})
@@ -31,31 +31,31 @@ func TestLogger(t *testing.T) {
 	router.HEAD("/example", func(c *Context) {})
 	router.OPTIONS("/example", func(c *Context) {})
 
-	PerformRequest(router, "GET", "/example?a=100")
+	PerformRequest(router, http.MethodGet, "/example?a=100")
 	assert.Contains(t, buffer.String(), "200")
-	assert.Contains(t, buffer.String(), "GET")
+	assert.Contains(t, buffer.String(), http.MethodGet)
 	assert.Contains(t, buffer.String(), "/example")
 	assert.Contains(t, buffer.String(), "a=100")
 
 	// I wrote these first (extending the above) but then realized they are more
 	// like integration tests because they test the whole logging process rather
-	// than individual functions.  Im not sure where these should go.
+	// than individual functions. I'm not sure where these should go.
 	buffer.Reset()
-	PerformRequest(router, "POST", "/example")
+	PerformRequest(router, http.MethodPost, "/example")
 	assert.Contains(t, buffer.String(), "200")
-	assert.Contains(t, buffer.String(), "POST")
+	assert.Contains(t, buffer.String(), http.MethodPost)
 	assert.Contains(t, buffer.String(), "/example")
 
 	buffer.Reset()
-	PerformRequest(router, "PUT", "/example")
+	PerformRequest(router, http.MethodPut, "/example")
 	assert.Contains(t, buffer.String(), "200")
-	assert.Contains(t, buffer.String(), "PUT")
+	assert.Contains(t, buffer.String(), http.MethodPut)
 	assert.Contains(t, buffer.String(), "/example")
 
 	buffer.Reset()
-	PerformRequest(router, "DELETE", "/example")
+	PerformRequest(router, http.MethodDelete, "/example")
 	assert.Contains(t, buffer.String(), "200")
-	assert.Contains(t, buffer.String(), "DELETE")
+	assert.Contains(t, buffer.String(), http.MethodDelete)
 	assert.Contains(t, buffer.String(), "/example")
 
 	buffer.Reset()
@@ -77,14 +77,14 @@ func TestLogger(t *testing.T) {
 	assert.Contains(t, buffer.String(), "/example")
 
 	buffer.Reset()
-	PerformRequest(router, "GET", "/notfound")
+	PerformRequest(router, http.MethodGet, "/notfound")
 	assert.Contains(t, buffer.String(), "404")
-	assert.Contains(t, buffer.String(), "GET")
+	assert.Contains(t, buffer.String(), http.MethodGet)
 	assert.Contains(t, buffer.String(), "/notfound")
 }
 
 func TestLoggerWithConfig(t *testing.T) {
-	buffer := new(bytes.Buffer)
+	buffer := new(strings.Builder)
 	router := New()
 	router.Use(LoggerWithConfig(LoggerConfig{Output: buffer}))
 	router.GET("/example", func(c *Context) {})
@@ -95,31 +95,31 @@ func TestLoggerWithConfig(t *testing.T) {
 	router.HEAD("/example", func(c *Context) {})
 	router.OPTIONS("/example", func(c *Context) {})
 
-	PerformRequest(router, "GET", "/example?a=100")
+	PerformRequest(router, http.MethodGet, "/example?a=100")
 	assert.Contains(t, buffer.String(), "200")
-	assert.Contains(t, buffer.String(), "GET")
+	assert.Contains(t, buffer.String(), http.MethodGet)
 	assert.Contains(t, buffer.String(), "/example")
 	assert.Contains(t, buffer.String(), "a=100")
 
 	// I wrote these first (extending the above) but then realized they are more
 	// like integration tests because they test the whole logging process rather
-	// than individual functions.  Im not sure where these should go.
+	// than individual functions. I'm not sure where these should go.
 	buffer.Reset()
-	PerformRequest(router, "POST", "/example")
+	PerformRequest(router, http.MethodPost, "/example")
 	assert.Contains(t, buffer.String(), "200")
-	assert.Contains(t, buffer.String(), "POST")
+	assert.Contains(t, buffer.String(), http.MethodPost)
 	assert.Contains(t, buffer.String(), "/example")
 
 	buffer.Reset()
-	PerformRequest(router, "PUT", "/example")
+	PerformRequest(router, http.MethodPut, "/example")
 	assert.Contains(t, buffer.String(), "200")
-	assert.Contains(t, buffer.String(), "PUT")
+	assert.Contains(t, buffer.String(), http.MethodPut)
 	assert.Contains(t, buffer.String(), "/example")
 
 	buffer.Reset()
-	PerformRequest(router, "DELETE", "/example")
+	PerformRequest(router, http.MethodDelete, "/example")
 	assert.Contains(t, buffer.String(), "200")
-	assert.Contains(t, buffer.String(), "DELETE")
+	assert.Contains(t, buffer.String(), http.MethodDelete)
 	assert.Contains(t, buffer.String(), "/example")
 
 	buffer.Reset()
@@ -141,14 +141,14 @@ func TestLoggerWithConfig(t *testing.T) {
 	assert.Contains(t, buffer.String(), "/example")
 
 	buffer.Reset()
-	PerformRequest(router, "GET", "/notfound")
+	PerformRequest(router, http.MethodGet, "/notfound")
 	assert.Contains(t, buffer.String(), "404")
-	assert.Contains(t, buffer.String(), "GET")
+	assert.Contains(t, buffer.String(), http.MethodGet)
 	assert.Contains(t, buffer.String(), "/notfound")
 }
 
 func TestLoggerWithFormatter(t *testing.T) {
-	buffer := new(bytes.Buffer)
+	buffer := new(strings.Builder)
 
 	d := DefaultWriter
 	DefaultWriter = buffer
@@ -169,20 +169,20 @@ func TestLoggerWithFormatter(t *testing.T) {
 		)
 	}))
 	router.GET("/example", func(c *Context) {})
-	PerformRequest(router, "GET", "/example?a=100")
+	PerformRequest(router, http.MethodGet, "/example?a=100")
 
 	// output test
 	assert.Contains(t, buffer.String(), "[FORMATTER TEST]")
 	assert.Contains(t, buffer.String(), "200")
-	assert.Contains(t, buffer.String(), "GET")
+	assert.Contains(t, buffer.String(), http.MethodGet)
 	assert.Contains(t, buffer.String(), "/example")
 	assert.Contains(t, buffer.String(), "a=100")
 }
 
 func TestLoggerWithConfigFormatting(t *testing.T) {
 	var gotParam LogFormatterParams
-	var gotKeys map[string]any
-	buffer := new(bytes.Buffer)
+	var gotKeys map[any]any
+	buffer := new(strings.Builder)
 
 	router := New()
 	router.engine.trustedCIDRs, _ = router.engine.prepareTrustedCIDRs()
@@ -210,12 +210,12 @@ func TestLoggerWithConfigFormatting(t *testing.T) {
 		gotKeys = c.Keys
 		time.Sleep(time.Millisecond)
 	})
-	PerformRequest(router, "GET", "/example?a=100")
+	PerformRequest(router, http.MethodGet, "/example?a=100")
 
 	// output test
 	assert.Contains(t, buffer.String(), "[FORMATTER TEST]")
 	assert.Contains(t, buffer.String(), "200")
-	assert.Contains(t, buffer.String(), "GET")
+	assert.Contains(t, buffer.String(), http.MethodGet)
 	assert.Contains(t, buffer.String(), "/example")
 	assert.Contains(t, buffer.String(), "a=100")
 
@@ -225,7 +225,7 @@ func TestLoggerWithConfigFormatting(t *testing.T) {
 	assert.Equal(t, 200, gotParam.StatusCode)
 	assert.NotEmpty(t, gotParam.Latency)
 	assert.Equal(t, "20.20.20.20", gotParam.ClientIP)
-	assert.Equal(t, "GET", gotParam.Method)
+	assert.Equal(t, http.MethodGet, gotParam.Method)
 	assert.Equal(t, "/example?a=100", gotParam.Path)
 	assert.Empty(t, gotParam.ErrorMessage)
 	assert.Equal(t, gotKeys, gotParam.Keys)
@@ -239,7 +239,7 @@ func TestDefaultLogFormatter(t *testing.T) {
 		StatusCode:   200,
 		Latency:      time.Second * 5,
 		ClientIP:     "20.20.20.20",
-		Method:       "GET",
+		Method:       http.MethodGet,
 		Path:         "/",
 		ErrorMessage: "",
 		isTerm:       false,
@@ -250,7 +250,7 @@ func TestDefaultLogFormatter(t *testing.T) {
 		StatusCode:   200,
 		Latency:      time.Second * 5,
 		ClientIP:     "20.20.20.20",
-		Method:       "GET",
+		Method:       http.MethodGet,
 		Path:         "/",
 		ErrorMessage: "",
 		isTerm:       true,
@@ -260,7 +260,7 @@ func TestDefaultLogFormatter(t *testing.T) {
 		StatusCode:   200,
 		Latency:      time.Millisecond * 9876543210,
 		ClientIP:     "20.20.20.20",
-		Method:       "GET",
+		Method:       http.MethodGet,
 		Path:         "/",
 		ErrorMessage: "",
 		isTerm:       true,
@@ -271,17 +271,17 @@ func TestDefaultLogFormatter(t *testing.T) {
 		StatusCode:   200,
 		Latency:      time.Millisecond * 9876543210,
 		ClientIP:     "20.20.20.20",
-		Method:       "GET",
+		Method:       http.MethodGet,
 		Path:         "/",
 		ErrorMessage: "",
 		isTerm:       false,
 	}
 
-	assert.Equal(t, "[GIN] 2018/12/07 - 09:11:42 | 200 |            5s |     20.20.20.20 | GET      \"/\"\n", defaultLogFormatter(termFalseParam))
-	assert.Equal(t, "[GIN] 2018/12/07 - 09:11:42 | 200 |    2743h29m3s |     20.20.20.20 | GET      \"/\"\n", defaultLogFormatter(termFalseLongDurationParam))
+	assert.Equal(t, "[GIN] 2018/12/07 - 09:11:42 | 200 |       5s |     20.20.20.20 | GET      \"/\"\n", defaultLogFormatter(termFalseParam))
+	assert.Equal(t, "[GIN] 2018/12/07 - 09:11:42 | 200 | 2743h29m0s |     20.20.20.20 | GET      \"/\"\n", defaultLogFormatter(termFalseLongDurationParam))
 
-	assert.Equal(t, "[GIN] 2018/12/07 - 09:11:42 |\x1b[97;42m 200 \x1b[0m|            5s |     20.20.20.20 |\x1b[97;44m GET     \x1b[0m \"/\"\n", defaultLogFormatter(termTrueParam))
-	assert.Equal(t, "[GIN] 2018/12/07 - 09:11:42 |\x1b[97;42m 200 \x1b[0m|    2743h29m3s |     20.20.20.20 |\x1b[97;44m GET     \x1b[0m \"/\"\n", defaultLogFormatter(termTrueLongDurationParam))
+	assert.Equal(t, "[GIN] 2018/12/07 - 09:11:42 |\x1b[97;42m 200 \x1b[0m|\x1b[97;41m       5s \x1b[0m|     20.20.20.20 |\x1b[97;44m GET     \x1b[0m \"/\"\n", defaultLogFormatter(termTrueParam))
+	assert.Equal(t, "[GIN] 2018/12/07 - 09:11:42 |\x1b[97;42m 200 \x1b[0m|\x1b[97;41m 2743h29m0s \x1b[0m|     20.20.20.20 |\x1b[97;44m GET     \x1b[0m \"/\"\n", defaultLogFormatter(termTrueLongDurationParam))
 }
 
 func TestColorForMethod(t *testing.T) {
@@ -292,10 +292,10 @@ func TestColorForMethod(t *testing.T) {
 		return p.MethodColor()
 	}
 
-	assert.Equal(t, blue, colorForMethod("GET"), "get should be blue")
-	assert.Equal(t, cyan, colorForMethod("POST"), "post should be cyan")
-	assert.Equal(t, yellow, colorForMethod("PUT"), "put should be yellow")
-	assert.Equal(t, red, colorForMethod("DELETE"), "delete should be red")
+	assert.Equal(t, blue, colorForMethod(http.MethodGet), "get should be blue")
+	assert.Equal(t, cyan, colorForMethod(http.MethodPost), "post should be cyan")
+	assert.Equal(t, yellow, colorForMethod(http.MethodPut), "put should be yellow")
+	assert.Equal(t, red, colorForMethod(http.MethodDelete), "delete should be red")
 	assert.Equal(t, green, colorForMethod("PATCH"), "patch should be green")
 	assert.Equal(t, magenta, colorForMethod("HEAD"), "head should be magenta")
 	assert.Equal(t, white, colorForMethod("OPTIONS"), "options should be white")
@@ -310,12 +310,30 @@ func TestColorForStatus(t *testing.T) {
 		return p.StatusCodeColor()
 	}
 
+	assert.Equal(t, white, colorForStatus(http.StatusContinue), "1xx should be white")
 	assert.Equal(t, green, colorForStatus(http.StatusOK), "2xx should be green")
 	assert.Equal(t, white, colorForStatus(http.StatusMovedPermanently), "3xx should be white")
 	assert.Equal(t, yellow, colorForStatus(http.StatusNotFound), "4xx should be yellow")
 	assert.Equal(t, red, colorForStatus(2), "other things should be red")
 }
 
+func TestColorForLatency(t *testing.T) {
+	colorForLantency := func(latency time.Duration) string {
+		p := LogFormatterParams{
+			Latency: latency,
+		}
+		return p.LatencyColor()
+	}
+
+	assert.Equal(t, white, colorForLantency(time.Duration(0)), "0 should be white")
+	assert.Equal(t, white, colorForLantency(time.Millisecond*20), "20ms should be white")
+	assert.Equal(t, green, colorForLantency(time.Millisecond*150), "150ms should be green")
+	assert.Equal(t, cyan, colorForLantency(time.Millisecond*250), "250ms should be cyan")
+	assert.Equal(t, yellow, colorForLantency(time.Millisecond*600), "600ms should be yellow")
+	assert.Equal(t, magenta, colorForLantency(time.Millisecond*1500), "1.5s should be magenta")
+	assert.Equal(t, red, colorForLantency(time.Second*3), "other things should be red")
+}
+
 func TestResetColor(t *testing.T) {
 	p := LogFormatterParams{}
 	assert.Equal(t, string([]byte{27, 91, 48, 109}), p.ResetColor())
@@ -328,13 +346,13 @@ func TestIsOutputColor(t *testing.T) {
 	}
 
 	consoleColorMode = autoColor
-	assert.Equal(t, true, p.IsOutputColor())
+	assert.True(t, p.IsOutputColor())
 
 	ForceConsoleColor()
-	assert.Equal(t, true, p.IsOutputColor())
+	assert.True(t, p.IsOutputColor())
 
 	DisableConsoleColor()
-	assert.Equal(t, false, p.IsOutputColor())
+	assert.False(t, p.IsOutputColor())
 
 	// test with isTerm flag false.
 	p = LogFormatterParams{
@@ -342,13 +360,13 @@ func TestIsOutputColor(t *testing.T) {
 	}
 
 	consoleColorMode = autoColor
-	assert.Equal(t, false, p.IsOutputColor())
+	assert.False(t, p.IsOutputColor())
 
 	ForceConsoleColor()
-	assert.Equal(t, true, p.IsOutputColor())
+	assert.True(t, p.IsOutputColor())
 
 	DisableConsoleColor()
-	assert.Equal(t, false, p.IsOutputColor())
+	assert.False(t, p.IsOutputColor())
 
 	// reset console color mode.
 	consoleColorMode = autoColor
@@ -368,36 +386,36 @@ func TestErrorLogger(t *testing.T) {
 		c.String(http.StatusInternalServerError, "hola!")
 	})
 
-	w := PerformRequest(router, "GET", "/error")
+	w := PerformRequest(router, http.MethodGet, "/error")
 	assert.Equal(t, http.StatusOK, w.Code)
-	assert.Equal(t, "{\"error\":\"this is an error\"}", w.Body.String())
+	assert.JSONEq(t, "{\"error\":\"this is an error\"}", w.Body.String())
 
-	w = PerformRequest(router, "GET", "/abort")
+	w = PerformRequest(router, http.MethodGet, "/abort")
 	assert.Equal(t, http.StatusUnauthorized, w.Code)
-	assert.Equal(t, "{\"error\":\"no authorized\"}", w.Body.String())
+	assert.JSONEq(t, "{\"error\":\"no authorized\"}", w.Body.String())
 
-	w = PerformRequest(router, "GET", "/print")
+	w = PerformRequest(router, http.MethodGet, "/print")
 	assert.Equal(t, http.StatusInternalServerError, w.Code)
 	assert.Equal(t, "hola!{\"error\":\"this is an error\"}", w.Body.String())
 }
 
 func TestLoggerWithWriterSkippingPaths(t *testing.T) {
-	buffer := new(bytes.Buffer)
+	buffer := new(strings.Builder)
 	router := New()
 	router.Use(LoggerWithWriter(buffer, "/skipped"))
 	router.GET("/logged", func(c *Context) {})
 	router.GET("/skipped", func(c *Context) {})
 
-	PerformRequest(router, "GET", "/logged")
+	PerformRequest(router, http.MethodGet, "/logged")
 	assert.Contains(t, buffer.String(), "200")
 
 	buffer.Reset()
-	PerformRequest(router, "GET", "/skipped")
+	PerformRequest(router, http.MethodGet, "/skipped")
 	assert.Contains(t, buffer.String(), "")
 }
 
 func TestLoggerWithConfigSkippingPaths(t *testing.T) {
-	buffer := new(bytes.Buffer)
+	buffer := new(strings.Builder)
 	router := New()
 	router.Use(LoggerWithConfig(LoggerConfig{
 		Output:    buffer,
@@ -406,11 +424,31 @@ func TestLoggerWithConfigSkippingPaths(t *testing.T) {
 	router.GET("/logged", func(c *Context) {})
 	router.GET("/skipped", func(c *Context) {})
 
