Merge pull request #20 from kkroening/feature/17

Add support for multi-output filters; implement `split` filter

.gitignore

@@ -2,6 +2,6 @@
 .eggs
 .tox/
 dist/
-ffmpeg/tests/sample_data/dummy2.mp4
+ffmpeg/tests/sample_data/out*.mp4
 ffmpeg_python.egg-info/
 venv*

ffmpeg/__init__.py

@@ -1,6 +1,8 @@
 from __future__ import unicode_literals
+
 from . import _filters, _ffmpeg, _run
 from ._filters import *
 from ._ffmpeg import *
 from ._run import *
+
 __all__ = _filters.__all__ + _ffmpeg.__all__ + _run.__all__

ffmpeg/_ffmpeg.py

@@ -1,10 +1,12 @@
 from __future__ import unicode_literals
+
 from .nodes import (
-    FilterNode,
+    filter_operator,
     GlobalNode,
     InputNode,
-    operator,
+    MergeOutputsNode,
     OutputNode,
+    output_operator,
 )
 
 
@@ -19,27 +21,27 @@ def input(filename, **kwargs):
         if 'format' in kwargs:
             raise ValueError("Can't specify both `format` and `f` kwargs")
         kwargs['format'] = fmt
-    return InputNode(input.__name__, **kwargs)
+    return InputNode(input.__name__, kwargs=kwargs).stream()
 
 
-@operator(node_classes={OutputNode, GlobalNode})
+@output_operator()
-def overwrite_output(parent_node):
+def overwrite_output(stream):
     """Overwrite output files without asking (ffmpeg ``-y`` option)
 
     Official documentation: `Main options <https://ffmpeg.org/ffmpeg.html#Main-options>`__
     """
-    return GlobalNode(parent_node, overwrite_output.__name__)
+    return GlobalNode(stream, overwrite_output.__name__).stream()
 
 
-@operator(node_classes={OutputNode})
+@output_operator()
-def merge_outputs(*parent_nodes):
+def merge_outputs(*streams):
     """Include all given outputs in one ffmpeg command line
     """
-    return OutputNode(parent_nodes, merge_outputs.__name__)
+    return MergeOutputsNode(streams, merge_outputs.__name__).stream()
 
 
-@operator(node_classes={InputNode, FilterNode})
+@filter_operator()
-def output(parent_node, filename, **kwargs):
+def output(stream, filename, **kwargs):
     """Output file URL
 
     Official documentation: `Synopsis <https://ffmpeg.org/ffmpeg.html#Synopsis>`__
@@ -50,7 +52,7 @@ def output(parent_node, filename, **kwargs):
         if 'format' in kwargs:
             raise ValueError("Can't specify both `format` and `f` kwargs")
         kwargs['format'] = fmt
-    return OutputNode([parent_node], output.__name__, **kwargs)
+    return OutputNode(stream, output.__name__, kwargs=kwargs).stream()
 
 
 

ffmpeg/_filters.py

@@ -1,63 +1,59 @@
 from __future__ import unicode_literals
 
-from .nodes import FilterNode, operator
+from .nodes import FilterNode, filter_operator
 from ._utils import escape_chars
 
 
-@operator()
+@filter_operator()
-def filter_(parent_node, filter_name, *args, **kwargs):
+def filter_multi_output(stream_spec, filter_name, *args, **kwargs):
-    """Apply custom single-source filter.
+    """Apply custom filter with one or more outputs.
+
+    This is the same as ``filter_`` except that the filter can produce more than one output.
+
+    To reference an output stream, use either the ``.stream`` operator or bracket shorthand:
+
+    Example:
+
+        ```
+        split = ffmpeg.input('in.mp4').filter_multi_output('split')
+        split0 = split.stream(0)
+        split1 = split[1]
+        ffmpeg.concat(split0, split1).output('out.mp4').run()
+        ```
+    """
+    return FilterNode(stream_spec, filter_name, args=args, kwargs=kwargs, max_inputs=None)
+
+
+@filter_operator()
+def filter_(stream_spec, filter_name, *args, **kwargs):
+    """Apply custom filter.
 
     ``filter_`` is normally used by higher-level filter functions such as ``hflip``, but if a filter implementation
     is missing from ``fmpeg-python``, you can call ``filter_`` directly to have ``fmpeg-python`` pass the filter name
     and arguments to ffmpeg verbatim.
 
     Args:
-        parent_node: Source stream to apply filter to.
+        stream_spec: a Stream, list of Streams, or label-to-Stream dictionary mapping
         filter_name: ffmpeg filter name, e.g. `colorchannelmixer`
         *args: list of args to pass to ffmpeg verbatim
         **kwargs: list of keyword-args to pass to ffmpeg verbatim
 
-    This function is used internally by all of the other single-source filters (e.g. ``hflip``, ``crop``, etc.).
-    For custom multi-source filters, see ``filter_multi`` instead.
-
     The function name is suffixed with ``_`` in order avoid confusion with the standard python ``filter`` function.
 
