diff --git a/cmd/gf/internal/cmd/genservice/genservice_calculate.go b/cmd/gf/internal/cmd/genservice/genservice_calculate.go
index 46dc33172..68fe74618 100644
--- a/cmd/gf/internal/cmd/genservice/genservice_calculate.go
+++ b/cmd/gf/internal/cmd/genservice/genservice_calculate.go
@@ -68,7 +68,7 @@ func (c CGenService) calculateCodeCommented(in CGenServiceInput, fileContent str
 		)
 		if len(receiverArray) > 1 {
 			structName = receiverArray[1]
-		} else {
+		} else if len(receiverArray) == 1 {
 			structName = receiverArray[0]
 		}
 		structName = gstr.Trim(structName, "*")
@@ -121,7 +121,7 @@ func (c CGenService) calculateInterfaceFunctions(
 		)
 		if len(receiverArray) > 1 {
 			structName = receiverArray[1]
-		} else {
+		} else if len(receiverArray) == 1 {
 			structName = receiverArray[0]
 		}
 		structName = gstr.Trim(structName, "*")
diff --git a/database/gdb/gdb_model_insert.go b/database/gdb/gdb_model_insert.go
index 3cde85328..131e3b3d9 100644
--- a/database/gdb/gdb_model_insert.go
+++ b/database/gdb/gdb_model_insert.go
@@ -55,7 +55,7 @@ func (m *Model) Data(data ...interface{}) *Model {
 			}
 			model.data = m
 		}
-	} else {
+	} else if len(data) == 1 {
 		switch value := data[0].(type) {
 		case Result:
 			model.data = value.List()
@@ -151,10 +151,13 @@ func (m *Model) Data(data ...interface{}) *Model {
 //		  "nickname": "passport",
 //	}).
 func (m *Model) OnDuplicate(onDuplicate ...interface{}) *Model {
+	if len(onDuplicate) == 0 {
+		return m
+	}
 	model := m.getModel()
 	if len(onDuplicate) > 1 {
 		model.onDuplicate = onDuplicate
-	} else {
+	} else if len(onDuplicate) == 1 {
 		model.onDuplicate = onDuplicate[0]
 	}
 	return model
@@ -173,10 +176,13 @@ func (m *Model) OnDuplicate(onDuplicate ...interface{}) *Model {
 //		  "password": "",
 //	}).
 func (m *Model) OnDuplicateEx(onDuplicateEx ...interface{}) *Model {
+	if len(onDuplicateEx) == 0 {
+		return m
+	}
 	model := m.getModel()
 	if len(onDuplicateEx) > 1 {
 		model.onDuplicateEx = onDuplicateEx
-	} else {
+	} else if len(onDuplicateEx) == 1 {
 		model.onDuplicateEx = onDuplicateEx[0]
 	}
 	return model
diff --git a/i18n/gi18n/gi18n_manager.go b/i18n/gi18n/gi18n_manager.go
index ad2b101b0..f22d1a2ce 100644
--- a/i18n/gi18n/gi18n_manager.go
+++ b/i18n/gi18n/gi18n_manager.go
@@ -219,7 +219,7 @@ func (m *Manager) init(ctx context.Context) {
 				array = strings.Split(path, "/")
 				if len(array) > 1 {
 					lang = array[0]
-				} else {
+				} else if len(array) == 1 {
 					lang = gfile.Name(array[0])
 				}
 				if m.data[lang] == nil {
@@ -250,7 +250,7 @@ func (m *Manager) init(ctx context.Context) {
 			array = strings.Split(path, gfile.Separator)
 			if len(array) > 1 {
 				lang = array[0]
-			} else {
+			} else if len(array) == 1 {
 				lang = gfile.Name(array[0])
 			}
 			if m.data[lang] == nil {
diff --git a/internal/httputil/httputils.go b/internal/httputil/httputils.go
index 5fc9bb6f8..f006f3945 100644
--- a/internal/httputil/httputils.go
+++ b/internal/httputil/httputils.go
@@ -82,7 +82,7 @@ func HeaderToMap(header http.Header) map[string]interface{} {
 	for k, v := range header {
 		if len(v) > 1 {
 			m[k] = v
-		} else {
+		} else if len(v) == 1 {
 			m[k] = v[0]
 		}
 	}
diff --git a/net/gclient/gclient_tracing_tracer.go b/net/gclient/gclient_tracing_tracer.go
index c2e9ccbdc..8d48b742a 100644
--- a/net/gclient/gclient_tracing_tracer.go
+++ b/net/gclient/gclient_tracing_tracer.go
@@ -141,7 +141,7 @@ func (ct *clientTracer) tlsHandshakeDone(_ tls.ConnectionState, err error) {
 func (ct *clientTracer) wroteHeaderField(k string, v []string) {
 	if len(v) > 1 {
 		ct.headers[k] = v
-	} else {
+	} else if len(v) == 1 {
 		ct.headers[k] = v[0]
 	}
 }
diff --git a/os/gcache/gcache_z_example_cache_test.go b/os/gcache/gcache_z_example_cache_test.go
index eb599b191..7b249f773 100644
--- a/os/gcache/gcache_z_example_cache_test.go
+++ b/os/gcache/gcache_z_example_cache_test.go
@@ -86,8 +86,8 @@ func ExampleCache_SetIfNotExist() {
 	// It does not expire if `duration` == 0. It deletes the `key` if `duration` < 0 or given `value` is nil.
 	c.SetIfNotExist(ctx, "k1", 0, -10000)
 
-	// Wait 1 second for K1: V1 to expire automatically
-	time.Sleep(1200 * time.Millisecond)
+	// Wait 1.5 second for K1: V1 to expire automatically
+	time.Sleep(1500 * time.Millisecond)
 
 	// Print the current key value pair again and find that K1: V1 has expired
 	keys2, _ := c.Keys(ctx)