-	PerformRequest(router, "GET", "/logged")
+	PerformRequest(router, http.MethodGet, "/logged")
 	assert.Contains(t, buffer.String(), "200")
 
 	buffer.Reset()
-	PerformRequest(router, "GET", "/skipped")
+	PerformRequest(router, http.MethodGet, "/skipped")
+	assert.Contains(t, buffer.String(), "")
+}
+
+func TestLoggerWithConfigSkipper(t *testing.T) {
+	buffer := new(strings.Builder)
+	router := New()
+	router.Use(LoggerWithConfig(LoggerConfig{
+		Output: buffer,
+		Skip: func(c *Context) bool {
+			return c.Writer.Status() == http.StatusNoContent
+		},
+	}))
+	router.GET("/logged", func(c *Context) { c.Status(http.StatusOK) })
+	router.GET("/skipped", func(c *Context) { c.Status(http.StatusNoContent) })
+
+	PerformRequest(router, http.MethodGet, "/logged")
+	assert.Contains(t, buffer.String(), "200")
+
+	buffer.Reset()
+	PerformRequest(router, http.MethodGet, "/skipped")
 	assert.Contains(t, buffer.String(), "")
 }
 
diff --git a/middleware_test.go b/middleware_test.go
index acdf89c4..8dc7c3b3 100644
--- a/middleware_test.go
+++ b/middleware_test.go
@@ -35,7 +35,7 @@ func TestMiddlewareGeneralCase(t *testing.T) {
 		signature += " XX "
 	})
 	// RUN
-	w := PerformRequest(router, "GET", "/")
+	w := PerformRequest(router, http.MethodGet, "/")
 
 	// TEST
 	assert.Equal(t, http.StatusOK, w.Code)
@@ -71,7 +71,7 @@ func TestMiddlewareNoRoute(t *testing.T) {
 		signature += " X "
 	})
 	// RUN
-	w := PerformRequest(router, "GET", "/")
+	w := PerformRequest(router, http.MethodGet, "/")
 
 	// TEST
 	assert.Equal(t, http.StatusNotFound, w.Code)
@@ -108,7 +108,7 @@ func TestMiddlewareNoMethodEnabled(t *testing.T) {
 		signature += " XX "
 	})
 	// RUN
-	w := PerformRequest(router, "GET", "/")
+	w := PerformRequest(router, http.MethodGet, "/")
 
 	// TEST
 	assert.Equal(t, http.StatusMethodNotAllowed, w.Code)
@@ -149,7 +149,7 @@ func TestMiddlewareNoMethodDisabled(t *testing.T) {
 	})
 
 	// RUN
-	w := PerformRequest(router, "GET", "/")
+	w := PerformRequest(router, http.MethodGet, "/")
 
 	// TEST
 	assert.Equal(t, http.StatusNotFound, w.Code)
@@ -175,7 +175,7 @@ func TestMiddlewareAbort(t *testing.T) {
 	})
 
 	// RUN
-	w := PerformRequest(router, "GET", "/")
+	w := PerformRequest(router, http.MethodGet, "/")
 
 	// TEST
 	assert.Equal(t, http.StatusUnauthorized, w.Code)
@@ -196,14 +196,14 @@ func TestMiddlewareAbortHandlersChainAndNext(t *testing.T) {
 		c.Next()
 	})
 	// RUN
-	w := PerformRequest(router, "GET", "/")
+	w := PerformRequest(router, http.MethodGet, "/")
 
 	// TEST
 	assert.Equal(t, http.StatusGone, w.Code)
 	assert.Equal(t, "ACB", signature)
 }
 
-// TestFailHandlersChain - ensure that Fail interrupt used middleware in fifo order as
+// TestMiddlewareFailHandlersChain - ensure that Fail interrupt used middleware in fifo order as
 // as well as Abort
 func TestMiddlewareFailHandlersChain(t *testing.T) {
 	// SETUP
@@ -219,7 +219,7 @@ func TestMiddlewareFailHandlersChain(t *testing.T) {
 		signature += "C"
 	})
 	// RUN
-	w := PerformRequest(router, "GET", "/")
+	w := PerformRequest(router, http.MethodGet, "/")
 
 	// TEST
 	assert.Equal(t, http.StatusInternalServerError, w.Code)
@@ -246,8 +246,8 @@ func TestMiddlewareWrite(t *testing.T) {
 		})
 	})
 
-	w := PerformRequest(router, "GET", "/")
+	w := PerformRequest(router, http.MethodGet, "/")
 
 	assert.Equal(t, http.StatusBadRequest, w.Code)
-	assert.Equal(t, strings.Replace("hola\n<map><foo>bar</foo></map>{\"foo\":\"bar\"}{\"foo\":\"bar\"}event:test\ndata:message\n\n", " ", "", -1), strings.Replace(w.Body.String(), " ", "", -1))
+	assert.Equal(t, strings.ReplaceAll("hola\n<map><foo>bar</foo></map>{\"foo\":\"bar\"}{\"foo\":\"bar\"}event:test\ndata:message\n\n", " ", ""), strings.ReplaceAll(w.Body.String(), " ", ""))
 }
diff --git a/mode.go b/mode.go
index fd26d907..dfef07d6 100644
--- a/mode.go
+++ b/mode.go
@@ -8,6 +8,7 @@ import (
 	"flag"
 	"io"
 	"os"
+	"sync/atomic"
 
 	"github.com/gin-gonic/gin/binding"
 )
@@ -44,8 +45,8 @@ var DefaultWriter io.Writer = os.Stdout
 var DefaultErrorWriter io.Writer = os.Stderr
 
 var (
-	ginMode  = debugCode
-	modeName = DebugMode
+	ginMode  int32 = debugCode
+	modeName atomic.Value
 )
 
 func init() {
@@ -65,16 +66,15 @@ func SetMode(value string) {
 
 	switch value {
 	case DebugMode:
-		ginMode = debugCode
+		atomic.StoreInt32(&ginMode, debugCode)
 	case ReleaseMode:
-		ginMode = releaseCode
+		atomic.StoreInt32(&ginMode, releaseCode)
 	case TestMode:
-		ginMode = testCode
+		atomic.StoreInt32(&ginMode, testCode)
 	default:
 		panic("gin mode unknown: " + value + " (available mode: debug release test)")
 	}
-
-	modeName = value
+	modeName.Store(value)
 }
 
 // DisableBindValidation closes the default validator.
@@ -96,5 +96,5 @@ func EnableJsonDecoderDisallowUnknownFields() {
 
 // Mode returns current gin mode.
 func Mode() string {
-	return modeName
+	return modeName.Load().(string)
 }
diff --git a/mode_test.go b/mode_test.go
index 2407f463..be03a9d0 100644
--- a/mode_test.go
+++ b/mode_test.go
@@ -5,8 +5,8 @@
 package gin
 
 import (
-	"flag"
 	"os"
+	"sync/atomic"
 	"testing"
 
 	"github.com/gin-gonic/gin/binding"
@@ -18,31 +18,24 @@ func init() {
 }
 
 func TestSetMode(t *testing.T) {
-	assert.Equal(t, testCode, ginMode)
+	assert.Equal(t, int32(testCode), atomic.LoadInt32(&ginMode))
 	assert.Equal(t, TestMode, Mode())
 	os.Unsetenv(EnvGinMode)
 
 	SetMode("")
-	assert.Equal(t, testCode, ginMode)
+	assert.Equal(t, int32(testCode), atomic.LoadInt32(&ginMode))
 	assert.Equal(t, TestMode, Mode())
 
-	tmp := flag.CommandLine
-	flag.CommandLine = flag.NewFlagSet("", flag.ContinueOnError)
-	SetMode("")
-	assert.Equal(t, debugCode, ginMode)
-	assert.Equal(t, DebugMode, Mode())
-	flag.CommandLine = tmp
-
 	SetMode(DebugMode)
-	assert.Equal(t, debugCode, ginMode)
+	assert.Equal(t, int32(debugCode), atomic.LoadInt32(&ginMode))
 	assert.Equal(t, DebugMode, Mode())
 
 	SetMode(ReleaseMode)
-	assert.Equal(t, releaseCode, ginMode)
+	assert.Equal(t, int32(releaseCode), atomic.LoadInt32(&ginMode))
 	assert.Equal(t, ReleaseMode, Mode())
 
 	SetMode(TestMode)
-	assert.Equal(t, testCode, ginMode)
+	assert.Equal(t, int32(testCode), atomic.LoadInt32(&ginMode))
 	assert.Equal(t, TestMode, Mode())
 
 	assert.Panics(t, func() { SetMode("unknown") })
diff --git a/path.go b/path.go
index 82438c13..3b67caa9 100644
--- a/path.go
+++ b/path.go
@@ -5,6 +5,8 @@
 
 package gin
 
+const stackBufSize = 128
+
 // cleanPath is the URL version of path.Clean, it returns a canonical URL path
 // for p, eliminating . and .. elements.
 //
@@ -19,7 +21,6 @@ package gin
 //
 // If the result of this process is an empty string, "/" is returned.
 func cleanPath(p string) string {
-	const stackBufSize = 128
 	// Turn empty string into "/"
 	if p == "" {
 		return "/"
@@ -148,3 +149,55 @@ func bufApp(buf *[]byte, s string, w int, c byte) {
 	}
 	b[w] = c
 }
+
+// removeRepeatedChar removes multiple consecutive 'char's from a string.
+// if s == "/a//b///c////" && char == '/', it returns "/a/b/c/"
+func removeRepeatedChar(s string, char byte) string {
+	// Check if there are any consecutive chars
+	hasRepeatedChar := false
+	for i := 1; i < len(s); i++ {
+		if s[i] == char && s[i-1] == char {
+			hasRepeatedChar = true
+			break
+		}
+	}
+	if !hasRepeatedChar {
+		return s
+	}
+
+	// Reasonably sized buffer on stack to avoid allocations in the common case.
+	buf := make([]byte, 0, stackBufSize)
+
+	// Invariants:
+	//      reading from s; r is index of next byte to process.
+	//      writing to buf; w is index of next byte to write.
+	r := 0
+	w := 0
+
+	for n := len(s); r < n; {
+		if s[r] == char {
+			// Write the first char
+			bufApp(&buf, s, w, char)
+			w++
+			r++
+
+			// Skip all consecutive chars
+			for r < n && s[r] == char {
+				r++
+			}
+		} else {
+			// Copy non-char character
+			bufApp(&buf, s, w, s[r])
+			w++
+			r++
+		}
+	}
+
+	// If the original string was not modified (or only shortened at the end),
+	// return the respective substring of the original string.
+	// Otherwise, return a new string from the buffer.
+	if len(buf) == 0 {
+		return s[:w]
+	}
+	return string(buf[:w])
+}
diff --git a/path_test.go b/path_test.go
index caefd63a..eba1be08 100644
--- a/path_test.go
+++ b/path_test.go
@@ -6,6 +6,7 @@
 package gin
 
 import (
+	"runtime"
 	"strings"
 	"testing"
 
@@ -80,16 +81,20 @@ func TestPathCleanMallocs(t *testing.T) {
 		t.Skip("skipping malloc count in short mode")
 	}
 
+	if runtime.GOMAXPROCS(0) > 1 {
+		t.Skip("skipping malloc count; GOMAXPROCS>1")
+	}
+
 	for _, test := range cleanTests {
 		allocs := testing.AllocsPerRun(100, func() { cleanPath(test.result) })
-		assert.EqualValues(t, allocs, 0)
+		assert.InDelta(t, 0, allocs, 0.01)
 	}
 }
 
 func BenchmarkPathClean(b *testing.B) {
 	b.ReportAllocs()
 
-	for i := 0; i < b.N; i++ {
+	for b.Loop() {
 		for _, test := range cleanTests {
 			cleanPath(test.path)
 		}
@@ -129,12 +134,59 @@ func TestPathCleanLong(t *testing.T) {
 
 func BenchmarkPathCleanLong(b *testing.B) {
 	cleanTests := genLongPaths()
-	b.ResetTimer()
+
 	b.ReportAllocs()
 
-	for i := 0; i < b.N; i++ {
+	for b.Loop() {
 		for _, test := range cleanTests {
 			cleanPath(test.path)
 		}
 	}
 }
+
+func TestRemoveRepeatedChar(t *testing.T) {
+	testCases := []struct {
+		name string
+		str  string
+		char byte
+		want string
+	}{
+		{
+			name: "empty",
+			str:  "",
+			char: 'a',
+			want: "",
+		},
+		{
+			name: "noSlash",
+			str:  "abc",
+			char: ',',
+			want: "abc",
+		},
+		{
+			name: "withSlash",
+			str:  "/a/b/c/",
+			char: '/',
+			want: "/a/b/c/",
+		},
+		{
+			name: "withRepeatedSlashes",
+			str:  "/a//b///c////",
+			char: '/',
+			want: "/a/b/c/",
+		},
+		{
+			name: "threeSlashes",
+			str:  "///",
+			char: '/',
+			want: "/",
+		},
+	}
+
+	for _, tc := range testCases {
+		t.Run(tc.name, func(t *testing.T) {
+			res := removeRepeatedChar(tc.str, tc.char)
+			assert.Equal(t, tc.want, res)
+		})
+	}
+}
diff --git a/recovery.go b/recovery.go
index 05b30d95..bbf1d565 100644
--- a/recovery.go
+++ b/recovery.go
@@ -5,26 +5,27 @@
 package gin
 
 import (
+	"bufio"
 	"bytes"
+	"cmp"
 	"errors"
 	"fmt"
 	"io"
-	"io/ioutil"
 	"log"
-	"net"
 	"net/http"
 	"net/http/httputil"
 	"os"
 	"runtime"
 	"strings"
+	"syscall"
 	"time"
+
+	"github.com/gin-gonic/gin/internal/bytesconv"
 )
 
-var (
-	dunno     = []byte("???")
-	centerDot = []byte("·")
-	dot       = []byte(".")
-	slash     = []byte("/")
+const (
+	dunno     = "???"
+	stackSkip = 3
 )
 
 // RecoveryFunc defines the function passable to CustomRecovery.
@@ -56,45 +57,33 @@ func CustomRecoveryWithWriter(out io.Writer, handle RecoveryFunc) HandlerFunc {
 	}
 	return func(c *Context) {
 		defer func() {
-			if err := recover(); err != nil {
+			if rec := recover(); rec != nil {
 				// Check for a broken connection, as it is not really a
 				// condition that warrants a panic stack trace.
-				var brokenPipe bool
-				if ne, ok := err.(*net.OpError); ok {
-					var se *os.SyscallError
-					if errors.As(ne, &se) {
-						if strings.Contains(strings.ToLower(se.Error()), "broken pipe") || strings.Contains(strings.ToLower(se.Error()), "connection reset by peer") {
-							brokenPipe = true
-						}
-					}
+				var isBrokenPipe bool
+				err, ok := rec.(error)
+				if ok {
+					isBrokenPipe = errors.Is(err, syscall.EPIPE) ||
+						errors.Is(err, syscall.ECONNRESET) ||
+						errors.Is(err, http.ErrAbortHandler)
 				}
 				if logger != nil {
-					stack := stack(3)
-					httpRequest, _ := httputil.DumpRequest(c.Request, false)
-					headers := strings.Split(string(httpRequest), "\r\n")
-					for idx, header := range headers {
-						current := strings.Split(header, ":")
-						if current[0] == "Authorization" {
-							headers[idx] = current[0] + ": *"
-						}
-					}
-					headersToStr := strings.Join(headers, "\r\n")
-					if brokenPipe {
-						logger.Printf("%s\n%s%s", err, headersToStr, reset)
+					if isBrokenPipe {
+						logger.Printf("%s\n%s%s", rec, secureRequestDump(c.Request), reset)
 					} else if IsDebugging() {
 						logger.Printf("[Recovery] %s panic recovered:\n%s\n%s\n%s%s",
-							timeFormat(time.Now()), headersToStr, err, stack, reset)
+							timeFormat(time.Now()), secureRequestDump(c.Request), rec, stack(stackSkip), reset)
 					} else {
 						logger.Printf("[Recovery] %s panic recovered:\n%s\n%s%s",
-							timeFormat(time.Now()), err, stack, reset)
+							timeFormat(time.Now()), rec, stack(stackSkip), reset)
 					}
 				}
-				if brokenPipe {
+				if isBrokenPipe {
 					// If the connection is dead, we can't write a status to it.
-					c.Error(err.(error)) //nolint: errcheck
+					c.Error(err) //nolint: errcheck
 					c.Abort()
 				} else {
-					handle(c, err)
+					handle(c, rec)
 				}
 			}
 		}()
@@ -102,7 +91,22 @@ func CustomRecoveryWithWriter(out io.Writer, handle RecoveryFunc) HandlerFunc {
 	}
 }
 
-func defaultHandleRecovery(c *Context, err any) {
+// secureRequestDump returns a sanitized HTTP request dump where the Authorization header,
+// if present, is replaced with a masked value ("Authorization: *") to avoid leaking sensitive credentials.
+//
+// Currently, only the Authorization header is sanitized. All other headers and request data remain unchanged.
+func secureRequestDump(r *http.Request) string {
+	httpRequest, _ := httputil.DumpRequest(r, false)
+	lines := strings.Split(bytesconv.BytesToString(httpRequest), "\r\n")
+	for i, line := range lines {
+		if strings.HasPrefix(line, "Authorization:") {
+			lines[i] = "Authorization: *"
+		}
+	}
+	return strings.Join(lines, "\r\n")
+}
+
+func defaultHandleRecovery(c *Context, _ any) {
 	c.AbortWithStatus(http.StatusInternalServerError)
 }
 