     Example:
 
         ``ffmpeg.input('in.mp4').filter_('hflip').output('out.mp4').run()``
     """
-    return FilterNode([parent_node], filter_name, *args, **kwargs)
+    return filter_multi_output(stream_spec, filter_name, *args, **kwargs).stream()
 
 
-def filter_multi(parent_nodes, filter_name, *args, **kwargs):
+@filter_operator()
-    """Apply custom multi-source filter.
+def split(stream):
-
+    return FilterNode(stream, split.__name__)
-    This is nearly identical to the ``filter`` function except that it allows filters to be applied to multiple
-    streams.  It's normally used by higher-level filter functions such as ``concat``, but if a filter implementation
-    is missing from ``fmpeg-python``, you can call ``filter_multi`` directly.
-
-    Note that because it applies to multiple streams, it can't be used as an operator, unlike the ``filter`` function
-    (e.g. ``ffmpeg.input('in.mp4').filter_('hflip')``)
-
-    Args:
-        parent_nodes: List of source streams to apply filter to.
-        filter_name: ffmpeg filter name, e.g. `concat`
-        *args: list of args to pass to ffmpeg verbatim
-        **kwargs: list of keyword-args to pass to ffmpeg verbatim
-
-    For custom single-source filters, see ``filter_multi`` instead.
-
-    Example:
-
-        ``ffmpeg.filter_multi(ffmpeg.input('in1.mp4'), ffmpeg.input('in2.mp4'), 'concat', n=2).output('out.mp4').run()``
-    """
-    return FilterNode(parent_nodes, filter_name, *args, **kwargs)
 
 
-
+@filter_operator()
-@operator()
+def setpts(stream, expr):
-def setpts(parent_node, expr):
     """Change the PTS (presentation timestamp) of the input frames.
 
     Args:
@@ -65,11 +61,11 @@ def setpts(parent_node, expr):
 
     Official documentation: `setpts, asetpts <https://ffmpeg.org/ffmpeg-filters.html#setpts_002c-asetpts>`__
     """
-    return filter_(parent_node, setpts.__name__, expr)
+    return FilterNode(stream, setpts.__name__, args=[expr]).stream()
 
 
-@operator()
+@filter_operator()
-def trim(parent_node, **kwargs):
+def trim(stream, **kwargs):
     """Trim the input so that the output contains one continuous subpart of the input.
 
     Args:
@@ -87,10 +83,10 @@ def trim(parent_node, **kwargs):
 
     Official documentation: `trim <https://ffmpeg.org/ffmpeg-filters.html#trim>`__
     """
-    return filter_(parent_node, trim.__name__, **kwargs)
+    return FilterNode(stream, trim.__name__, kwargs=kwargs).stream()
 
 
-@operator()
+@filter_operator()
 def overlay(main_parent_node, overlay_parent_node, eof_action='repeat', **kwargs):
     """Overlay one video on top of another.
 
@@ -135,29 +131,29 @@ def overlay(main_parent_node, overlay_parent_node, eof_action='repeat', **kwargs
     Official documentation: `overlay <https://ffmpeg.org/ffmpeg-filters.html#overlay-1>`__
     """
     kwargs['eof_action'] = eof_action
-    return filter_multi([main_parent_node, overlay_parent_node], overlay.__name__, **kwargs)
+    return FilterNode([main_parent_node, overlay_parent_node], overlay.__name__, kwargs=kwargs, max_inputs=2).stream()
 
 
-@operator()
+@filter_operator()
-def hflip(parent_node):
+def hflip(stream):
     """Flip the input video horizontally.
 
     Official documentation: `hflip <https://ffmpeg.org/ffmpeg-filters.html#hflip>`__
     """
-    return filter_(parent_node, hflip.__name__)
+    return FilterNode(stream, hflip.__name__).stream()
 
 
-@operator()
+@filter_operator()
-def vflip(parent_node):
+def vflip(stream):
     """Flip the input video vertically.
 
     Official documentation: `vflip <https://ffmpeg.org/ffmpeg-filters.html#vflip>`__
     """
-    return filter_(parent_node, vflip.__name__)
+    return FilterNode(stream, vflip.__name__).stream()
 
 
-@operator()
+@filter_operator()
-def drawbox(parent_node, x, y, width, height, color, thickness=None, **kwargs):
+def drawbox(stream, x, y, width, height, color, thickness=None, **kwargs):
     """Draw a colored box on the input image.
 