@@ -111,8 +115,11 @@ func stack(skip int) []byte {
 	buf := new(bytes.Buffer) // the returned data
 	// As we loop, we open files and read them. These variables record the currently
 	// loaded file.
-	var lines [][]byte
-	var lastFile string
+	var (
+		nLine    string
+		lastFile string
+		err      error
+	)
 	for i := skip; ; i++ { // Skip the expected number of frames
 		pc, file, line, ok := runtime.Caller(i)
 		if !ok {
@@ -121,34 +128,53 @@ func stack(skip int) []byte {
 		// Print this much at least.  If we can't find the source, it won't show.
 		fmt.Fprintf(buf, "%s:%d (0x%x)\n", file, line, pc)
 		if file != lastFile {
-			data, err := ioutil.ReadFile(file)
+			nLine, err = readNthLine(file, line-1)
 			if err != nil {
 				continue
 			}
-			lines = bytes.Split(data, []byte{'\n'})
 			lastFile = file
 		}
-		fmt.Fprintf(buf, "\t%s: %s\n", function(pc), source(lines, line))
+		fmt.Fprintf(buf, "\t%s: %s\n", function(pc), cmp.Or(nLine, dunno))
 	}
 	return buf.Bytes()
 }
 
-// source returns a space-trimmed slice of the n'th line.
-func source(lines [][]byte, n int) []byte {
-	n-- // in stack trace, lines are 1-indexed but our array is 0-indexed
-	if n < 0 || n >= len(lines) {
-		return dunno
+// readNthLine reads the nth line from the file.
+// It returns the trimmed content of the line if found,
+// or an empty string if the line doesn't exist.
+// If there's an error opening the file, it returns the error.
+func readNthLine(file string, n int) (string, error) {
+	if n < 0 {
+		return "", nil
 	}
-	return bytes.TrimSpace(lines[n])
+
+	f, err := os.Open(file)
+	if err != nil {
+		return "", err
+	}
+	defer f.Close()
+
+	scanner := bufio.NewScanner(f)
+	for i := 0; i < n; i++ {
+		if !scanner.Scan() {
+			return "", nil
+		}
+	}
+
+	if scanner.Scan() {
+		return strings.TrimSpace(scanner.Text()), nil
+	}
+
+	return "", nil
 }
 
 // function returns, if possible, the name of the function containing the PC.
-func function(pc uintptr) []byte {
+func function(pc uintptr) string {
 	fn := runtime.FuncForPC(pc)
 	if fn == nil {
 		return dunno
 	}
-	name := []byte(fn.Name())
+	name := fn.Name()
 	// The name includes the path name to the package, which is unnecessary
 	// since the file name is already included.  Plus, it has center dots.
 	// That is, we see
@@ -157,13 +183,13 @@ func function(pc uintptr) []byte {
 	//	*T.ptrmethod
 	// Also the package path might contain dot (e.g. code.google.com/...),
 	// so first eliminate the path prefix
-	if lastSlash := bytes.LastIndex(name, slash); lastSlash >= 0 {
+	if lastSlash := strings.LastIndexByte(name, '/'); lastSlash >= 0 {
 		name = name[lastSlash+1:]
 	}
-	if period := bytes.Index(name, dot); period >= 0 {
+	if period := strings.IndexByte(name, '.'); period >= 0 {
 		name = name[period+1:]
 	}
-	name = bytes.Replace(name, centerDot, dot, -1)
+	name = strings.ReplaceAll(name, "·", ".")
 	return name
 }
 
diff --git a/recovery_test.go b/recovery_test.go
index 347917e7..0faa3280 100644
--- a/recovery_test.go
+++ b/recovery_test.go
@@ -5,8 +5,6 @@
 package gin
 
 import (
-	"bytes"
-	"fmt"
 	"net"
 	"net/http"
 	"os"
@@ -18,7 +16,7 @@ import (
 )
 
 func TestPanicClean(t *testing.T) {
-	buffer := new(bytes.Buffer)
+	buffer := new(strings.Builder)
 	router := New()
 	password := "my-super-secret-password"
 	router.Use(RecoveryWithWriter(buffer))
@@ -27,14 +25,14 @@ func TestPanicClean(t *testing.T) {
 		panic("Oupps, Houston, we have a problem")
 	})
 	// RUN
-	w := PerformRequest(router, "GET", "/recovery",
+	w := PerformRequest(router, http.MethodGet, "/recovery",
 		header{
 			Key:   "Host",
 			Value: "www.google.com",
 		},
 		header{
 			Key:   "Authorization",
-			Value: fmt.Sprintf("Bearer %s", password),
+			Value: "Bearer " + password,
 		},
 		header{
 			Key:   "Content-Type",
@@ -50,14 +48,14 @@ func TestPanicClean(t *testing.T) {
 
 // TestPanicInHandler assert that panic has been recovered.
 func TestPanicInHandler(t *testing.T) {
-	buffer := new(bytes.Buffer)
+	buffer := new(strings.Builder)
 	router := New()
 	router.Use(RecoveryWithWriter(buffer))
 	router.GET("/recovery", func(_ *Context) {
 		panic("Oupps, Houston, we have a problem")
 	})
 	// RUN
-	w := PerformRequest(router, "GET", "/recovery")
+	w := PerformRequest(router, http.MethodGet, "/recovery")
 	// TEST
 	assert.Equal(t, http.StatusInternalServerError, w.Code)
 	assert.Contains(t, buffer.String(), "panic recovered")
@@ -68,7 +66,7 @@ func TestPanicInHandler(t *testing.T) {
 	// Debug mode prints the request
 	SetMode(DebugMode)
 	// RUN
-	w = PerformRequest(router, "GET", "/recovery")
+	w = PerformRequest(router, http.MethodGet, "/recovery")
 	// TEST
 	assert.Equal(t, http.StatusInternalServerError, w.Code)
 	assert.Contains(t, buffer.String(), "GET /recovery")
@@ -85,26 +83,11 @@ func TestPanicWithAbort(t *testing.T) {
 		panic("Oupps, Houston, we have a problem")
 	})
 	// RUN
-	w := PerformRequest(router, "GET", "/recovery")
+	w := PerformRequest(router, http.MethodGet, "/recovery")
 	// TEST
 	assert.Equal(t, http.StatusBadRequest, w.Code)
 }
 
-func TestSource(t *testing.T) {
-	bs := source(nil, 0)
-	assert.Equal(t, dunno, bs)
-
-	in := [][]byte{
-		[]byte("Hello world."),
-		[]byte("Hi, gin.."),
-	}
-	bs = source(in, 10)
-	assert.Equal(t, dunno, bs)
-
-	bs = source(in, 1)
-	assert.Equal(t, []byte("Hello world."), bs)
-}
-
 func TestFunction(t *testing.T) {
 	bs := function(1)
 	assert.Equal(t, dunno, bs)
@@ -115,14 +98,14 @@ func TestFunction(t *testing.T) {
 func TestPanicWithBrokenPipe(t *testing.T) {
 	const expectCode = 204
 
-	expectMsgs := map[syscall.Errno]string{
-		syscall.EPIPE:      "broken pipe",
-		syscall.ECONNRESET: "connection reset by peer",
+	expectErrnos := []syscall.Errno{
+		syscall.EPIPE,
+		syscall.ECONNRESET,
 	}
 
-	for errno, expectMsg := range expectMsgs {
-		t.Run(expectMsg, func(t *testing.T) {
-			var buf bytes.Buffer
+	for _, errno := range expectErrnos {
+		t.Run("Recovery from "+errno.Error(), func(t *testing.T) {
+			var buf strings.Builder
 
 			router := New()
 			router.Use(RecoveryWithWriter(&buf))
@@ -136,17 +119,42 @@ func TestPanicWithBrokenPipe(t *testing.T) {
 				panic(e)
 			})
 			// RUN
-			w := PerformRequest(router, "GET", "/recovery")
+			w := PerformRequest(router, http.MethodGet, "/recovery")
 			// TEST
 			assert.Equal(t, expectCode, w.Code)
-			assert.Contains(t, strings.ToLower(buf.String()), expectMsg)
+			assert.Contains(t, strings.ToLower(buf.String()), errno.Error())
+			assert.NotContains(t, strings.ToLower(buf.String()), "[Recovery]")
 		})
 	}
 }
 
+// TestPanicWithAbortHandler asserts that recovery handles http.ErrAbortHandler as broken pipe
+func TestPanicWithAbortHandler(t *testing.T) {
+	const expectCode = 204
+
+	var buf strings.Builder
+	router := New()
+	router.Use(RecoveryWithWriter(&buf))
+	router.GET("/recovery", func(c *Context) {
+		// Start writing response
+		c.Header("X-Test", "Value")
+		c.Status(expectCode)
+
+		// Panic with ErrAbortHandler which should be treated as broken pipe
+		panic(http.ErrAbortHandler)
+	})
+	// RUN
+	w := PerformRequest(router, http.MethodGet, "/recovery")
+	// TEST
+	assert.Equal(t, expectCode, w.Code)
+	out := buf.String()
+	assert.Contains(t, out, "net/http: abort Handler")
+	assert.NotContains(t, out, "panic recovered")
+}
+
 func TestCustomRecoveryWithWriter(t *testing.T) {
-	errBuffer := new(bytes.Buffer)
-	buffer := new(bytes.Buffer)
+	errBuffer := new(strings.Builder)
+	buffer := new(strings.Builder)
 	router := New()
 	handleRecovery := func(c *Context, err any) {
 		errBuffer.WriteString(err.(string))
@@ -157,7 +165,7 @@ func TestCustomRecoveryWithWriter(t *testing.T) {
 		panic("Oupps, Houston, we have a problem")
 	})
 	// RUN
-	w := PerformRequest(router, "GET", "/recovery")
+	w := PerformRequest(router, http.MethodGet, "/recovery")
 	// TEST
 	assert.Equal(t, http.StatusBadRequest, w.Code)
 	assert.Contains(t, buffer.String(), "panic recovered")
@@ -168,7 +176,7 @@ func TestCustomRecoveryWithWriter(t *testing.T) {
 	// Debug mode prints the request
 	SetMode(DebugMode)
 	// RUN
-	w = PerformRequest(router, "GET", "/recovery")
+	w = PerformRequest(router, http.MethodGet, "/recovery")
 	// TEST
 	assert.Equal(t, http.StatusBadRequest, w.Code)
 	assert.Contains(t, buffer.String(), "GET /recovery")
@@ -179,8 +187,8 @@ func TestCustomRecoveryWithWriter(t *testing.T) {
 }
 
 func TestCustomRecovery(t *testing.T) {
-	errBuffer := new(bytes.Buffer)
-	buffer := new(bytes.Buffer)
+	errBuffer := new(strings.Builder)
+	buffer := new(strings.Builder)
 	router := New()
 	DefaultErrorWriter = buffer
 	handleRecovery := func(c *Context, err any) {
@@ -192,7 +200,7 @@ func TestCustomRecovery(t *testing.T) {
 		panic("Oupps, Houston, we have a problem")
 	})
 	// RUN
-	w := PerformRequest(router, "GET", "/recovery")
+	w := PerformRequest(router, http.MethodGet, "/recovery")
 	// TEST
 	assert.Equal(t, http.StatusBadRequest, w.Code)
 	assert.Contains(t, buffer.String(), "panic recovered")
@@ -203,7 +211,7 @@ func TestCustomRecovery(t *testing.T) {
 	// Debug mode prints the request
 	SetMode(DebugMode)
 	// RUN
-	w = PerformRequest(router, "GET", "/recovery")
+	w = PerformRequest(router, http.MethodGet, "/recovery")
 	// TEST
 	assert.Equal(t, http.StatusBadRequest, w.Code)
 	assert.Contains(t, buffer.String(), "GET /recovery")
@@ -214,8 +222,8 @@ func TestCustomRecovery(t *testing.T) {
 }
 
 func TestRecoveryWithWriterWithCustomRecovery(t *testing.T) {
-	errBuffer := new(bytes.Buffer)
-	buffer := new(bytes.Buffer)
+	errBuffer := new(strings.Builder)
+	buffer := new(strings.Builder)
 	router := New()
 	DefaultErrorWriter = buffer
 	handleRecovery := func(c *Context, err any) {
@@ -227,7 +235,7 @@ func TestRecoveryWithWriterWithCustomRecovery(t *testing.T) {
 		panic("Oupps, Houston, we have a problem")
 	})
 	// RUN
-	w := PerformRequest(router, "GET", "/recovery")
+	w := PerformRequest(router, http.MethodGet, "/recovery")
 	// TEST
 	assert.Equal(t, http.StatusBadRequest, w.Code)
 	assert.Contains(t, buffer.String(), "panic recovered")
@@ -238,7 +246,7 @@ func TestRecoveryWithWriterWithCustomRecovery(t *testing.T) {
 	// Debug mode prints the request
 	SetMode(DebugMode)
 	// RUN
-	w = PerformRequest(router, "GET", "/recovery")
+	w = PerformRequest(router, http.MethodGet, "/recovery")
 	// TEST
 	assert.Equal(t, http.StatusBadRequest, w.Code)
 	assert.Contains(t, buffer.String(), "GET /recovery")
@@ -247,3 +255,115 @@ func TestRecoveryWithWriterWithCustomRecovery(t *testing.T) {
 
 	SetMode(TestMode)
 }
+
+func TestSecureRequestDump(t *testing.T) {
+	tests := []struct {
+		name           string
+		req            *http.Request
+		wantContains   string
+		wantNotContain string
+	}{
+		{
+			name: "Authorization header standard case",
+			req: func() *http.Request {
+				r, _ := http.NewRequest(http.MethodGet, "http://example.com", nil)
+				r.Header.Set("Authorization", "Bearer secret-token")
+				return r
+			}(),
+			wantContains:   "Authorization: *",
+			wantNotContain: "Bearer secret-token",
+		},
+		{
+			name: "authorization header lowercase",
+			req: func() *http.Request {
+				r, _ := http.NewRequest(http.MethodGet, "http://example.com", nil)
+				r.Header.Set("authorization", "some-secret")
+				return r
+			}(),
+			wantContains:   "Authorization: *",
+			wantNotContain: "some-secret",
+		},
+		{
+			name: "Authorization header mixed case",
+			req: func() *http.Request {
+				r, _ := http.NewRequest(http.MethodGet, "http://example.com", nil)
+				r.Header.Set("AuThOrIzAtIoN", "token123")
+				return r
+			}(),
+			wantContains:   "Authorization: *",
+			wantNotContain: "token123",
+		},
+		{
+			name: "No Authorization header",
+			req: func() *http.Request {
+				r, _ := http.NewRequest(http.MethodGet, "http://example.com", nil)
+				r.Header.Set("Content-Type", "application/json")
+				return r
+			}(),
+			wantContains:   "",
+			wantNotContain: "Authorization: *",
+		},
+	}
+
+	for _, tt := range tests {
+		t.Run(tt.name, func(t *testing.T) {
+			result := secureRequestDump(tt.req)
+			if tt.wantContains != "" && !strings.Contains(result, tt.wantContains) {
+				t.Errorf("maskHeaders() = %q, want contains %q", result, tt.wantContains)
+			}
+			if tt.wantNotContain != "" && strings.Contains(result, tt.wantNotContain) {
+				t.Errorf("maskHeaders() = %q, want NOT contain %q", result, tt.wantNotContain)
+			}
+		})
+	}
+}
+
+// TestReadNthLine tests the readNthLine function with various scenarios.
+func TestReadNthLine(t *testing.T) {
+	// Create a temporary test file
+	testContent := "line 0 \n line 1  \nline 2 \nline 3  \nline 4"
+	tempFile, err := os.CreateTemp("", "testfile*.txt")
+	if err != nil {
+		t.Fatal(err)
+	}
+	defer os.Remove(tempFile.Name())
+
+	// Write test content to the temporary file
+	if _, err := tempFile.WriteString(testContent); err != nil {
+		t.Fatal(err)
+	}
+	if err := tempFile.Close(); err != nil {
+		t.Fatal(err)
+	}
+
+	// Test cases
+	tests := []struct {
+		name     string
+		lineNum  int
+		fileName string
+		want     string
+		wantErr  bool
+	}{
+		{name: "Read first line", lineNum: 0, fileName: tempFile.Name(), want: "line 0", wantErr: false},
+		{name: "Read middle line", lineNum: 2, fileName: tempFile.Name(), want: "line 2", wantErr: false},
+		{name: "Read last line", lineNum: 4, fileName: tempFile.Name(), want: "line 4", wantErr: false},
+		{name: "Line number exceeds file length", lineNum: 10, fileName: tempFile.Name(), want: "", wantErr: false},
+		{name: "Negative line number", lineNum: -1, fileName: tempFile.Name(), want: "", wantErr: false},
+		{name: "Non-existent file", lineNum: 1, fileName: "/non/existent/file.txt", want: "", wantErr: true},
+	}
+
+	for _, tt := range tests {
+		t.Run(tt.name, func(t *testing.T) {
+			got, err := readNthLine(tt.fileName, tt.lineNum)
+			assert.Equal(t, tt.wantErr, err != nil)
+			assert.Equal(t, tt.want, got)
+		})
+	}
+}
+
+func BenchmarkStack(b *testing.B) {
+	b.ReportAllocs()
+	for b.Loop() {
+		_ = stack(stackSkip)
+	}
+}
diff --git a/render/any.go b/render/any.go
deleted file mode 100644
index b19ad45d..00000000
--- a/render/any.go
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,10 +0,0 @@
-// Copyright 2021 Gin Core Team. All rights reserved.
-// Use of this source code is governed by a MIT style
-// license that can be found in the LICENSE file.
-
-//go:build !go1.18
-// +build !go1.18
-
-package render
-
-type any = interface{}
diff --git a/render/html.go b/render/html.go
index c308408d..965d84c6 100644
--- a/render/html.go
+++ b/render/html.go
@@ -7,6 +7,8 @@ package render
 import (
 	"html/template"
 	"net/http"
+
+	"github.com/gin-gonic/gin/internal/fs"
 )
 
 // Delims represents a set of Left and Right delimiters for HTML template rendering.
@@ -31,10 +33,12 @@ type HTMLProduction struct {
 
 // HTMLDebug contains template delims and pattern and function with file list.
 type HTMLDebug struct {
-	Files   []string
-	Glob    string
-	Delims  Delims
-	FuncMap template.FuncMap
+	Files      []string
+	Glob       string
+	FileSystem http.FileSystem
+	Patterns   []string
+	Delims     Delims
+	FuncMap    template.FuncMap
 }
 
 // HTML contains template reference and its name with given interface object.
@@ -63,6 +67,7 @@ func (r HTMLDebug) Instance(name string, data any) Render {
 		Data:     data,
 	}
 }
+
 func (r HTMLDebug) loadTemplate() *template.Template {
 	if r.FuncMap == nil {
 		r.FuncMap = template.FuncMap{}
@@ -73,7 +78,11 @@ func (r HTMLDebug) loadTemplate() *template.Template {
 	if r.Glob != "" {
 		return template.Must(template.New("").Delims(r.Delims.Left, r.Delims.Right).Funcs(r.FuncMap).ParseGlob(r.Glob))
 	}
-	panic("the HTML debug render was created without files or glob pattern")
+	if r.FileSystem != nil && len(r.Patterns) > 0 {
+		return template.Must(template.New("").Delims(r.Delims.Left, r.Delims.Right).Funcs(r.FuncMap).ParseFS(
+			fs.FileSystem{FileSystem: r.FileSystem}, r.Patterns...))
+	}
+	panic("the HTML debug render was created without files or glob pattern or file system with patterns")
 }
 
 // Render (HTML) executes template and writes its result with custom ContentType for response.
diff --git a/render/json.go b/render/json.go
index af678e80..2f98676c 100644
--- a/render/json.go
+++ b/render/json.go
@@ -9,9 +9,10 @@ import (
 	"fmt"
 	"html/template"
 	"net/http"
+	"unicode"
 
+	"github.com/gin-gonic/gin/codec/json"
 	"github.com/gin-gonic/gin/internal/bytesconv"
-	"github.com/gin-gonic/gin/internal/json"
 )
 
 // JSON contains the given interface object.
@@ -53,11 +54,8 @@ var (
 )
 
 // Render (JSON) writes data with custom ContentType.
-func (r JSON) Render(w http.ResponseWriter) (err error) {
-	if err = WriteJSON(w, r.Data); err != nil {
-		panic(err)
-	}
-	return
+func (r JSON) Render(w http.ResponseWriter) error {
+	return WriteJSON(w, r.Data)
 }
 
 // WriteContentType (JSON) writes JSON ContentType.
@@ -68,7 +66,7 @@ func (r JSON) WriteContentType(w http.ResponseWriter) {
 // WriteJSON marshals the given interface object and writes it with custom ContentType.
 func WriteJSON(w http.ResponseWriter, obj any) error {
 	writeContentType(w, jsonContentType)
-	jsonBytes, err := json.Marshal(obj)
+	jsonBytes, err := json.API.Marshal(obj)
 	if err != nil {
 		return err
 	}
@@ -79,7 +77,7 @@ func WriteJSON(w http.ResponseWriter, obj any) error {
 // Render (IndentedJSON) marshals the given interface object and writes it with custom ContentType.
 func (r IndentedJSON) Render(w http.ResponseWriter) error {
 	r.WriteContentType(w)
-	jsonBytes, err := json.MarshalIndent(r.Data, "", "    ")
+	jsonBytes, err := json.API.MarshalIndent(r.Data, "", "    ")
 	if err != nil {
 		return err
 	}
@@ -95,7 +93,7 @@ func (r IndentedJSON) WriteContentType(w http.ResponseWriter) {
 // Render (SecureJSON) marshals the given interface object and writes it with custom ContentType.
 func (r SecureJSON) Render(w http.ResponseWriter) error {
 	r.WriteContentType(w)
-	jsonBytes, err := json.Marshal(r.Data)
+	jsonBytes, err := json.API.Marshal(r.Data)
 	if err != nil {
 		return err
 	}
@@ -118,7 +116,7 @@ func (r SecureJSON) WriteContentType(w http.ResponseWriter) {
 // Render (JsonpJSON) marshals the given interface object and writes it and its callback with custom ContentType.
 func (r JsonpJSON) Render(w http.ResponseWriter) (err error) {
 	r.WriteContentType(w)
-	ret, err := json.Marshal(r.Data)
+	ret, err := json.API.Marshal(r.Data)
 	if err != nil {
 		return err
 	}
@@ -154,20 +152,23 @@ func (r JsonpJSON) WriteContentType(w http.ResponseWriter) {
 }
 
 // Render (AsciiJSON) marshals the given interface object and writes it with custom ContentType.
-func (r AsciiJSON) Render(w http.ResponseWriter) (err error) {
+func (r AsciiJSON) Render(w http.ResponseWriter) error {
 	r.WriteContentType(w)
-	ret, err := json.Marshal(r.Data)
+	ret, err := json.API.Marshal(r.Data)
 	if err != nil {
 		return err
 	}
 
 	var buffer bytes.Buffer
+	escapeBuf := make([]byte, 0, 6) // Preallocate 6 bytes for Unicode escape sequences
+
 	for _, r := range bytesconv.BytesToString(ret) {
-		cvt := string(r)
-		if r >= 128 {
-			cvt = fmt.Sprintf("\\u%04x", int64(r))
+		if r > unicode.MaxASCII {
+			escapeBuf = fmt.Appendf(escapeBuf[:0], "\\u%04x", r) // Reuse escapeBuf
+			buffer.Write(escapeBuf)
+		} else {
+			buffer.WriteByte(byte(r))
 		}
-		buffer.WriteString(cvt)
 	}
 
 	_, err = w.Write(buffer.Bytes())
@@ -182,7 +183,7 @@ func (r AsciiJSON) WriteContentType(w http.ResponseWriter) {
 // Render (PureJSON) writes custom ContentType and encodes the given interface object.
 func (r PureJSON) Render(w http.ResponseWriter) error {
 	r.WriteContentType(w)
-	encoder := json.NewEncoder(w)
+	encoder := json.API.NewEncoder(w)
 	encoder.SetEscapeHTML(false)
 	return encoder.Encode(r.Data)
 }
diff --git a/render/msgpack.go b/render/msgpack.go
index e0f30f7a..d1d8e84b 100644
--- a/render/msgpack.go
+++ b/render/msgpack.go
@@ -3,7 +3,6 @@
 // license that can be found in the LICENSE file.
 
 //go:build !nomsgpack
-// +build !nomsgpack
 
 package render
 
diff --git a/render/reader.go b/render/reader.go
index 5752d8d8..ae1a7b5e 100644
--- a/render/reader.go
+++ b/render/reader.go
@@ -27,7 +27,7 @@ func (r Reader) Render(w http.ResponseWriter) (err error) {
 		}
 		r.Headers["Content-Length"] = strconv.FormatInt(r.ContentLength, 10)
 	}
-	r.writeHeaders(w, r.Headers)
+	r.writeHeaders(w)
 	_, err = io.Copy(w, r.Reader)
 	return
 }
@@ -37,10 +37,10 @@ func (r Reader) WriteContentType(w http.ResponseWriter) {
 	writeContentType(w, []string{r.ContentType})
 }
 
-// writeHeaders writes custom Header.
-func (r Reader) writeHeaders(w http.ResponseWriter, headers map[string]string) {
+// writeHeaders writes headers from r.Headers into response.
+func (r Reader) writeHeaders(w http.ResponseWriter) {
 	header := w.Header()
-	for k, v := range headers {
+	for k, v := range r.Headers {
 		if header.Get(k) == "" {
 			header.Set(k, v)
 		}
diff --git a/render/render.go b/render/render.go
index 7955000c..4bdcfa23 100644
--- a/render/render.go
+++ b/render/render.go
@@ -15,22 +15,22 @@ type Render interface {
 }
 
 var (
-	_ Render     = JSON{}
-	_ Render     = IndentedJSON{}
-	_ Render     = SecureJSON{}
-	_ Render     = JsonpJSON{}
-	_ Render     = XML{}
-	_ Render     = String{}
-	_ Render     = Redirect{}
-	_ Render     = Data{}
-	_ Render     = HTML{}
-	_ HTMLRender = HTMLDebug{}
-	_ HTMLRender = HTMLProduction{}
-	_ Render     = YAML{}
-	_ Render     = Reader{}
-	_ Render     = AsciiJSON{}
-	_ Render     = ProtoBuf{}
-	_ Render     = TOML{}
+	_ Render     = (*JSON)(nil)
+	_ Render     = (*IndentedJSON)(nil)
+	_ Render     = (*SecureJSON)(nil)
+	_ Render     = (*JsonpJSON)(nil)
+	_ Render     = (*XML)(nil)
+	_ Render     = (*String)(nil)
+	_ Render     = (*Redirect)(nil)
+	_ Render     = (*Data)(nil)
+	_ Render     = (*HTML)(nil)
+	_ HTMLRender = (*HTMLDebug)(nil)
+	_ HTMLRender = (*HTMLProduction)(nil)
+	_ Render     = (*YAML)(nil)
+	_ Render     = (*Reader)(nil)
+	_ Render     = (*AsciiJSON)(nil)
+	_ Render     = (*ProtoBuf)(nil)
+	_ Render     = (*TOML)(nil)
 )
 
 func writeContentType(w http.ResponseWriter, value []string) {
diff --git a/render/render_msgpack_test.go b/render/render_msgpack_test.go
index 64212361..579897cc 100644
--- a/render/render_msgpack_test.go
+++ b/render/render_msgpack_test.go
@@ -3,7 +3,6 @@
 // license that can be found in the LICENSE file.
 
 //go:build !nomsgpack
-// +build !nomsgpack
 
 package render
 
@@ -13,6 +12,7 @@ import (
 	"testing"
 
 	"github.com/stretchr/testify/assert"
+	"github.com/stretchr/testify/require"
 	"github.com/ugorji/go/codec"
 )
 
@@ -30,7 +30,7 @@ func TestRenderMsgPack(t *testing.T) {
 
 	err := (MsgPack{data}).Render(w)
 
-	assert.NoError(t, err)
+	require.NoError(t, err)
 
 	h := new(codec.MsgpackHandle)
 	assert.NotNil(t, h)
@@ -38,7 +38,7 @@ func TestRenderMsgPack(t *testing.T) {
 	assert.NotNil(t, buf)
 	err = codec.NewEncoder(buf, h).Encode(data)
 
-	assert.NoError(t, err)
+	require.NoError(t, err)
 	assert.Equal(t, w.Body.String(), buf.String())
 	assert.Equal(t, "application/msgpack; charset=utf-8", w.Header().Get("Content-Type"))
 }
diff --git a/render/render_test.go b/render/render_test.go
index a13fff42..d9ae2067 100644
--- a/render/render_test.go
+++ b/render/render_test.go
@@ -8,14 +8,17 @@ import (
 	"encoding/xml"
 	"errors"
 	"html/template"
+	"net"
 	"net/http"
 	"net/http/httptest"
 	"strconv"
 	"strings"
 	"testing"
 
+	"github.com/gin-gonic/gin/codec/json"
 	testdata "github.com/gin-gonic/gin/testdata/protoexample"
 	"github.com/stretchr/testify/assert"
+	"github.com/stretchr/testify/require"
 	"google.golang.org/protobuf/proto"
 )
 
@@ -34,17 +37,17 @@ func TestRenderJSON(t *testing.T) {
 
 	err := (JSON{data}).Render(w)
 
-	assert.NoError(t, err)
-	assert.Equal(t, "{\"foo\":\"bar\",\"html\":\"\\u003cb\\u003e\"}", w.Body.String())
+	require.NoError(t, err)
+	assert.JSONEq(t, "{\"foo\":\"bar\",\"html\":\"\\u003cb\\u003e\"}", w.Body.String())
 	assert.Equal(t, "application/json; charset=utf-8", w.Header().Get("Content-Type"))
 }
 
-func TestRenderJSONPanics(t *testing.T) {
+func TestRenderJSONError(t *testing.T) {
 	w := httptest.NewRecorder()
 	data := make(chan int)
 
 	// json: unsupported type: chan int
-	assert.Panics(t, func() { assert.NoError(t, (JSON{data}).Render(w)) })
+	require.Error(t, (JSON{data}).Render(w))
 }
 
 func TestRenderIndentedJSON(t *testing.T) {
@@ -56,8 +59,8 @@ func TestRenderIndentedJSON(t *testing.T) {
 
 	err := (IndentedJSON{data}).Render(w)
 
-	assert.NoError(t, err)
-	assert.Equal(t, "{\n    \"bar\": \"foo\",\n    \"foo\": \"bar\"\n}", w.Body.String())
+	require.NoError(t, err)
+	assert.JSONEq(t, "{\n    \"bar\": \"foo\",\n    \"foo\": \"bar\"\n}", w.Body.String())
 	assert.Equal(t, "application/json; charset=utf-8", w.Header().Get("Content-Type"))
 }
 
@@ -67,7 +70,7 @@ func TestRenderIndentedJSONPanics(t *testing.T) {
 
 	// json: unsupported type: chan int
 	err := (IndentedJSON{data}).Render(w)
-	assert.Error(t, err)
+	require.Error(t, err)
 }
 
 func TestRenderSecureJSON(t *testing.T) {
@@ -81,8 +84,8 @@ func TestRenderSecureJSON(t *testing.T) {
 
 	err1 := (SecureJSON{"while(1);", data}).Render(w1)
 
-	assert.NoError(t, err1)
-	assert.Equal(t, "{\"foo\":\"bar\"}", w1.Body.String())
+	require.NoError(t, err1)
+	assert.JSONEq(t, "{\"foo\":\"bar\"}", w1.Body.String())
 	assert.Equal(t, "application/json; charset=utf-8", w1.Header().Get("Content-Type"))
 
 	w2 := httptest.NewRecorder()
@@ -93,7 +96,7 @@ func TestRenderSecureJSON(t *testing.T) {
 	}}
 
 	err2 := (SecureJSON{"while(1);", datas}).Render(w2)
-	assert.NoError(t, err2)
+	require.NoError(t, err2)
 	assert.Equal(t, "while(1);[{\"foo\":\"bar\"},{\"bar\":\"foo\"}]", w2.Body.String())
 	assert.Equal(t, "application/json; charset=utf-8", w2.Header().Get("Content-Type"))
 }
@@ -104,7 +107,7 @@ func TestRenderSecureJSONFail(t *testing.T) {
 
 	// json: unsupported type: chan int
 	err := (SecureJSON{"while(1);", data}).Render(w)
-	assert.Error(t, err)
+	require.Error(t, err)
 }
 
 func TestRenderJsonpJSON(t *testing.T) {
@@ -118,7 +121,7 @@ func TestRenderJsonpJSON(t *testing.T) {
 
 	err1 := (JsonpJSON{"x", data}).Render(w1)
 
-	assert.NoError(t, err1)
+	require.NoError(t, err1)
 	assert.Equal(t, "x({\"foo\":\"bar\"});", w1.Body.String())
 	assert.Equal(t, "application/javascript; charset=utf-8", w1.Header().Get("Content-Type"))
 
@@ -130,11 +133,56 @@ func TestRenderJsonpJSON(t *testing.T) {
 	}}
 
 	err2 := (JsonpJSON{"x", datas}).Render(w2)
-	assert.NoError(t, err2)
+	require.NoError(t, err2)
 	assert.Equal(t, "x([{\"foo\":\"bar\"},{\"bar\":\"foo\"}]);", w2.Body.String())
 	assert.Equal(t, "application/javascript; charset=utf-8", w2.Header().Get("Content-Type"))
 }
 
+type errorWriter struct {
+	bufString string
+	*httptest.ResponseRecorder
+}
+
+var _ http.ResponseWriter = (*errorWriter)(nil)
+
+func (w *errorWriter) Write(buf []byte) (int, error) {
+	if string(buf) == w.bufString {
+		return 0, errors.New(`write "` + w.bufString + `" error`)
+	}
+	return w.ResponseRecorder.Write(buf)
+}
+
+func TestRenderJsonpJSONError(t *testing.T) {
+	ew := &errorWriter{
+		ResponseRecorder: httptest.NewRecorder(),
+	}
+
+	jsonpJSON := JsonpJSON{
+		Callback: "foo",
+		Data: map[string]string{
+			"foo": "bar",
+		},
+	}
+
+	cb := template.JSEscapeString(jsonpJSON.Callback)
+	ew.bufString = cb
+	err := jsonpJSON.Render(ew) // error was returned while writing callback
+	assert.Equal(t, `write "`+cb+`" error`, err.Error())
+
+	ew.bufString = `(`
+	err = jsonpJSON.Render(ew)
+	assert.Equal(t, `write "`+`(`+`" error`, err.Error())
+
+	data, _ := json.API.Marshal(jsonpJSON.Data) // error was returned while writing data
+	ew.bufString = string(data)
+	err = jsonpJSON.Render(ew)
+	assert.Equal(t, `write "`+string(data)+`" error`, err.Error())
+
+	ew.bufString = `);`
+	err = jsonpJSON.Render(ew)
+	assert.Equal(t, `write "`+`);`+`" error`, err.Error())
+}
+
 func TestRenderJsonpJSONError2(t *testing.T) {
 	w := httptest.NewRecorder()
 	data := map[string]any{
@@ -144,9 +192,9 @@ func TestRenderJsonpJSONError2(t *testing.T) {
 	assert.Equal(t, "application/javascript; charset=utf-8", w.Header().Get("Content-Type"))
 
 	e := (JsonpJSON{"", data}).Render(w)
-	assert.NoError(t, e)
+	require.NoError(t, e)
 