     Args:
@@ -178,11 +174,11 @@ def drawbox(parent_node, x, y, width, height, color, thickness=None, **kwargs):
     """
     if thickness:
         kwargs['t'] = thickness
-    return filter_(parent_node, drawbox.__name__, x, y, width, height, color, **kwargs)
+    return FilterNode(stream, drawbox.__name__, args=[x, y, width, height, color], kwargs=kwargs).stream()
 
 
-@operator()
+@filter_operator()
-def drawtext(parent_node, text=None, x=0, y=0, escape_text=True, **kwargs):
+def drawtext(stream, text=None, x=0, y=0, escape_text=True, **kwargs):
     """Draw a text string or text from a specified file on top of a video, using the libfreetype library.
 
     To enable compilation of this filter, you need to configure FFmpeg with ``--enable-libfreetype``. To enable default
@@ -320,11 +316,11 @@ def drawtext(parent_node, text=None, x=0, y=0, escape_text=True, **kwargs):
         kwargs['x'] = x
     if y != 0:
         kwargs['y'] = y
-    return filter_(parent_node, drawtext.__name__, **kwargs)
+    return filter_(stream, drawtext.__name__, **kwargs)
 
 
-@operator()
+@filter_operator()
-def concat(*parent_nodes, **kwargs):
+def concat(*streams, **kwargs):
     """Concatenate audio and video streams, joining them together one after the other.
 
     The filter works on segments of synchronized video and audio streams. All segments must have the same number of
@@ -349,12 +345,12 @@ def concat(*parent_nodes, **kwargs):
 
     Official documentation: `concat <https://ffmpeg.org/ffmpeg-filters.html#concat>`__
     """
-    kwargs['n'] = len(parent_nodes)
+    kwargs['n'] = len(streams)
-    return filter_multi(parent_nodes, concat.__name__, **kwargs)
+    return FilterNode(streams, concat.__name__, kwargs=kwargs, max_inputs=None).stream()
 
 
-@operator()
+@filter_operator()
-def zoompan(parent_node, **kwargs):
+def zoompan(stream, **kwargs):
     """Apply Zoom & Pan effect.
 
     Args:
@@ -369,11 +365,11 @@ def zoompan(parent_node, **kwargs):
 
     Official documentation: `zoompan <https://ffmpeg.org/ffmpeg-filters.html#zoompan>`__
     """
-    return filter_(parent_node, zoompan.__name__, **kwargs)
+    return FilterNode(stream, zoompan.__name__, kwargs=kwargs).stream()
 
 
-@operator()
+@filter_operator()
-def hue(parent_node, **kwargs):
+def hue(stream, **kwargs):
     """Modify the hue and/or the saturation of the input.
 
     Args:
@@ -384,16 +380,16 @@ def hue(parent_node, **kwargs):
 
     Official documentation: `hue <https://ffmpeg.org/ffmpeg-filters.html#hue>`__
     """
-    return filter_(parent_node, hue.__name__, **kwargs)
+    return FilterNode(stream, hue.__name__, kwargs=kwargs).stream()
 
 
-@operator()
+@filter_operator()
-def colorchannelmixer(parent_node, *args, **kwargs):
+def colorchannelmixer(stream, *args, **kwargs):
     """Adjust video input frames by re-mixing color channels.
 
     Official documentation: `colorchannelmixer <https://ffmpeg.org/ffmpeg-filters.html#colorchannelmixer>`__
     """
-    return filter_(parent_node, colorchannelmixer.__name__, **kwargs)
+    return FilterNode(stream, colorchannelmixer.__name__, kwargs=kwargs).stream()
 
 
 __all__ = [
@@ -401,7 +397,6 @@ __all__ = [
     'concat',
     'drawbox',
     'filter_',
-    'filter_multi',
     'hflip',
     'hue',
     'overlay',

ffmpeg/_run.py

@@ -1,24 +1,27 @@
 from __future__ import unicode_literals
 
+from .dag import get_outgoing_edges, topo_sort
 from functools import reduce
 from past.builtins import basestring
 import copy
-import operator as _operator
+import operator
 import subprocess as _subprocess
 
 from ._ffmpeg import (
     input,
-    merge_outputs,
     output,
     overwrite_output,
 )
 from .nodes import (
+    get_stream_spec_nodes,
+    FilterNode,
     GlobalNode,
     InputNode,   
-    operator,
     OutputNode,
+    output_operator,
 )
 
+
 def _get_stream_name(name):
     return '[{}]'.format(name)
 