-	assert.Equal(t, "{\"foo\":\"bar\"}", w.Body.String())
+	assert.JSONEq(t, "{\"foo\":\"bar\"}", w.Body.String())
 	assert.Equal(t, "application/javascript; charset=utf-8", w.Header().Get("Content-Type"))
 }
 
@@ -156,7 +204,7 @@ func TestRenderJsonpJSONFail(t *testing.T) {
 
 	// json: unsupported type: chan int
 	err := (JsonpJSON{"x", data}).Render(w)
-	assert.Error(t, err)
+	require.Error(t, err)
 }
 
 func TestRenderAsciiJSON(t *testing.T) {
@@ -168,15 +216,15 @@ func TestRenderAsciiJSON(t *testing.T) {
 
 	err := (AsciiJSON{data1}).Render(w1)
 
-	assert.NoError(t, err)
-	assert.Equal(t, "{\"lang\":\"GO\\u8bed\\u8a00\",\"tag\":\"\\u003cbr\\u003e\"}", w1.Body.String())
+	require.NoError(t, err)
+	assert.JSONEq(t, "{\"lang\":\"GO\\u8bed\\u8a00\",\"tag\":\"\\u003cbr\\u003e\"}", w1.Body.String())
 	assert.Equal(t, "application/json", w1.Header().Get("Content-Type"))
 
 	w2 := httptest.NewRecorder()
-	data2 := float64(3.1415926)
+	data2 := 3.1415926
 
 	err = (AsciiJSON{data2}).Render(w2)
-	assert.NoError(t, err)
+	require.NoError(t, err)
 	assert.Equal(t, "3.1415926", w2.Body.String())
 }
 
@@ -185,7 +233,7 @@ func TestRenderAsciiJSONFail(t *testing.T) {
 	data := make(chan int)
 
 	// json: unsupported type: chan int
-	assert.Error(t, (AsciiJSON{data}).Render(w))
+	require.Error(t, (AsciiJSON{data}).Render(w))
 }
 
 func TestRenderPureJSON(t *testing.T) {
@@ -195,8 +243,8 @@ func TestRenderPureJSON(t *testing.T) {
 		"html": "<b>",
 	}
 	err := (PureJSON{data}).Render(w)
-	assert.NoError(t, err)
-	assert.Equal(t, "{\"foo\":\"bar\",\"html\":\"<b>\"}\n", w.Body.String())
+	require.NoError(t, err)
+	assert.JSONEq(t, "{\"foo\":\"bar\",\"html\":\"<b>\"}\n", w.Body.String())
 	assert.Equal(t, "application/json; charset=utf-8", w.Header().Get("Content-Type"))
 }
 
@@ -233,12 +281,19 @@ b:
 	d: [3, 4]
 	`
 	(YAML{data}).WriteContentType(w)
-	assert.Equal(t, "application/x-yaml; charset=utf-8", w.Header().Get("Content-Type"))
+	assert.Equal(t, "application/yaml; charset=utf-8", w.Header().Get("Content-Type"))
 
 	err := (YAML{data}).Render(w)
-	assert.NoError(t, err)
-	assert.Equal(t, "\"\\na : Easy!\\nb:\\n\\tc: 2\\n\\td: [3, 4]\\n\\t\"\n", w.Body.String())
-	assert.Equal(t, "application/x-yaml; charset=utf-8", w.Header().Get("Content-Type"))
+	require.NoError(t, err)
+
+	// With github.com/goccy/go-yaml, the output format is different from gopkg.in/yaml.v3
+	// We're checking that the output contains the expected data, not the exact formatting
+	output := w.Body.String()
+	assert.Contains(t, output, "a : Easy!")
+	assert.Contains(t, output, "b:")
+	assert.Contains(t, output, "c: 2")
+	assert.Contains(t, output, "d: [3, 4]")
+	assert.Equal(t, "application/yaml; charset=utf-8", w.Header().Get("Content-Type"))
 }
 
 type fail struct{}
@@ -251,7 +306,28 @@ func (ft *fail) MarshalYAML() (any, error) {
 func TestRenderYAMLFail(t *testing.T) {
 	w := httptest.NewRecorder()
 	err := (YAML{&fail{}}).Render(w)
-	assert.Error(t, err)
+	require.Error(t, err)
+}
+
+func TestRenderTOML(t *testing.T) {
+	w := httptest.NewRecorder()
+	data := map[string]any{
+		"foo":  "bar",
+		"html": "<b>",
+	}
+	(TOML{data}).WriteContentType(w)
+	assert.Equal(t, "application/toml; charset=utf-8", w.Header().Get("Content-Type"))
+
+	err := (TOML{data}).Render(w)
+	require.NoError(t, err)
+	assert.Equal(t, "foo = 'bar'\nhtml = '<b>'\n", w.Body.String())
+	assert.Equal(t, "application/toml; charset=utf-8", w.Header().Get("Content-Type"))
+}
+
+func TestRenderTOMLFail(t *testing.T) {
+	w := httptest.NewRecorder()
+	err := (TOML{net.IPv4bcast}).Render(w)
+	require.Error(t, err)
 }
 
 // test Protobuf rendering
@@ -266,12 +342,12 @@ func TestRenderProtoBuf(t *testing.T) {
 
 	(ProtoBuf{data}).WriteContentType(w)
 	protoData, err := proto.Marshal(data)
-	assert.NoError(t, err)
+	require.NoError(t, err)
 	assert.Equal(t, "application/x-protobuf", w.Header().Get("Content-Type"))
 
 	err = (ProtoBuf{data}).Render(w)
 
-	assert.NoError(t, err)
+	require.NoError(t, err)
 	assert.Equal(t, string(protoData), w.Body.String())
 	assert.Equal(t, "application/x-protobuf", w.Header().Get("Content-Type"))
 }
@@ -280,7 +356,7 @@ func TestRenderProtoBufFail(t *testing.T) {
 	w := httptest.NewRecorder()
 	data := &testdata.Test{}
 	err := (ProtoBuf{data}).Render(w)
-	assert.Error(t, err)
+	require.Error(t, err)
 }
 
 func TestRenderXML(t *testing.T) {
@@ -294,14 +370,14 @@ func TestRenderXML(t *testing.T) {
 
 	err := (XML{data}).Render(w)
 
-	assert.NoError(t, err)
+	require.NoError(t, err)
 	assert.Equal(t, "<map><foo>bar</foo></map>", w.Body.String())
 	assert.Equal(t, "application/xml; charset=utf-8", w.Header().Get("Content-Type"))
 }
 
 func TestRenderRedirect(t *testing.T) {
-	req, err := http.NewRequest("GET", "/test-redirect", nil)
-	assert.NoError(t, err)
+	req, err := http.NewRequest(http.MethodGet, "/test-redirect", nil)
+	require.NoError(t, err)
 
 	data1 := Redirect{
 		Code:     http.StatusMovedPermanently,
@@ -311,7 +387,7 @@ func TestRenderRedirect(t *testing.T) {
 
 	w := httptest.NewRecorder()
 	err = data1.Render(w)
-	assert.NoError(t, err)
+	require.NoError(t, err)
 
 	data2 := Redirect{
 		Code:     http.StatusOK,
@@ -322,7 +398,7 @@ func TestRenderRedirect(t *testing.T) {
 	w = httptest.NewRecorder()
 	assert.PanicsWithValue(t, "Cannot redirect with status code 200", func() {
 		err := data2.Render(w)
-		assert.NoError(t, err)
+		require.NoError(t, err)
 	})
 
 	data3 := Redirect{
@@ -333,7 +409,7 @@ func TestRenderRedirect(t *testing.T) {
 
 	w = httptest.NewRecorder()
 	err = data3.Render(w)
-	assert.NoError(t, err)
+	require.NoError(t, err)
 
 	// only improve coverage
 	data2.WriteContentType(w)
@@ -348,7 +424,7 @@ func TestRenderData(t *testing.T) {
 		Data:        data,
 	}).Render(w)
 
-	assert.NoError(t, err)
+	require.NoError(t, err)
 	assert.Equal(t, "#!PNG some raw data", w.Body.String())
 	assert.Equal(t, "image/png", w.Header().Get("Content-Type"))
 }
@@ -367,7 +443,7 @@ func TestRenderString(t *testing.T) {
 		Data:   []any{"manu", 2},
 	}).Render(w)
 
-	assert.NoError(t, err)
+	require.NoError(t, err)
 	assert.Equal(t, "hola manu 2", w.Body.String())
 	assert.Equal(t, "text/plain; charset=utf-8", w.Header().Get("Content-Type"))
 }
@@ -380,7 +456,7 @@ func TestRenderStringLenZero(t *testing.T) {
 		Data:   []any{},
 	}).Render(w)
 
-	assert.NoError(t, err)
+	require.NoError(t, err)
 	assert.Equal(t, "hola %s %d", w.Body.String())
 	assert.Equal(t, "text/plain; charset=utf-8", w.Header().Get("Content-Type"))
 }
@@ -396,7 +472,7 @@ func TestRenderHTMLTemplate(t *testing.T) {
 
 	err := instance.Render(w)
 
-	assert.NoError(t, err)
+	require.NoError(t, err)
 	assert.Equal(t, "Hello alexandernyquist", w.Body.String())
 	assert.Equal(t, "text/html; charset=utf-8", w.Header().Get("Content-Type"))
 }
@@ -412,7 +488,7 @@ func TestRenderHTMLTemplateEmptyName(t *testing.T) {
 
 	err := instance.Render(w)
 
-	assert.NoError(t, err)
+	require.NoError(t, err)
 	assert.Equal(t, "Hello alexandernyquist", w.Body.String())
 	assert.Equal(t, "text/html; charset=utf-8", w.Header().Get("Content-Type"))
 }
@@ -420,10 +496,12 @@ func TestRenderHTMLTemplateEmptyName(t *testing.T) {
 func TestRenderHTMLDebugFiles(t *testing.T) {
 	w := httptest.NewRecorder()
 	htmlRender := HTMLDebug{
-		Files:   []string{"../testdata/template/hello.tmpl"},
-		Glob:    "",
-		Delims:  Delims{Left: "{[{", Right: "}]}"},
-		FuncMap: nil,
+		Files:      []string{"../testdata/template/hello.tmpl"},
+		Glob:       "",
+		FileSystem: nil,
+		Patterns:   nil,
+		Delims:     Delims{Left: "{[{", Right: "}]}"},
+		FuncMap:    nil,
 	}
 	instance := htmlRender.Instance("hello.tmpl", map[string]any{
 		"name": "thinkerou",
@@ -431,7 +509,7 @@ func TestRenderHTMLDebugFiles(t *testing.T) {
 
 	err := instance.Render(w)
 
-	assert.NoError(t, err)
+	require.NoError(t, err)
 	assert.Equal(t, "<h1>Hello thinkerou</h1>", w.Body.String())
 	assert.Equal(t, "text/html; charset=utf-8", w.Header().Get("Content-Type"))
 }
@@ -439,10 +517,12 @@ func TestRenderHTMLDebugFiles(t *testing.T) {
 func TestRenderHTMLDebugGlob(t *testing.T) {
 	w := httptest.NewRecorder()
 	htmlRender := HTMLDebug{
-		Files:   nil,
-		Glob:    "../testdata/template/hello*",
-		Delims:  Delims{Left: "{[{", Right: "}]}"},
-		FuncMap: nil,
+		Files:      nil,
+		Glob:       "../testdata/template/hello*",
+		FileSystem: nil,
+		Patterns:   nil,
+		Delims:     Delims{Left: "{[{", Right: "}]}"},
+		FuncMap:    nil,
 	}
 	instance := htmlRender.Instance("hello.tmpl", map[string]any{
 		"name": "thinkerou",
@@ -450,17 +530,40 @@ func TestRenderHTMLDebugGlob(t *testing.T) {
 
 	err := instance.Render(w)
 
-	assert.NoError(t, err)
+	require.NoError(t, err)
+	assert.Equal(t, "<h1>Hello thinkerou</h1>", w.Body.String())
+	assert.Equal(t, "text/html; charset=utf-8", w.Header().Get("Content-Type"))
+}
+
+func TestRenderHTMLDebugFS(t *testing.T) {
+	w := httptest.NewRecorder()
+	htmlRender := HTMLDebug{
+		Files:      nil,
+		Glob:       "",
+		FileSystem: http.Dir("../testdata/template"),
+		Patterns:   []string{"hello.tmpl"},
+		Delims:     Delims{Left: "{[{", Right: "}]}"},
+		FuncMap:    nil,
+	}
+	instance := htmlRender.Instance("hello.tmpl", map[string]any{
+		"name": "thinkerou",
+	})
+
+	err := instance.Render(w)
+
+	require.NoError(t, err)
 	assert.Equal(t, "<h1>Hello thinkerou</h1>", w.Body.String())
 	assert.Equal(t, "text/html; charset=utf-8", w.Header().Get("Content-Type"))
 }
 
 func TestRenderHTMLDebugPanics(t *testing.T) {
 	htmlRender := HTMLDebug{
-		Files:   nil,
-		Glob:    "",
-		Delims:  Delims{"{{", "}}"},
-		FuncMap: nil,
+		Files:      nil,
+		Glob:       "",
+		FileSystem: nil,
+		Patterns:   nil,
+		Delims:     Delims{"{{", "}}"},
+		FuncMap:    nil,
 	}
 	assert.Panics(t, func() { htmlRender.Instance("", nil) })
 }
@@ -480,7 +583,7 @@ func TestRenderReader(t *testing.T) {
 		Headers:       headers,
 	}).Render(w)
 
-	assert.NoError(t, err)
+	require.NoError(t, err)
 	assert.Equal(t, body, w.Body.String())
 	assert.Equal(t, "image/png", w.Header().Get("Content-Type"))
 	assert.Equal(t, strconv.Itoa(len(body)), w.Header().Get("Content-Length"))
@@ -503,10 +606,23 @@ func TestRenderReaderNoContentLength(t *testing.T) {
 		Headers:       headers,
 	}).Render(w)
 
-	assert.NoError(t, err)
+	require.NoError(t, err)
 	assert.Equal(t, body, w.Body.String())
 	assert.Equal(t, "image/png", w.Header().Get("Content-Type"))
 	assert.NotContains(t, "Content-Length", w.Header())
 	assert.Equal(t, headers["Content-Disposition"], w.Header().Get("Content-Disposition"))
 	assert.Equal(t, headers["x-request-id"], w.Header().Get("x-request-id"))
 }
+
+func TestRenderWriteError(t *testing.T) {
+	data := []any{"value1", "value2"}
+	prefix := "my-prefix:"
+	r := SecureJSON{Data: data, Prefix: prefix}
+	ew := &errorWriter{
+		bufString:        prefix,
+		ResponseRecorder: httptest.NewRecorder(),
+	}
+	err := r.Render(ew)
+	require.Error(t, err)
+	assert.Equal(t, `write "my-prefix:" error`, err.Error())
+}
diff --git a/render/toml.go b/render/toml.go
index 40f044c8..379ac72d 100644
--- a/render/toml.go
+++ b/render/toml.go
@@ -15,7 +15,7 @@ type TOML struct {
 	Data any
 }
 
-var TOMLContentType = []string{"application/toml; charset=utf-8"}
+var tomlContentType = []string{"application/toml; charset=utf-8"}
 
 // Render (TOML) marshals the given interface object and writes data with custom ContentType.
 func (r TOML) Render(w http.ResponseWriter) error {
@@ -32,5 +32,5 @@ func (r TOML) Render(w http.ResponseWriter) error {
 
 // WriteContentType (TOML) writes TOML ContentType for response.
 func (r TOML) WriteContentType(w http.ResponseWriter) {
-	writeContentType(w, TOMLContentType)
+	writeContentType(w, tomlContentType)
 }
diff --git a/render/yaml.go b/render/yaml.go
index 4f0ac01f..98b06442 100644
--- a/render/yaml.go
+++ b/render/yaml.go
@@ -7,7 +7,7 @@ package render
 import (
 	"net/http"
 
-	"gopkg.in/yaml.v2"
+	"github.com/goccy/go-yaml"
 )
 
 // YAML contains the given interface object.
@@ -15,7 +15,7 @@ type YAML struct {
 	Data any
 }
 
-var yamlContentType = []string{"application/x-yaml; charset=utf-8"}
+var yamlContentType = []string{"application/yaml; charset=utf-8"}
 
 // Render (YAML) marshals the given interface object and writes data with custom ContentType.
 func (r YAML) Render(w http.ResponseWriter) error {
diff --git a/response_writer.go b/response_writer.go
index 77c7ed8f..9035e6f1 100644
--- a/response_writer.go
+++ b/response_writer.go
@@ -6,6 +6,7 @@ package gin
 
 import (
 	"bufio"
+	"errors"
 	"io"
 	"net"
 	"net/http"
@@ -16,6 +17,8 @@ const (
 	defaultStatus = http.StatusOK
 )
 
+var errHijackAlreadyWritten = errors.New("gin: response body already written")
+
 // ResponseWriter ...
 type ResponseWriter interface {
 	http.ResponseWriter
@@ -49,7 +52,11 @@ type responseWriter struct {
 	status int
 }
 
-var _ ResponseWriter = &responseWriter{}
+var _ ResponseWriter = (*responseWriter)(nil)
+
+func (w *responseWriter) Unwrap() http.ResponseWriter {
+	return w.ResponseWriter
+}
 
 func (w *responseWriter) reset(writer http.ResponseWriter) {
 	w.ResponseWriter = writer
@@ -61,6 +68,7 @@ func (w *responseWriter) WriteHeader(code int) {
 	if code > 0 && w.status != code {
 		if w.Written() {
 			debugPrint("[WARNING] Headers were already written. Wanted to override status code %d with %d", w.status, code)
+			return
 		}
 		w.status = code
 	}
@@ -101,6 +109,11 @@ func (w *responseWriter) Written() bool {
 