@@ -34,8 +37,8 @@ def _convert_kwargs_to_cmd_line_args(kwargs):
 
 
 def _get_input_args(input_node):
-    if input_node._name == input.__name__:
+    if input_node.name == input.__name__:
-        kwargs = copy.copy(input_node._kwargs)
+        kwargs = copy.copy(input_node.kwargs)
         filename = kwargs.pop('filename')
         fmt = kwargs.pop('format', None)
         video_size = kwargs.pop('video_size', None)
@@ -51,97 +54,95 @@ def _get_input_args(input_node):
     return args
 
 
-def _topo_sort(start_node):
+def _get_filter_spec(node, outgoing_edge_map, stream_name_map):
-    marked_nodes = []
+    incoming_edges = node.incoming_edges
-    sorted_nodes = []
+    outgoing_edges = get_outgoing_edges(node, outgoing_edge_map)
-    child_map = {}
+    inputs = [stream_name_map[edge.upstream_node, edge.upstream_label] for edge in incoming_edges]
-    def visit(node, child):
+    outputs = [stream_name_map[edge.upstream_node, edge.upstream_label] for edge in outgoing_edges]
-        if node in marked_nodes:
+    filter_spec = '{}{}{}'.format(''.join(inputs), node._get_filter(outgoing_edges), ''.join(outputs))
-            raise RuntimeError('Graph is not a DAG')
-        if child is not None:
-            if node not in child_map:
-                child_map[node] = []
-            child_map[node].append(child)
-        if node not in sorted_nodes:
-            marked_nodes.append(node)
-            [visit(parent, node) for parent in node._parents]
-            marked_nodes.remove(node)
-            sorted_nodes.append(node)
-    unmarked_nodes = [start_node]
-    while unmarked_nodes:
-        visit(unmarked_nodes.pop(), None)
-    return sorted_nodes, child_map
-
-
-def _get_filter_spec(i, node, stream_name_map):
-    stream_name = _get_stream_name('v{}'.format(i))
-    stream_name_map[node] = stream_name
-    inputs = [stream_name_map[parent] for parent in node._parents]
-    filter_spec = '{}{}{}'.format(''.join(inputs), node._get_filter(), stream_name)
     return filter_spec
 
 
-def _get_filter_arg(filter_nodes, stream_name_map):
+def _allocate_filter_stream_names(filter_nodes, outgoing_edge_maps, stream_name_map):
-    filter_specs = [_get_filter_spec(i, node, stream_name_map) for i, node in enumerate(filter_nodes)]
+    stream_count = 0
+    for upstream_node in filter_nodes:
+        outgoing_edge_map = outgoing_edge_maps[upstream_node]
+        for upstream_label, downstreams in list(outgoing_edge_map.items()):
+            if len(downstreams) > 1:
+                # TODO: automatically insert `splits` ahead of time via graph transformation.
+                raise ValueError('Encountered {} with multiple outgoing edges with same upstream label {!r}; a '
+                    '`split` filter is probably required'.format(upstream_node, upstream_label))
+            stream_name_map[upstream_node, upstream_label] = _get_stream_name('s{}'.format(stream_count))
+            stream_count += 1
+
+
+def _get_filter_arg(filter_nodes, outgoing_edge_maps, stream_name_map):
+    _allocate_filter_stream_names(filter_nodes, outgoing_edge_maps, stream_name_map)
+    filter_specs = [_get_filter_spec(node, outgoing_edge_maps[node], stream_name_map) for node in filter_nodes]
     return ';'.join(filter_specs)
 
 
 def _get_global_args(node):
-    if node._name == overwrite_output.__name__:
+    if node.name == overwrite_output.__name__:
         return ['-y']
     else:
         raise ValueError('Unsupported global node: {}'.format(node))
 
 
 def _get_output_args(node, stream_name_map):
+    if node.name != output.__name__:
+        raise ValueError('Unsupported output node: {}'.format(node))
     args = []
-    if node._name != merge_outputs.__name__:
+    assert len(node.incoming_edges) == 1
-        stream_name = stream_name_map[node._parents[0]]
+    edge = node.incoming_edges[0]
+    stream_name = stream_name_map[edge.upstream_node, edge.upstream_label]
     if stream_name != '[0]':
         args += ['-map', stream_name]
-        if node._name == output.__name__:
+    kwargs = copy.copy(node.kwargs)
-            kwargs = copy.copy(node._kwargs)
     filename = kwargs.pop('filename')
     fmt = kwargs.pop('format', None)
     if fmt:
         args += ['-f', fmt]
     args += _convert_kwargs_to_cmd_line_args(kwargs)
     args += [filename]
-        else:
-            raise ValueError('Unsupported output node: {}'.format(node))
     return args
 
 
-@operator(node_classes={OutputNode, GlobalNode})
+@output_operator()
-def get_args(node):
+def get_args(stream_spec, overwrite_output=False):
     """Get command-line arguments for ffmpeg."""
+    nodes = get_stream_spec_nodes(stream_spec)
     args = []
     # TODO: group nodes together, e.g. `-i somefile -r somerate`.
-    sorted_nodes, child_map = _topo_sort(node)
+    sorted_nodes, outgoing_edge_maps = topo_sort(nodes)
-    del(node)
     input_nodes = [node for node in sorted_nodes if isinstance(node, InputNode)]
-    output_nodes = [node for node in sorted_nodes if isinstance(node, OutputNode) and not
+    output_nodes = [node for node in sorted_nodes if isinstance(node, OutputNode)]
-        isinstance(node, GlobalNode)]
     global_nodes = [node for node in sorted_nodes if isinstance(node, GlobalNode)]
-    filter_nodes = [node for node in sorted_nodes if node not in (input_nodes + output_nodes + global_nodes)]
+    filter_nodes = [node for node in sorted_nodes if isinstance(node, FilterNode)]
-    stream_name_map = {node: _get_stream_name(i) for i, node in enumerate(input_nodes)}
+    stream_name_map = {(node, None): _get_stream_name(i) for i, node in enumerate(input_nodes)}
-    filter_arg = _get_filter_arg(filter_nodes, stream_name_map)
+    filter_arg = _get_filter_arg(filter_nodes, outgoing_edge_maps, stream_name_map)
-    args += reduce(_operator.add, [_get_input_args(node) for node in input_nodes])
+    args += reduce(operator.add, [_get_input_args(node) for node in input_nodes])
     if filter_arg:
         args += ['-filter_complex', filter_arg]
-    args += reduce(_operator.add, [_get_output_args(node, stream_name_map) for node in output_nodes])
+    args += reduce(operator.add, [_get_output_args(node, stream_name_map) for node in output_nodes])
-    args += reduce(_operator.add, [_get_global_args(node) for node in global_nodes], [])
+    args += reduce(operator.add, [_get_global_args(node) for node in global_nodes], [])
+    if overwrite_output:
+        args += ['-y']
     return args
 
 
-@operator(node_classes={OutputNode, GlobalNode})
+@output_operator()
-def run(node, cmd='ffmpeg'):
+def run(stream_spec, cmd='ffmpeg', **kwargs):
-    """Run ffmpeg on node graph."""
+    """Run ffmpeg on node graph.
+
+    Args:
+        **kwargs: keyword-arguments passed to ``get_args()`` (e.g. ``overwrite_output=True``).
+    """
     if isinstance(cmd, basestring):
         cmd = [cmd]
     elif type(cmd) != list:
         cmd = list(cmd)
-    args = cmd + node.get_args()
+    args = cmd + get_args(stream_spec, **kwargs)
     _subprocess.check_call(args)
 
 

ffmpeg/_utils.py

@@ -1,4 +1,34 @@
+from __future__ import unicode_literals
+
 from builtins import str
+from past.builtins import basestring
+import hashlib
+
+
+def _recursive_repr(item):
+    """Hack around python `repr` to deterministically represent dictionaries.
+
+    This is able to represent more things than json.dumps, since it does not require things to be JSON serializable
+    (e.g. datetimes).
+    """
+    if isinstance(item, basestring):
+        result = str(item)
+    elif isinstance(item, list):
+        result = '[{}]'.format(', '.join([_recursive_repr(x) for x in item]))
+    elif isinstance(item, dict):
+        kv_pairs = ['{}: {}'.format(_recursive_repr(k), _recursive_repr(item[k])) for k in sorted(item)]
+        result = '{' + ', '.join(kv_pairs) + '}'
+    else:
+        result = repr(item)
+    return result
+
+
+def get_hash(item):
+    repr_ = _recursive_repr(item).encode('utf-8')
+    return hashlib.md5(repr_).hexdigest()
+
+def get_hash_int(item):
+    return int(get_hash(item), base=16)
 
 
 def escape_chars(text, chars):