 // Hijack implements the http.Hijacker interface.
 func (w *responseWriter) Hijack() (net.Conn, *bufio.ReadWriter, error) {
+	// Allow hijacking before any data is written (size == -1) or after headers are written (size == 0),
+	// but not after body data is written (size > 0). For compatibility with websocket libraries (e.g., github.com/coder/websocket)
+	if w.size > 0 {
+		return nil, nil, errHijackAlreadyWritten
+	}
 	if w.size < 0 {
 		w.size = 0
 	}
@@ -115,7 +128,9 @@ func (w *responseWriter) CloseNotify() <-chan bool {
 // Flush implements the http.Flusher interface.
 func (w *responseWriter) Flush() {
 	w.WriteHeaderNow()
-	w.ResponseWriter.(http.Flusher).Flush()
+	if f, ok := w.ResponseWriter.(http.Flusher); ok {
+		f.Flush()
+	}
 }
 
 func (w *responseWriter) Pusher() (pusher http.Pusher) {
diff --git a/response_writer_test.go b/response_writer_test.go
index 57d163c9..dfc1d2c6 100644
--- a/response_writer_test.go
+++ b/response_writer_test.go
@@ -5,11 +5,14 @@
 package gin
 
 import (
+	"bufio"
+	"net"
 	"net/http"
 	"net/http/httptest"
 	"testing"
 
 	"github.com/stretchr/testify/assert"
+	"github.com/stretchr/testify/require"
 )
 
 // TODO
@@ -30,6 +33,12 @@ func init() {
 	SetMode(TestMode)
 }
 
+func TestResponseWriterUnwrap(t *testing.T) {
+	testWriter := httptest.NewRecorder()
+	writer := &responseWriter{ResponseWriter: testWriter}
+	assert.Same(t, testWriter, writer.Unwrap())
+}
+
 func TestResponseWriterReset(t *testing.T) {
 	testWriter := httptest.NewRecorder()
 	writer := &responseWriter{}
@@ -89,13 +98,13 @@ func TestResponseWriterWrite(t *testing.T) {
 	assert.Equal(t, http.StatusOK, w.Status())
 	assert.Equal(t, http.StatusOK, testWriter.Code)
 	assert.Equal(t, "hola", testWriter.Body.String())
-	assert.NoError(t, err)
+	require.NoError(t, err)
 
 	n, err = w.Write([]byte(" adios"))
 	assert.Equal(t, 6, n)
 	assert.Equal(t, 10, w.Size())
 	assert.Equal(t, "hola adios", testWriter.Body.String())
-	assert.NoError(t, err)
+	require.NoError(t, err)
 }
 
 func TestResponseWriterHijack(t *testing.T) {
@@ -106,7 +115,7 @@ func TestResponseWriterHijack(t *testing.T) {
 
 	assert.Panics(t, func() {
 		_, _, err := w.Hijack()
-		assert.NoError(t, err)
+		require.NoError(t, err)
 	})
 	assert.True(t, w.Written())
 
@@ -117,6 +126,132 @@ func TestResponseWriterHijack(t *testing.T) {
 	w.Flush()
 }
 
+type mockHijacker struct {
+	*httptest.ResponseRecorder
+	hijacked bool
+}
+
+// Hijack implements the http.Hijacker interface. It just records that it was called.
+func (m *mockHijacker) Hijack() (net.Conn, *bufio.ReadWriter, error) {
+	m.hijacked = true
+	return nil, nil, nil
+}
+
+func TestResponseWriterHijackAfterWrite(t *testing.T) {
+	tests := []struct {
+		name                      string
+		action                    func(w ResponseWriter) error // Action to perform before hijacking
+		expectWrittenBeforeHijack bool
+		expectHijackSuccess       bool
+		expectWrittenAfterHijack  bool
+		expectError               error
+	}{
+		{
+			name:                      "hijack before write should succeed",
+			action:                    func(w ResponseWriter) error { return nil },
+			expectWrittenBeforeHijack: false,
+			expectHijackSuccess:       true,
+			expectWrittenAfterHijack:  true, // Hijack itself marks the writer as written
+			expectError:               nil,
+		},
+		{
+			name: "hijack after write should fail",
+			action: func(w ResponseWriter) error {
+				_, err := w.Write([]byte("test"))
+				return err
+			},
+			expectWrittenBeforeHijack: true,
+			expectHijackSuccess:       false,
+			expectWrittenAfterHijack:  true,
+			expectError:               errHijackAlreadyWritten,
+		},
+	}
+
+	for _, tc := range tests {
+		t.Run(tc.name, func(t *testing.T) {
+			hijacker := &mockHijacker{ResponseRecorder: httptest.NewRecorder()}
+			writer := &responseWriter{}
+			writer.reset(hijacker)
+			w := ResponseWriter(writer)
+
+			// Check initial state
+			assert.False(t, w.Written(), "should not be written initially")
+
+			// Perform pre-hijack action
+			require.NoError(t, tc.action(w), "unexpected error during pre-hijack action")
+
+			// Check state before hijacking
+			assert.Equal(t, tc.expectWrittenBeforeHijack, w.Written(), "unexpected w.Written() state before hijack")
+
+			// Attempt to hijack
+			_, _, hijackErr := w.Hijack()
+
+			// Check results
+			require.ErrorIs(t, hijackErr, tc.expectError, "unexpected error from Hijack()")
+			assert.Equal(t, tc.expectHijackSuccess, hijacker.hijacked, "unexpected hijacker.hijacked state")
+			assert.Equal(t, tc.expectWrittenAfterHijack, w.Written(), "unexpected w.Written() state after hijack")
+		})
+	}
+}
+
+// Test: WebSocket compatibility - allow hijack after WriteHeaderNow(), but block after body data.
+func TestResponseWriterHijackAfterWriteHeaderNow(t *testing.T) {
+	tests := []struct {
+		name                      string
+		action                    func(w ResponseWriter) error
+		expectWrittenBeforeHijack bool
+		expectHijackSuccess       bool
+		expectWrittenAfterHijack  bool
+		expectError               error
+	}{
+		{
+			name: "hijack after WriteHeaderNow only should succeed (websocket pattern)",
+			action: func(w ResponseWriter) error {
+				w.WriteHeaderNow() // Simulate websocket.Accept() behavior
+				return nil
+			},
+			expectWrittenBeforeHijack: true,
+			expectHijackSuccess:       true, // NEW BEHAVIOR: allow hijack after just header write
+			expectWrittenAfterHijack:  true,
+			expectError:               nil,
+		},
+		{
+			name: "hijack after WriteHeaderNow + Write should fail",
+			action: func(w ResponseWriter) error {
+				w.WriteHeaderNow()
+				_, err := w.Write([]byte("test"))
+				return err
+			},
+			expectWrittenBeforeHijack: true,
+			expectHijackSuccess:       false,
+			expectWrittenAfterHijack:  true,
+			expectError:               errHijackAlreadyWritten,
+		},
+	}
+	for _, tc := range tests {
+		t.Run(tc.name, func(t *testing.T) {
+			hijacker := &mockHijacker{ResponseRecorder: httptest.NewRecorder()}
+			writer := &responseWriter{}
+			writer.reset(hijacker)
+			w := ResponseWriter(writer)
+
+			require.NoError(t, tc.action(w), "unexpected error during pre-hijack action")
+
+			assert.Equal(t, tc.expectWrittenBeforeHijack, w.Written(), "unexpected w.Written() state before hijack")
+
+			_, _, hijackErr := w.Hijack()
+
+			if tc.expectError == nil {
+				require.NoError(t, hijackErr, "expected hijack to succeed")
+			} else {
+				require.ErrorIs(t, hijackErr, tc.expectError, "unexpected error from Hijack()")
+			}
+			assert.Equal(t, tc.expectHijackSuccess, hijacker.hijacked, "unexpected hijacker.hijacked state")
+			assert.Equal(t, tc.expectWrittenAfterHijack, w.Written(), "unexpected w.Written() state after hijack")
+		})
+	}
+}
+
 func TestResponseWriterFlush(t *testing.T) {
 	testServer := httptest.NewServer(http.HandlerFunc(func(w http.ResponseWriter, r *http.Request) {
 		writer := &responseWriter{}
@@ -129,6 +264,54 @@ func TestResponseWriterFlush(t *testing.T) {
 
 	// should return 500
 	resp, err := http.Get(testServer.URL)
-	assert.NoError(t, err)
+	require.NoError(t, err)
 	assert.Equal(t, http.StatusInternalServerError, resp.StatusCode)
 }
+
+func TestResponseWriterStatusCode(t *testing.T) {
+	testWriter := httptest.NewRecorder()
+	writer := &responseWriter{}
+	writer.reset(testWriter)
+	w := ResponseWriter(writer)
+
+	w.WriteHeader(http.StatusOK)
+	w.WriteHeaderNow()
+
+	assert.Equal(t, http.StatusOK, w.Status())
+	assert.True(t, w.Written())
+
+	w.WriteHeader(http.StatusUnauthorized)
+
+	// status must be 200 although we tried to change it
+	assert.Equal(t, http.StatusOK, w.Status())
+}
+
+// mockPusherResponseWriter is an http.ResponseWriter that implements http.Pusher.
+type mockPusherResponseWriter struct {
+	http.ResponseWriter
+}
+
+func (m *mockPusherResponseWriter) Push(target string, opts *http.PushOptions) error {
+	return nil
+}
+
+// nonPusherResponseWriter is an http.ResponseWriter that does not implement http.Pusher.
+type nonPusherResponseWriter struct {
+	http.ResponseWriter
+}
+
+func TestPusherWithPusher(t *testing.T) {
+	rw := &mockPusherResponseWriter{}
+	w := &responseWriter{ResponseWriter: rw}
+
+	pusher := w.Pusher()
+	assert.NotNil(t, pusher, "Expected pusher to be non-nil")
+}
+
+func TestPusherWithoutPusher(t *testing.T) {
+	rw := &nonPusherResponseWriter{}
+	w := &responseWriter{ResponseWriter: rw}
+
+	pusher := w.Pusher()
+	assert.Nil(t, pusher, "Expected pusher to be nil")
+}
diff --git a/routergroup.go b/routergroup.go
index 27308bc8..b2540ec1 100644
--- a/routergroup.go
+++ b/routergroup.go
@@ -42,6 +42,7 @@ type IRoutes interface {
 	PUT(string, ...HandlerFunc) IRoutes
 	OPTIONS(string, ...HandlerFunc) IRoutes
 	HEAD(string, ...HandlerFunc) IRoutes
+	Match([]string, string, ...HandlerFunc) IRoutes
 
 	StaticFile(string, string) IRoutes
 	StaticFileFS(string, string, http.FileSystem) IRoutes
@@ -58,7 +59,7 @@ type RouterGroup struct {
 	root     bool
 }
 
-var _ IRouter = &RouterGroup{}
+var _ IRouter = (*RouterGroup)(nil)
 
 // Use adds middleware to the group, see example code in GitHub.
 func (group *RouterGroup) Use(middleware ...HandlerFunc) IRoutes {
@@ -151,6 +152,15 @@ func (group *RouterGroup) Any(relativePath string, handlers ...HandlerFunc) IRou
 	return group.returnObj()
 }
 
+// Match registers a route that matches the specified methods that you declared.
+func (group *RouterGroup) Match(methods []string, relativePath string, handlers ...HandlerFunc) IRoutes {
+	for _, method := range methods {
+		group.handle(method, relativePath, handlers)
+	}
+
+	return group.returnObj()
+}
+
 // StaticFile registers a single route in order to serve a single file of the local filesystem.
 // router.StaticFile("favicon.ico", "./resources/favicon.ico")
 func (group *RouterGroup) StaticFile(relativePath, filepath string) IRoutes {
@@ -208,7 +218,7 @@ func (group *RouterGroup) createStaticHandler(relativePath string, fs http.FileS
 	fileServer := http.StripPrefix(absolutePath, http.FileServer(fs))
 
 	return func(c *Context) {
-		if _, noListing := fs.(*onlyFilesFS); noListing {
+		if _, noListing := fs.(*OnlyFilesFS); noListing {
 			c.Writer.WriteHeader(http.StatusNotFound)
 		}
 
diff --git a/routergroup_test.go b/routergroup_test.go
index 41f96372..182c5589 100644
--- a/routergroup_test.go
+++ b/routergroup_test.go
@@ -11,6 +11,8 @@ import (
 	"github.com/stretchr/testify/assert"
 )
 
+var MaxHandlers = 32
+
 func init() {
 	SetMode(TestMode)
 }
@@ -186,9 +188,32 @@ func testRoutesInterface(t *testing.T, r IRoutes) {
 	assert.Equal(t, r, r.PUT("/", handler))
 	assert.Equal(t, r, r.OPTIONS("/", handler))
 	assert.Equal(t, r, r.HEAD("/", handler))
+	assert.Equal(t, r, r.Match([]string{http.MethodPut, http.MethodPatch}, "/match", handler))
 
 	assert.Equal(t, r, r.StaticFile("/file", "."))
 	assert.Equal(t, r, r.StaticFileFS("/static2", ".", Dir(".", false)))
 	assert.Equal(t, r, r.Static("/static", "."))
 	assert.Equal(t, r, r.StaticFS("/static2", Dir(".", false)))
 }
+
+func TestRouterGroupCombineHandlersTooManyHandlers(t *testing.T) {
+	group := &RouterGroup{
+		Handlers: make(HandlersChain, MaxHandlers), // Assume group already has MaxHandlers middleware
+	}
+	tooManyHandlers := make(HandlersChain, MaxHandlers) // Add MaxHandlers more, total 2 * MaxHandlers
+
+	// This should trigger panic
+	assert.Panics(t, func() {
+		group.combineHandlers(tooManyHandlers)
+	}, "should panic due to too many handlers")
+}
+
+func TestRouterGroupCombineHandlersEmptySliceNotNil(t *testing.T) {
+	group := &RouterGroup{
+		Handlers: HandlersChain{},
+	}
+
+	result := group.combineHandlers(HandlersChain{})
+	assert.NotNil(t, result, "result should not be nil even with empty handlers")
+	assert.Empty(t, result, "empty handlers should return empty chain")
+}
diff --git a/routes_test.go b/routes_test.go
index d7034b22..1cae3fce 100644
--- a/routes_test.go
+++ b/routes_test.go
@@ -6,7 +6,6 @@ package gin
 
 import (
 	"fmt"
-	"io/ioutil"
 	"net/http"
 	"net/http/httptest"
 	"os"
@@ -14,6 +13,7 @@ import (
 	"testing"
 
 	"github.com/stretchr/testify/assert"
+	"github.com/stretchr/testify/require"
 )
 
 type header struct {
@@ -181,10 +181,58 @@ func TestRouteRedirectTrailingSlash(t *testing.T) {
 
 	w = PerformRequest(router, http.MethodGet, "/path2", header{Key: "X-Forwarded-Prefix", Value: "/api"})
 	assert.Equal(t, "/api/path2/", w.Header().Get("Location"))
-	assert.Equal(t, 301, w.Code)
+	assert.Equal(t, http.StatusMovedPermanently, w.Code)
 
 	w = PerformRequest(router, http.MethodGet, "/path2/", header{Key: "X-Forwarded-Prefix", Value: "/api/"})
-	assert.Equal(t, 200, w.Code)
+	assert.Equal(t, http.StatusOK, w.Code)
+
+	w = PerformRequest(router, http.MethodGet, "/path/", header{Key: "X-Forwarded-Prefix", Value: "../../api#?"})
+	assert.Equal(t, "/api/path", w.Header().Get("Location"))
+	assert.Equal(t, http.StatusMovedPermanently, w.Code)
+
+	w = PerformRequest(router, http.MethodGet, "/path/", header{Key: "X-Forwarded-Prefix", Value: "../../api"})
+	assert.Equal(t, "/api/path", w.Header().Get("Location"))
+	assert.Equal(t, http.StatusMovedPermanently, w.Code)
+
+	w = PerformRequest(router, http.MethodGet, "/path2", header{Key: "X-Forwarded-Prefix", Value: "../../api"})
+	assert.Equal(t, "/api/path2/", w.Header().Get("Location"))
+	assert.Equal(t, http.StatusMovedPermanently, w.Code)
+
+	w = PerformRequest(router, http.MethodGet, "/path2", header{Key: "X-Forwarded-Prefix", Value: "/../../api"})
+	assert.Equal(t, "/api/path2/", w.Header().Get("Location"))
+	assert.Equal(t, http.StatusMovedPermanently, w.Code)
+
+	w = PerformRequest(router, http.MethodGet, "/path/", header{Key: "X-Forwarded-Prefix", Value: "api/../../"})
+	assert.Equal(t, "//path", w.Header().Get("Location"))
+	assert.Equal(t, http.StatusMovedPermanently, w.Code)
+
+	w = PerformRequest(router, http.MethodGet, "/path/", header{Key: "X-Forwarded-Prefix", Value: "api/../../../"})
+	assert.Equal(t, "/path", w.Header().Get("Location"))
+	assert.Equal(t, http.StatusMovedPermanently, w.Code)
+
+	w = PerformRequest(router, http.MethodGet, "/path2", header{Key: "X-Forwarded-Prefix", Value: "../../gin-gonic.com"})
+	assert.Equal(t, "/gin-goniccom/path2/", w.Header().Get("Location"))
+	assert.Equal(t, http.StatusMovedPermanently, w.Code)
+
+	w = PerformRequest(router, http.MethodGet, "/path2", header{Key: "X-Forwarded-Prefix", Value: "/../../gin-gonic.com"})
+	assert.Equal(t, "/gin-goniccom/path2/", w.Header().Get("Location"))
+	assert.Equal(t, http.StatusMovedPermanently, w.Code)
+
+	w = PerformRequest(router, http.MethodGet, "/path/", header{Key: "X-Forwarded-Prefix", Value: "https://gin-gonic.com/#"})
+	assert.Equal(t, "https/gin-goniccom/https/gin-goniccom/path", w.Header().Get("Location"))
+	assert.Equal(t, http.StatusMovedPermanently, w.Code)
+
+	w = PerformRequest(router, http.MethodGet, "/path/", header{Key: "X-Forwarded-Prefix", Value: "#api"})
+	assert.Equal(t, "api/api/path", w.Header().Get("Location"))
+	assert.Equal(t, http.StatusMovedPermanently, w.Code)
+
+	w = PerformRequest(router, http.MethodGet, "/path/", header{Key: "X-Forwarded-Prefix", Value: "/nor-mal/#?a=1"})
+	assert.Equal(t, "/nor-mal/a1/path", w.Header().Get("Location"))
+	assert.Equal(t, http.StatusMovedPermanently, w.Code)
+
+	w = PerformRequest(router, http.MethodGet, "/path/", header{Key: "X-Forwarded-Prefix", Value: "/nor-mal/%2e%2e/"})
+	assert.Equal(t, "/nor-mal/2e2e/path", w.Header().Get("Location"))
+	assert.Equal(t, http.StatusMovedPermanently, w.Code)
 
 	router.RedirectTrailingSlash = false
 
@@ -290,17 +338,56 @@ func TestRouteParamsByNameWithExtraSlash(t *testing.T) {
 	assert.Equal(t, "/is/super/great", wild)
 }
 