ffmpeg/dag.py

@@ -0,0 +1,177 @@
+from __future__ import unicode_literals
+
+from ._utils import get_hash, get_hash_int
+from builtins import object
+from collections import namedtuple
+
+
+class DagNode(object):
+    """Node in a directed-acyclic graph (DAG).
+
+    Edges:
+        DagNodes are connected by edges.  An edge connects two nodes with a label for each side:
+         - ``upstream_node``: upstream/parent node
+         - ``upstream_label``: label on the outgoing side of the upstream node
+         - ``downstream_node``: downstream/child node
+         - ``downstream_label``: label on the incoming side of the downstream node
+
+        For example, DagNode A may be connected to DagNode B with an edge labelled "foo" on A's side, and "bar" on B's
+        side:
+
+           _____               _____
+          |     |             |     |
+          |  A  >[foo]---[bar]>  B  |
+          |_____|             |_____|
+
+        Edge labels may be integers or strings, and nodes cannot have more than one incoming edge with the same label.
+
+        DagNodes may have any number of incoming edges and any number of outgoing edges.  DagNodes keep track only of
+        their incoming edges, but the entire graph structure can be inferred by looking at the furthest downstream
+        nodes and working backwards.
+
+    Hashing:
+        DagNodes must be hashable, and two nodes are considered to be equivalent if they have the same hash value.
+
+        Nodes are immutable, and the hash should remain constant as a result.  If a node with new contents is required,
+        create a new node and throw the old one away.
+
+    String representation:
+        In order for graph visualization tools to show useful information, nodes must be representable as strings.  The
+        ``repr`` operator should provide a more or less "full" representation of the node, and the ``short_repr``
+        property should be a shortened, concise representation.
+
+        Again, because nodes are immutable, the string representations should remain constant.
+    """
+    def __hash__(self):
+        """Return an integer hash of the node."""
+        raise NotImplementedError()
+
+    def __eq__(self, other):
+        """Compare two nodes; implementations should return True if (and only if) hashes match."""
+        raise NotImplementedError()
+
+    def __repr__(self, other):
+        """Return a full string representation of the node."""
+        raise NotImplementedError()
+
+    @property
+    def short_repr(self):
+        """Return a partial/concise representation of the node."""
+        raise NotImplementedError()
+
+    @property
+    def incoming_edge_map(self):
+        """Provides information about all incoming edges that connect to this node.
+
+        The edge map is a dictionary that maps an ``incoming_label`` to ``(outgoing_node, outgoing_label)``.  Note that
+        implicity, ``incoming_node`` is ``self``.  See "Edges" section above.
+        """
+        raise NotImplementedError()
+
+
+DagEdge = namedtuple('DagEdge', ['downstream_node', 'downstream_label', 'upstream_node', 'upstream_label'])
+
+
+def get_incoming_edges(downstream_node, incoming_edge_map):
+    edges = []
+    for downstream_label, (upstream_node, upstream_label) in list(incoming_edge_map.items()):
+        edges += [DagEdge(downstream_node, downstream_label, upstream_node, upstream_label)]
+    return edges
+
+
+def get_outgoing_edges(upstream_node, outgoing_edge_map):
+    edges = []
+    for upstream_label, downstream_infos in list(outgoing_edge_map.items()):
+        for (downstream_node, downstream_label) in downstream_infos:
+            edges += [DagEdge(downstream_node, downstream_label, upstream_node, upstream_label)]
+    return edges
+
+
+class KwargReprNode(DagNode):
+    """A DagNode that can be represented as a set of args+kwargs.
+    """
+    @property
+    def __upstream_hashes(self):
+        hashes = []
+        for downstream_label, (upstream_node, upstream_label) in list(self.incoming_edge_map.items()):
+            hashes += [hash(x) for x in [downstream_label, upstream_node, upstream_label]]
+        return hashes
+
+    @property
+    def __inner_hash(self):
+        props = {'args': self.args, 'kwargs': self.kwargs}
+        return get_hash(props)
+
+    def __get_hash(self):
+        hashes = self.__upstream_hashes + [self.__inner_hash]
+        return get_hash_int(hashes)
+
+    def __init__(self, incoming_edge_map, name, args, kwargs):
+        self.__incoming_edge_map = incoming_edge_map
+        self.name = name
+        self.args = args
+        self.kwargs = kwargs
+        self.__hash = self.__get_hash()
+
+    def __hash__(self):
+        return self.__hash
+
+    def __eq__(self, other):
+        return hash(self) == hash(other)
+
+    @property
+    def short_hash(self):
+        return '{:x}'.format(abs(hash(self)))[:12]
+
+    def long_repr(self, include_hash=True):
+        formatted_props = ['{!r}'.format(arg) for arg in self.args]
+        formatted_props += ['{}={!r}'.format(key, self.kwargs[key]) for key in sorted(self.kwargs)]
+        out = '{}({})'.format(self.name, ', '.join(formatted_props))
+        if include_hash:
+            out += ' <{}>'.format(self.short_hash)
+        return out
+
+    def __repr__(self):
+        return self.long_repr()
+
+    @property
+    def incoming_edges(self):
+        return get_incoming_edges(self, self.incoming_edge_map)
+
+    @property
+    def incoming_edge_map(self):
+        return self.__incoming_edge_map
+
+    @property
+    def short_repr(self):
+        return self.name
+
+
+def topo_sort(downstream_nodes):
+    marked_nodes = []
+    sorted_nodes = []
+    outgoing_edge_maps = {}
+
+    def visit(upstream_node, upstream_label, downstream_node, downstream_label):
+        if upstream_node in marked_nodes:
+            raise RuntimeError('Graph is not a DAG')
+
+        if downstream_node is not None:
+            outgoing_edge_map = outgoing_edge_maps.get(upstream_node, {})
+            outgoing_edge_infos = outgoing_edge_map.get(upstream_label, [])
+            outgoing_edge_infos += [(downstream_node, downstream_label)]
+            outgoing_edge_map[upstream_label] = outgoing_edge_infos
+            outgoing_edge_maps[upstream_node] = outgoing_edge_map
+
+        if upstream_node not in sorted_nodes:
+            marked_nodes.append(upstream_node)
+            for edge in upstream_node.incoming_edges:
+                visit(edge.upstream_node, edge.upstream_label, edge.downstream_node, edge.downstream_label)
+            marked_nodes.remove(upstream_node)
+            sorted_nodes.append(upstream_node)
+
+    unmarked_nodes = [(node, None) for node in downstream_nodes]
+    while unmarked_nodes:
+        upstream_node, upstream_label = unmarked_nodes.pop()
+        visit(upstream_node, upstream_label, None, None)
+    return sorted_nodes, outgoing_edge_maps

ffmpeg/nodes.py

@@ -1,88 +1,238 @@
 from __future__ import unicode_literals
 
-from ._utils import escape_chars
+from .dag import KwargReprNode
+from ._utils import escape_chars, get_hash_int
 from builtins import object
-import hashlib
+import os
-import json
 
 
-class Node(object):
+def _is_of_types(obj, types):
-    """Node base"""
+    valid = False
-    def __init__(self, parents, name, *args, **kwargs):
+    for stream_type in types:
-        parent_hashes = [hash(parent) for parent in parents]
+        if isinstance(obj, stream_type):
-        if len(parent_hashes) != len(set(parent_hashes)):
+            valid = True
-            raise ValueError('Same node cannot be included as parent multiple times')
+            break
-        self._parents = parents
+    return valid
-        self._hash = None
-        self._name = name
-        self._args = args
-        self._kwargs = kwargs
 
-    def __repr__(self):
+
-        formatted_props = ['{}'.format(arg) for arg in self._args]
+def _get_types_str(types):
-        formatted_props += ['{}={!r}'.format(key, self._kwargs[key]) for key in sorted(self._kwargs)]
+    return ', '.join(['{}.{}'.format(x.__module__, x.__name__) for x in types])
-        return '{}({})'.format(self._name, ','.join(formatted_props))
+
+
+class Stream(object):
+    """Represents the outgoing edge of an upstream node; may be used to create more downstream nodes."""
+    def __init__(self, upstream_node, upstream_label, node_types):
+        if not _is_of_types(upstream_node, node_types):
+            raise TypeError('Expected upstream node to be of one of the following type(s): {}; got {}'.format(
+                _get_types_str(node_types), type(upstream_node)))
+        self.node = upstream_node
+        self.label = upstream_label
 
     def __hash__(self):
-        if self._hash is None:
+        return get_hash_int([hash(self.node), hash(self.label)])
-            self._update_hash()
-        return self._hash
 
     def __eq__(self, other):
         return hash(self) == hash(other)
 