+// TestRouteParamsNotEmpty tests that context parameters will be set
+// even if a route with params/wildcards is registered after the context
+// initialisation (which happened in a previous requests).
+func TestRouteParamsNotEmpty(t *testing.T) {
+	name := ""
+	lastName := ""
+	wild := ""
+	router := New()
+
+	w := PerformRequest(router, http.MethodGet, "/test/john/smith/is/super/great")
+
+	assert.Equal(t, http.StatusNotFound, w.Code)
+
+	router.GET("/test/:name/:last_name/*wild", func(c *Context) {
+		name = c.Params.ByName("name")
+		lastName = c.Params.ByName("last_name")
+		var ok bool
+		wild, ok = c.Params.Get("wild")
+
+		assert.True(t, ok)
+		assert.Equal(t, name, c.Param("name"))
+		assert.Equal(t, lastName, c.Param("last_name"))
+
+		assert.Empty(t, c.Param("wtf"))
+		assert.Empty(t, c.Params.ByName("wtf"))
+
+		wtf, ok := c.Params.Get("wtf")
+		assert.Empty(t, wtf)
+		assert.False(t, ok)
+	})
+
+	w = PerformRequest(router, http.MethodGet, "/test/john/smith/is/super/great")
+
+	assert.Equal(t, http.StatusOK, w.Code)
+	assert.Equal(t, "john", name)
+	assert.Equal(t, "smith", lastName)
+	assert.Equal(t, "/is/super/great", wild)
+}
+
 // TestHandleStaticFile - ensure the static file handles properly
 func TestRouteStaticFile(t *testing.T) {
 	// SETUP file
 	testRoot, _ := os.Getwd()
-	f, err := ioutil.TempFile(testRoot, "")
+	f, err := os.CreateTemp(testRoot, "")
 	if err != nil {
 		t.Error(err)
 	}
 	defer os.Remove(f.Name())
 	_, err = f.WriteString("Gin Web Framework")
-	assert.NoError(t, err)
+	require.NoError(t, err)
 	f.Close()
 
 	dir, filename := filepath.Split(f.Name())
@@ -329,13 +416,13 @@ func TestRouteStaticFile(t *testing.T) {
 func TestRouteStaticFileFS(t *testing.T) {
 	// SETUP file
 	testRoot, _ := os.Getwd()
-	f, err := ioutil.TempFile(testRoot, "")
+	f, err := os.CreateTemp(testRoot, "")
 	if err != nil {
 		t.Error(err)
 	}
 	defer os.Remove(f.Name())
 	_, err = f.WriteString("Gin Web Framework")
-	assert.NoError(t, err)
+	require.NoError(t, err)
 	f.Close()
 
 	dir, filename := filepath.Split(f.Name())
@@ -397,8 +484,8 @@ func TestRouterMiddlewareAndStatic(t *testing.T) {
 	assert.Contains(t, w.Body.String(), "package gin")
 	// Content-Type='text/plain; charset=utf-8' when go version <= 1.16,
 	// else, Content-Type='text/x-go; charset=utf-8'
-	assert.NotEqual(t, "", w.Header().Get("Content-Type"))
-	assert.NotEqual(t, w.Header().Get("Last-Modified"), "Mon, 02 Jan 2006 15:04:05 MST")
+	assert.NotEmpty(t, w.Header().Get("Content-Type"))
+	assert.NotEqual(t, "Mon, 02 Jan 2006 15:04:05 MST", w.Header().Get("Last-Modified"))
 	assert.Equal(t, "Mon, 02 Jan 2006 15:04:05 MST", w.Header().Get("Expires"))
 	assert.Equal(t, "Gin Framework", w.Header().Get("x-GIN"))
 }
@@ -428,6 +515,18 @@ func TestRouteNotAllowedEnabled2(t *testing.T) {
 	assert.Equal(t, http.StatusMethodNotAllowed, w.Code)
 }
 
+func TestRouteNotAllowedEnabled3(t *testing.T) {
+	router := New()
+	router.HandleMethodNotAllowed = true
+	router.GET("/path", func(c *Context) {})
+	router.POST("/path", func(c *Context) {})
+	w := PerformRequest(router, http.MethodPut, "/path")
+	assert.Equal(t, http.StatusMethodNotAllowed, w.Code)
+	allowed := w.Header().Get("Allow")
+	assert.Contains(t, allowed, http.MethodGet)
+	assert.Contains(t, allowed, http.MethodPost)
+}
+
 func TestRouteNotAllowedDisabled(t *testing.T) {
 	router := New()
 	router.HandleMethodNotAllowed = false
@@ -458,10 +557,10 @@ func TestRouterNotFoundWithRemoveExtraSlash(t *testing.T) {
 		{"/nope", http.StatusNotFound, ""}, // NotFound
 	}
 	for _, tr := range testRoutes {
-		w := PerformRequest(router, "GET", tr.route)
+		w := PerformRequest(router, http.MethodGet, tr.route)
 		assert.Equal(t, tr.code, w.Code)
 		if w.Code != http.StatusNotFound {
-			assert.Equal(t, tr.location, fmt.Sprint(w.Header().Get("Location")))
+			assert.Equal(t, tr.location, w.Header().Get("Location"))
 		}
 	}
 }
@@ -491,7 +590,7 @@ func TestRouterNotFound(t *testing.T) {
 		w := PerformRequest(router, http.MethodGet, tr.route)
 		assert.Equal(t, tr.code, w.Code)
 		if w.Code != http.StatusNotFound {
-			assert.Equal(t, tr.location, fmt.Sprint(w.Header().Get("Location")))
+			assert.Equal(t, tr.location, w.Header().Get("Location"))
 		}
 	}
 
@@ -521,11 +620,11 @@ func TestRouterNotFound(t *testing.T) {
 	router = New()
 	router.NoRoute(func(c *Context) {
 		if c.Request.RequestURI == "/login" {
-			c.String(200, "login")
+			c.String(http.StatusOK, "login")
 		}
 	})
 	router.GET("/logout", func(c *Context) {
-		c.String(200, "logout")
+		c.String(http.StatusOK, "logout")
 	})
 	w = PerformRequest(router, http.MethodGet, "/login")
 	assert.Equal(t, "login", w.Body.String())
@@ -537,7 +636,7 @@ func TestRouterStaticFSNotFound(t *testing.T) {
 	router := New()
 	router.StaticFS("/", http.FileSystem(http.Dir("/thisreallydoesntexist/")))
 	router.NoRoute(func(c *Context) {
-		c.String(404, "non existent")
+		c.String(http.StatusNotFound, "non existent")
 	})
 
 	w := PerformRequest(router, http.MethodGet, "/nonexistent")
@@ -620,12 +719,12 @@ func TestRouteRawPathNoUnescape(t *testing.T) {
 func TestRouteServeErrorWithWriteHeader(t *testing.T) {
 	route := New()
 	route.Use(func(c *Context) {
-		c.Status(421)
+		c.Status(http.StatusMisdirectedRequest)
 		c.Next()
 	})
 
 	w := PerformRequest(route, http.MethodGet, "/NotFound")
-	assert.Equal(t, 421, w.Code)
+	assert.Equal(t, http.StatusMisdirectedRequest, w.Code)
 	assert.Equal(t, 0, w.Body.Len())
 }
 
@@ -665,9 +764,28 @@ func TestRouteContextHoldsFullPath(t *testing.T) {
 	// Test not found
 	router.Use(func(c *Context) {
 		// For not found routes full path is empty
-		assert.Equal(t, "", c.FullPath())
+		assert.Empty(t, c.FullPath())
 	})
 
 	w := PerformRequest(router, http.MethodGet, "/not-found")
 	assert.Equal(t, http.StatusNotFound, w.Code)
 }
+
+func TestEngineHandleMethodNotAllowedCornerCase(t *testing.T) {
+	r := New()
+	r.HandleMethodNotAllowed = true
+
+	base := r.Group("base")
+	base.GET("/metrics", handlerTest1)
+
+	v1 := base.Group("v1")
+
+	v1.GET("/:id/devices", handlerTest1)
+	v1.GET("/user/:id/groups", handlerTest1)
+
+	v1.GET("/orgs/:id", handlerTest1)
+	v1.DELETE("/orgs/:id", handlerTest1)
+
+	w := PerformRequest(r, http.MethodGet, "/base/v1/user/groups")
+	assert.Equal(t, http.StatusNotFound, w.Code)
+}
diff --git a/test_helpers.go b/test_helpers.go
index b3be93b4..20d20032 100644
--- a/test_helpers.go
+++ b/test_helpers.go
@@ -4,13 +4,57 @@
 
 package gin
 
-import "net/http"
+import (
+	"fmt"
+	"net/http"
+	"time"
+)
 
-// CreateTestContext returns a fresh engine and context for testing purposes
+// CreateTestContext returns a fresh Engine and a Context associated with it.
+// This is useful for tests that need to set up a new Gin engine instance
+// along with a context, for example, to test middleware that doesn't depend on
+// specific routes. The ResponseWriter `w` is used to initialize the context's writer.
 func CreateTestContext(w http.ResponseWriter) (c *Context, r *Engine) {
 	r = New()
-	c = r.allocateContext()
+	c = r.allocateContext(0)
 	c.reset()
 	c.writermem.reset(w)
 	return
 }
+
+// CreateTestContextOnly returns a fresh Context associated with the provided Engine `r`.
+// This is useful for tests that operate on an existing, possibly pre-configured,
+// Gin engine instance and need a new context for it.
+// The ResponseWriter `w` is used to initialize the context's writer.
+// The context is allocated with the `maxParams` setting from the provided engine.
+func CreateTestContextOnly(w http.ResponseWriter, r *Engine) (c *Context) {
+	c = r.allocateContext(r.maxParams)
+	c.reset()
+	c.writermem.reset(w)
+	return
+}
+
+// waitForServerReady waits for a server to be ready by making HTTP requests
+// with exponential backoff. This is more reliable than time.Sleep() for testing.
+func waitForServerReady(url string, maxAttempts int) error {
+	client := &http.Client{
+		Timeout: 100 * time.Millisecond,
+	}
+
+	for i := 0; i < maxAttempts; i++ {
+		resp, err := client.Get(url)
+		if err == nil {
+			resp.Body.Close()
+			return nil
+		}
+
+		// Exponential backoff: 10ms, 20ms, 40ms, 80ms, 160ms...
+		backoff := time.Duration(10*(1<<uint(i))) * time.Millisecond
+		if backoff > 500*time.Millisecond {
+			backoff = 500 * time.Millisecond
+		}
+		time.Sleep(backoff)
+	}
+
+	return fmt.Errorf("server at %s did not become ready after %d attempts", url, maxAttempts)
+}
diff --git a/testdata/protoexample/any.go b/testdata/protoexample/any.go
deleted file mode 100644
index 2203f33a..00000000
--- a/testdata/protoexample/any.go
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,10 +0,0 @@
-// Copyright 2021 Gin Core Team. All rights reserved.
-// Use of this source code is governed by a MIT style
-// license that can be found in the LICENSE file.
-
-//go:build !go1.18
-// +build !go1.18
-
-package protoexample
-
-type any = interface{}
diff --git a/testdata/test_file.txt b/testdata/test_file.txt
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..05fc0842
--- /dev/null
+++ b/testdata/test_file.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,2 @@
+This is a test file for Context.File() method testing.
+It contains some sample content to verify file serving functionality.
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/tree.go b/tree.go
index 956bf4dd..88f25fcb 100644
--- a/tree.go
+++ b/tree.go
@@ -5,7 +5,6 @@
 package gin
 
 import (
-	"bytes"
 	"net/url"
 	"strings"
 	"unicode"
@@ -14,12 +13,6 @@ import (
 	"github.com/gin-gonic/gin/internal/bytesconv"
 )
 
-var (
-	strColon = []byte(":")
-	strStar  = []byte("*")
-	strSlash = []byte("/")
-)
-
 // Param is a single URL parameter, consisting of a key and a value.
 type Param struct {
 	Key   string
@@ -65,17 +58,10 @@ func (trees methodTrees) get(method string) *node {
 	return nil
 }
 
-func min(a, b int) int {
-	if a <= b {
-		return a
-	}
-	return b
-}
-
 func longestCommonPrefix(a, b string) int {
 	i := 0
-	max := min(len(a), len(b))
-	for i < max && a[i] == b[i] {
+	max_ := min(len(a), len(b))
+	for i < max_ && a[i] == b[i] {
 		i++
 	}
 	return i
@@ -92,22 +78,20 @@ func (n *node) addChild(child *node) {
 }
 
 func countParams(path string) uint16 {
-	var n uint16
-	s := bytesconv.StringToBytes(path)
-	n += uint16(bytes.Count(s, strColon))
-	n += uint16(bytes.Count(s, strStar))
-	return n
+	colons := strings.Count(path, ":")
+	stars := strings.Count(path, "*")
+	return safeUint16(colons + stars)
 }
 
 func countSections(path string) uint16 {
-	s := bytesconv.StringToBytes(path)
-	return uint16(bytes.Count(s, strSlash))
+	return safeUint16(strings.Count(path, "/"))
 }
 
 type nodeType uint8
 
 const (
-	root nodeType = iota + 1
+	static nodeType = iota
+	root
 	param
 	catchAll
 )
@@ -173,6 +157,7 @@ walk:
 			child := node{
 				path:      n.path[i:],
 				wildChild: n.wildChild,
+				nType:     static,
 				indices:   n.indices,
 				children:  n.children,
 				handlers:  n.handlers,
@@ -203,7 +188,7 @@ walk:
 			}
 
 			// Check if a child with the next path byte exists
-			for i, max := 0, len(n.indices); i < max; i++ {
+			for i, max_ := 0, len(n.indices); i < max_; i++ {
 				if c == n.indices[i] {
 					parentFullPathIndex += len(n.path)
 					i = n.incrementChildPrio(i)
@@ -239,7 +224,7 @@ walk:
 				// Wildcard conflict
 				pathSeg := path
 				if n.nType != catchAll {
-					pathSeg = strings.SplitN(pathSeg, "/", 2)[0]
+					pathSeg, _, _ = strings.Cut(pathSeg, "/")
 				}
 				prefix := fullPath[:strings.Index(fullPath, pathSeg)] + n.path
 				panic("'" + pathSeg +
@@ -267,7 +252,19 @@ walk:
 // Returns -1 as index, if no wildcard was found.
 func findWildcard(path string) (wildcard string, i int, valid bool) {
 	// Find start
+	escapeColon := false
 	for start, c := range []byte(path) {
+		if escapeColon {
+			escapeColon = false
+			if c == ':' {
+				continue
+			}
+			panic("invalid escape string in path '" + path + "'")
+		}
+		if c == '\\' {
+			escapeColon = true
+			continue
+		}
 		// A wildcard starts with ':' (param) or '*' (catch-all)
 		if c != ':' && c != '*' {
 			continue
@@ -349,7 +346,10 @@ func (n *node) insertChild(path string, fullPath string, handlers HandlersChain)
 		}
 
 		if len(n.path) > 0 && n.path[len(n.path)-1] == '/' {
-			pathSeg := strings.SplitN(n.children[0].path, "/", 2)[0]
+			pathSeg := ""
+			if len(n.children) != 0 {
+				pathSeg, _, _ = strings.Cut(n.children[0].path, "/")
+			}
 			panic("catch-all wildcard '" + path +
 				"' in new path '" + fullPath +
 				"' conflicts with existing path segment '" + pathSeg +
@@ -359,7 +359,7 @@ func (n *node) insertChild(path string, fullPath string, handlers HandlersChain)
 
 		// currently fixed width 1 for '/'
 		i--
-		if path[i] != '/' {
+		if i < 0 || path[i] != '/' {
 			panic("no / before catch-all in path '" + fullPath + "'")
 		}
 
@@ -373,7 +373,7 @@ func (n *node) insertChild(path string, fullPath string, handlers HandlersChain)
 		}
 
 		n.addChild(child)
-		n.indices = string('/')
+		n.indices = "/"
 		n = child
 		n.priority++
 
@@ -457,9 +457,9 @@ walk: // Outer loop for walking the tree
 					// If the path at the end of the loop is not equal to '/' and the current node has no child nodes
 					// the current node needs to roll back to last valid skippedNode
 					if path != "/" {
-						for l := len(*skippedNodes); l > 0; {
-							skippedNode := (*skippedNodes)[l-1]
-							*skippedNodes = (*skippedNodes)[:l-1]
+						for length := len(*skippedNodes); length > 0; length-- {
+							skippedNode := (*skippedNodes)[length-1]
+							*skippedNodes = (*skippedNodes)[:length-1]
 							if strings.HasSuffix(skippedNode.path, path) {
 								path = skippedNode.path
 								n = skippedNode.node
@@ -476,7 +476,7 @@ walk: // Outer loop for walking the tree
 					// We can recommend to redirect to the same URL without a
 					// trailing slash if a leaf exists for that path.
 					value.tsr = path == "/" && n.handlers != nil
-					return
+					return value
 				}
 
 				// Handle wildcard child, which is always at the end of the array
@@ -495,7 +495,14 @@ walk: // Outer loop for walking the tree
 					}
 
 					// Save param value
-					if params != nil && cap(*params) > 0 {
+					if params != nil {
+						// Preallocate capacity if necessary
+						if cap(*params) < int(globalParamsCount) {
+							newParams := make(Params, len(*params), globalParamsCount)
+							copy(newParams, *params)
+							*params = newParams
+						}
+
 						if value.params == nil {
 							value.params = params
 						}
@@ -524,12 +531,12 @@ walk: // Outer loop for walking the tree
 
 						// ... but we can't
 						value.tsr = len(path) == end+1
-						return
+						return value
 					}
 
 					if value.handlers = n.handlers; value.handlers != nil {
 						value.fullPath = n.fullPath
-						return
+						return value
 					}
 					if len(n.children) == 1 {
 						// No handle found. Check if a handle for this path + a
@@ -537,11 +544,18 @@ walk: // Outer loop for walking the tree
 						n = n.children[0]
 						value.tsr = (n.path == "/" && n.handlers != nil) || (n.path == "" && n.indices == "/")
 					}
-					return
+					return value
 
 				case catchAll:
 					// Save param value
 					if params != nil {
+						// Preallocate capacity if necessary
+						if cap(*params) < int(globalParamsCount) {
+							newParams := make(Params, len(*params), globalParamsCount)
+							copy(newParams, *params)
+							*params = newParams
+						}
+
 						if value.params == nil {
 							value.params = params
 						}
@@ -562,7 +576,7 @@ walk: // Outer loop for walking the tree
 
 					value.handlers = n.handlers
 					value.fullPath = n.fullPath
-					return
+					return value
 
 				default:
 					panic("invalid node type")
@@ -574,9 +588,9 @@ walk: // Outer loop for walking the tree
 			// If the current path does not equal '/' and the node does not have a registered handle and the most recently matched node has a child node
 			// the current node needs to roll back to last valid skippedNode
 			if n.handlers == nil && path != "/" {
-				for l := len(*skippedNodes); l > 0; {
-					skippedNode := (*skippedNodes)[l-1]
-					*skippedNodes = (*skippedNodes)[:l-1]
+				for length := len(*skippedNodes); length > 0; length-- {
+					skippedNode := (*skippedNodes)[length-1]
+					*skippedNodes = (*skippedNodes)[:length-1]
 					if strings.HasSuffix(skippedNode.path, path) {
 						path = skippedNode.path
 						n = skippedNode.node
@@ -593,7 +607,7 @@ walk: // Outer loop for walking the tree
 			// Check if this node has a handle registered.
 			if value.handlers = n.handlers; value.handlers != nil {
 				value.fullPath = n.fullPath
-				return
+				return value
 			}
 
 			// If there is no handle for this route, but this route has a
@@ -601,7 +615,12 @@ walk: // Outer loop for walking the tree
 			// additional trailing slash
 			if path == "/" && n.wildChild && n.nType != root {
 				value.tsr = true
-				return
+				return value
+			}
+
+			if path == "/" && n.nType == static {
+				value.tsr = true
+				return value
 			}
 
 			// No handle found. Check if a handle for this path + a
@@ -611,11 +630,11 @@ walk: // Outer loop for walking the tree
 					n = n.children[i]
 					value.tsr = (len(n.path) == 1 && n.handlers != nil) ||
 						(n.nType == catchAll && n.children[0].handlers != nil)
-					return
+					return value
 				}
 			}
 
-			return
+			return value
 		}
 
 		// Nothing found. We can recommend to redirect to the same URL with an
@@ -626,9 +645,9 @@ walk: // Outer loop for walking the tree
 
 		// roll back to last valid skippedNode
 		if !value.tsr && path != "/" {
-			for l := len(*skippedNodes); l > 0; {
-				skippedNode := (*skippedNodes)[l-1]
-				*skippedNodes = (*skippedNodes)[:l-1]
+			for length := len(*skippedNodes); length > 0; length-- {
+				skippedNode := (*skippedNodes)[length-1]
+				*skippedNodes = (*skippedNodes)[:length-1]
 				if strings.HasSuffix(skippedNode.path, path) {
 					path = skippedNode.path
 					n = skippedNode.node
@@ -641,7 +660,7 @@ walk: // Outer loop for walking the tree
 			}
 		}
 
-		return
+		return value
 	}
 }
 
@@ -746,7 +765,7 @@ walk: // Outer loop for walking the tree
 				// Runes are up to 4 byte long,
 				// -4 would definitely be another rune.
 				var off int
-				for max := min(npLen, 3); off < max; off++ {
+				for max_ := min(npLen, 3); off < max_; off++ {
 					if i := npLen - off; utf8.RuneStart(oldPath[i]) {
 						// read rune from cached path
 						rv, _ = utf8.DecodeRuneInString(oldPath[i:])
diff --git a/tree_test.go b/tree_test.go
index 085b5803..b580007d 100644
--- a/tree_test.go
+++ b/tree_test.go
@@ -192,6 +192,7 @@ func TestTreeWildcard(t *testing.T) {
 		"/get/abc/123abg/:param",
 		"/get/abc/123abf/:param",
 		"/get/abc/123abfff/:param",
+		"/get/abc/escaped_colon/test\\:param",
 	}
 	for _, route := range routes {
 		tree.addRoute(route, fakeHandler(route))
@@ -315,6 +316,7 @@ func TestTreeWildcard(t *testing.T) {
 		{"/get/abc/123abg/test", false, "/get/abc/123abg/:param", Params{Param{Key: "param", Value: "test"}}},
 		{"/get/abc/123abf/testss", false, "/get/abc/123abf/:param", Params{Param{Key: "param", Value: "testss"}}},
 		{"/get/abc/123abfff/te", false, "/get/abc/123abfff/:param", Params{Param{Key: "param", Value: "te"}}},
+		{"/get/abc/escaped_colon/test\\:param", false, "/get/abc/escaped_colon/test\\:param", nil},
 	})
 
 	checkPriorities(t, tree)
@@ -417,6 +419,11 @@ func TestTreeWildcardConflict(t *testing.T) {
 		{"/user_:name", false},
 		{"/id:id", false},
 		{"/id/:id", false},
+		{"/static/*file", false},
+		{"/static/", true},
+		{"/escape/test\\:d1", false},
+		{"/escape/test\\:d2", false},
+		{"/escape/test:param", false},
 	}
 	testRoutes(t, routes)
 }
@@ -474,7 +481,7 @@ func TestTreeDuplicatePath(t *testing.T) {
 		}
 	}
 
-	//printChildren(tree, "")
+	// printChildren(tree, "")
 
 	checkRequests(t, tree, testRequests{
 		{"/", false, "/", nil},
@@ -525,7 +532,7 @@ func TestTreeCatchAllConflictRoot(t *testing.T) {
 
 func TestTreeCatchMaxParams(t *testing.T) {
 	tree := &node{}
-	var route = "/cmd/*filepath"
+	route := "/cmd/*filepath"
 	tree.addRoute(route, fakeHandler(route))
 }
 
@@ -684,6 +691,26 @@ func TestTreeRootTrailingSlashRedirect(t *testing.T) {
 	}
 }
 
+func TestRedirectTrailingSlash(t *testing.T) {
+	data := []struct {
+		path string
+	}{
+		{"/hello/:name"},
+		{"/hello/:name/123"},
+		{"/hello/:name/234"},
+	}
+
+	node := &node{}
+	for _, item := range data {
+		node.addRoute(item.path, fakeHandler("test"))
+	}
+
+	value := node.getValue("/hello/abx/", nil, getSkippedNodes(), false)
+	if value.tsr != true {
+		t.Fatalf("want true, is false")
+	}
+}
+
 func TestTreeFindCaseInsensitivePath(t *testing.T) {
 	tree := &node{}
 
@@ -873,9 +900,9 @@ func TestTreeInvalidNodeType(t *testing.T) {
 
 func TestTreeInvalidParamsType(t *testing.T) {
 	tree := &node{}
-	tree.wildChild = true
-	tree.children = append(tree.children, &node{})
-	tree.children[0].nType = 2
+	// add a child with wildcard
+	route := "/:path"
+	tree.addRoute(route, fakeHandler(route))
 
 	// set invalid Params type
 	params := make(Params, 0)
@@ -884,6 +911,34 @@ func TestTreeInvalidParamsType(t *testing.T) {
 	tree.getValue("/test", &params, getSkippedNodes(), false)
 }
 
+func TestTreeExpandParamsCapacity(t *testing.T) {
+	data := []struct {
+		path string
+	}{
+		{"/:path"},
+		{"/*path"},
+	}
+
+	for _, item := range data {
+		tree := &node{}
+		tree.addRoute(item.path, fakeHandler(item.path))
+		params := make(Params, 0)
+
+		value := tree.getValue("/test", &params, getSkippedNodes(), false)
+
+		if value.params == nil {
+			t.Errorf("Expected %s params to be set, but they weren't", item.path)
+			continue
+		}
+
+		if len(*value.params) != 1 {
+			t.Errorf("Wrong number of %s params: got %d, want %d",
+				item.path, len(*value.params), 1)
+			continue
+		}
+	}
+}
+
 func TestTreeWildcardConflictEx(t *testing.T) {
 	conflicts := [...]struct {
 		route        string
@@ -921,3 +976,45 @@ func TestTreeWildcardConflictEx(t *testing.T) {
 		}
 	}
 }
+
+func TestTreeInvalidEscape(t *testing.T) {
+	routes := map[string]bool{
+		"/r1/r":    true,
+		"/r2/:r":   true,
+		"/r3/\\:r": true,
+	}
+	tree := &node{}
+	for route, valid := range routes {
+		recv := catchPanic(func() {
+			tree.addRoute(route, fakeHandler(route))
+		})
+		if recv == nil != valid {
+			t.Fatalf("%s should be %t but got %v", route, valid, recv)
+		}
+	}
+}
+
+func TestWildcardInvalidSlash(t *testing.T) {
+	const panicMsgPrefix = "no / before catch-all in path"
+
+	routes := map[string]bool{
+		"/foo/bar":  true,
+		"/foo/x*zy": false,
+		"/foo/b*r":  false,
+	}
+
+	for route, valid := range routes {
+		tree := &node{}
+		recv := catchPanic(func() {
+			tree.addRoute(route, nil)
+		})
+
+		if recv == nil != valid {
+			t.Fatalf("%s should be %t but got %v", route, valid, recv)
+		}
+
+		if rs, ok := recv.(string); recv != nil && (!ok || !strings.HasPrefix(rs, panicMsgPrefix)) {
+			t.Fatalf(`"Expected panic "%s" for route '%s', got "%v"`, panicMsgPrefix, route, recv)
+		}
+	}
+}
diff --git a/utils.go b/utils.go
index 4021a2ab..62517784 100644
--- a/utils.go
+++ b/utils.go
@@ -6,6 +6,7 @@ package gin
 
 import (
 	"encoding/xml"
+	"math"
 	"net/http"
 	"os"
 	"path"
@@ -18,6 +19,12 @@ import (
 // BindKey indicates a default bind key.
 const BindKey = "_gin-gonic/gin/bindkey"
 
+// localhostIP indicates the default localhost IP address.
+const localhostIP = "127.0.0.1"
+
+// localhostIPv6 indicates the default localhost IPv6 address.
+const localhostIPv6 = "::1"
+
 // Bind is a helper function for given interface object and returns a Gin middleware.
 func Bind(val any) HandlerFunc {
 	value := reflect.ValueOf(val)
@@ -50,7 +57,7 @@ func WrapH(h http.Handler) HandlerFunc {
 	}
 }
 
-// H is a shortcut for map[string]interface{}
+// H is a shortcut for map[string]any
 type H map[string]any
 
 // MarshalXML allows type H to be used with xml.Marshal.
@@ -162,3 +169,19 @@ func isASCII(s string) bool {
 	}
 	return true
 }
+
+// safeInt8 converts int to int8 safely, capping at math.MaxInt8
+func safeInt8(n int) int8 {
+	if n > math.MaxInt8 {
+		return math.MaxInt8
+	}
+	return int8(n)
+}
+
+// safeUint16 converts int to uint16 safely, capping at math.MaxUint16
+func safeUint16(n int) uint16 {
+	if n > math.MaxUint16 {
+		return math.MaxUint16
+	}
+	return uint16(n)
+}
diff --git a/utils_test.go b/utils_test.go
index 058ddb9d..893ebc88 100644
--- a/utils_test.go
+++ b/utils_test.go
@@ -8,6 +8,7 @@ import (
 	"bytes"
 	"encoding/xml"
 	"fmt"
+	"math"
 	"net/http"
 	"testing"
 
@@ -19,7 +20,7 @@ func init() {
 }
 
 func BenchmarkParseAccept(b *testing.B) {
-	for i := 0; i < b.N; i++ {
+	for b.Loop() {
 		parseAccept("text/html , application/xhtml+xml,application/xml;q=0.9,  */* ;q=0.8")
 	}
 }
@@ -29,7 +30,7 @@ type testStruct struct {
 }
 
 func (t *testStruct) ServeHTTP(w http.ResponseWriter, req *http.Request) {
-	assert.Equal(t.T, "POST", req.Method)
+	assert.Equal(t.T, http.MethodPost, req.Method)
 	assert.Equal(t.T, "/path", req.URL.Path)
 	w.WriteHeader(http.StatusInternalServerError)
 	fmt.Fprint(w, "hello")
@@ -39,17 +40,17 @@ func TestWrap(t *testing.T) {
 	router := New()
 	router.POST("/path", WrapH(&testStruct{t}))
 	router.GET("/path2", WrapF(func(w http.ResponseWriter, req *http.Request) {
-		assert.Equal(t, "GET", req.Method)
+		assert.Equal(t, http.MethodGet, req.Method)
 		assert.Equal(t, "/path2", req.URL.Path)
 		w.WriteHeader(http.StatusBadRequest)
 		fmt.Fprint(w, "hola!")
 	}))
 
-	w := PerformRequest(router, "POST", "/path")
+	w := PerformRequest(router, http.MethodPost, "/path")
 	assert.Equal(t, http.StatusInternalServerError, w.Code)
 	assert.Equal(t, "hello", w.Body.String())
 
-	w = PerformRequest(router, "GET", "/path2")
+	w = PerformRequest(router, http.MethodGet, "/path2")
 	assert.Equal(t, http.StatusBadRequest, w.Code)
 	assert.Equal(t, "hola!", w.Body.String())
 }
@@ -94,7 +95,7 @@ func somefunction() {
 }
 
 func TestJoinPaths(t *testing.T) {
-	assert.Equal(t, "", joinPaths("", ""))
+	assert.Empty(t, joinPaths("", ""))
 	assert.Equal(t, "/", joinPaths("", "/"))
 	assert.Equal(t, "/a", joinPaths("/a", ""))
 	assert.Equal(t, "/a/", joinPaths("/a/", ""))
@@ -119,13 +120,13 @@ func TestBindMiddleware(t *testing.T) {
 		called = true
 		value = c.MustGet(BindKey).(*bindTestStruct)
 	})
-	PerformRequest(router, "GET", "/?foo=hola&bar=10")
+	PerformRequest(router, http.MethodGet, "/?foo=hola&bar=10")
 	assert.True(t, called)
 	assert.Equal(t, "hola", value.Foo)
 	assert.Equal(t, 10, value.Bar)
 
 	called = false
-	PerformRequest(router, "GET", "/?foo=hola&bar=1")
+	PerformRequest(router, http.MethodGet, "/?foo=hola&bar=1")
 	assert.False(t, called)
 
 	assert.Panics(t, func() {
@@ -145,6 +146,16 @@ func TestMarshalXMLforH(t *testing.T) {
 }
 
 func TestIsASCII(t *testing.T) {
-	assert.Equal(t, isASCII("test"), true)
-	assert.Equal(t, isASCII("🧡💛💚💙💜"), false)
+	assert.True(t, isASCII("test"))
+	assert.False(t, isASCII("🧡💛💚💙💜"))
+}
+
+func TestSafeInt8(t *testing.T) {
+	assert.Equal(t, int8(100), safeInt8(100))
+	assert.Equal(t, int8(math.MaxInt8), safeInt8(int(math.MaxInt8)+123))
+}
+
+func TestSafeUint16(t *testing.T) {
+	assert.Equal(t, uint16(100), safeUint16(100))
+	assert.Equal(t, uint16(math.MaxUint16), safeUint16(int(math.MaxUint16)+123))
 }
diff --git a/version.go b/version.go
index 632ca7d1..8049058c 100644
--- a/version.go
+++ b/version.go
@@ -5,4 +5,4 @@
 package gin
 
 // Version is the current gin framework's version.
-const Version = "v1.8.1"
+const Version = "v1.11.0"