-    def _update_hash(self):
+    def __repr__(self):
-        props = {'args': self._args, 'kwargs': self._kwargs}
+        node_repr = self.node.long_repr(include_hash=False)
-        props_str = json.dumps(props, sort_keys=True).encode('utf-8')
+        out = '{}[{!r}] <{}>'.format(node_repr, self.label, self.node.short_hash)
-        my_hash = hashlib.md5(props_str).hexdigest()
+        return out
-        parent_hashes = [str(hash(parent)) for parent in self._parents]
+
-        hashes = parent_hashes + [my_hash]
+
-        hashes_str = ','.join(hashes).encode('utf-8')
+def get_stream_map(stream_spec):
-        hash_str = hashlib.md5(hashes_str).hexdigest()
+    if stream_spec is None:
-        self._hash = int(hash_str, base=16)
+        stream_map = {}
+    elif isinstance(stream_spec, Stream):
+        stream_map = {None: stream_spec}
+    elif isinstance(stream_spec, (list, tuple)):
+        stream_map = dict(enumerate(stream_spec))
+    elif isinstance(stream_spec, dict):
+        stream_map = stream_spec
+    return stream_map
+
+
+def get_stream_map_nodes(stream_map):
+    nodes = []
+    for stream in list(stream_map.values()):
+        if not isinstance(stream, Stream):
+            raise TypeError('Expected Stream; got {}'.format(type(stream)))
+        nodes.append(stream.node)
+    return nodes
+
+
+def get_stream_spec_nodes(stream_spec):
+    stream_map = get_stream_map(stream_spec)
+    return get_stream_map_nodes(stream_map)
+
+
+class Node(KwargReprNode):
+    """Node base"""
+    @classmethod
+    def __check_input_len(cls, stream_map, min_inputs, max_inputs):
+        if min_inputs is not None and len(stream_map) < min_inputs:
+            raise ValueError('Expected at least {} input stream(s); got {}'.format(min_inputs, len(stream_map)))
+        elif max_inputs is not None and len(stream_map) > max_inputs:
+            raise ValueError('Expected at most {} input stream(s); got {}'.format(max_inputs, len(stream_map)))
+
+    @classmethod
+    def __check_input_types(cls, stream_map, incoming_stream_types):
+        for stream in list(stream_map.values()):
+            if not _is_of_types(stream, incoming_stream_types):
+                raise TypeError('Expected incoming stream(s) to be of one of the following types: {}; got {}'
+                    .format(_get_types_str(incoming_stream_types), type(stream)))
+
+    @classmethod
+    def __get_incoming_edge_map(cls, stream_map):
+        incoming_edge_map = {}
+        for downstream_label, upstream in list(stream_map.items()):
+            incoming_edge_map[downstream_label] = (upstream.node, upstream.label)
+        return incoming_edge_map
+
+    def __init__(self, stream_spec, name, incoming_stream_types, outgoing_stream_type, min_inputs, max_inputs, args=[],
+            kwargs={}):
+        stream_map = get_stream_map(stream_spec)
+        self.__check_input_len(stream_map, min_inputs, max_inputs)
+        self.__check_input_types(stream_map, incoming_stream_types)
+        incoming_edge_map = self.__get_incoming_edge_map(stream_map)
+        super(Node, self).__init__(incoming_edge_map, name, args, kwargs)
+        self.__outgoing_stream_type = outgoing_stream_type
+
+    def stream(self, label=None):
+        """Create an outgoing stream originating from this node.
+
+        More nodes may be attached onto the outgoing stream.
+        """
+        return self.__outgoing_stream_type(self, label)
+
+    def __getitem__(self, label):
+        """Create an outgoing stream originating from this node; syntactic sugar for ``self.stream(label)``.
+        """
+        return self.stream(label)
+
+
+class FilterableStream(Stream):
+    def __init__(self, upstream_node, upstream_label):
+        super(FilterableStream, self).__init__(upstream_node, upstream_label, {InputNode, FilterNode})
 
 
 class InputNode(Node):
     """InputNode type"""
-    def __init__(self, name, *args, **kwargs):
+    def __init__(self, name, args=[], kwargs={}):
-        super(InputNode, self).__init__(parents=[], name=name, *args, **kwargs)
+        super(InputNode, self).__init__(
+            stream_spec=None,
+            name=name,
+            incoming_stream_types={},
+            outgoing_stream_type=FilterableStream,
+            min_inputs=0,
+            max_inputs=0,
+            args=args,
+            kwargs=kwargs
+        )
+
+    @property
+    def short_repr(self):
+        return os.path.basename(self.kwargs['filename'])
 
 
 class FilterNode(Node):
+    def __init__(self, stream_spec, name, max_inputs=1, args=[], kwargs={}):
+        super(FilterNode, self).__init__(
+            stream_spec=stream_spec,
+            name=name,
+            incoming_stream_types={FilterableStream},
+            outgoing_stream_type=FilterableStream,
+            min_inputs=1,
+            max_inputs=max_inputs,
+            args=args,
+            kwargs=kwargs
+        )
+
     """FilterNode"""
-    def _get_filter(self):
+    def _get_filter(self, outgoing_edges):
-        args = [escape_chars(x, '\\\'=:') for x in self._args]
+        args = self.args
-        kwargs = {}
+        kwargs = self.kwargs
-        for k, v in self._kwargs.items():
+        if self.name == 'split':
+            args = [len(outgoing_edges)]
+
+        out_args = [escape_chars(x, '\\\'=:') for x in args]
+        out_kwargs = {}
+        for k, v in list(kwargs.items()):
             k = escape_chars(k, '\\\'=:')
             v = escape_chars(v, '\\\'=:')
-            kwargs[k] = v
+            out_kwargs[k] = v
 
-        arg_params = [escape_chars(v, '\\\'=:') for v in args]
+        arg_params = [escape_chars(v, '\\\'=:') for v in out_args]
-        kwarg_params = ['{}={}'.format(k, kwargs[k]) for k in sorted(kwargs)]
+        kwarg_params = ['{}={}'.format(k, out_kwargs[k]) for k in sorted(out_kwargs)]
         params = arg_params + kwarg_params
 
-        params_text = escape_chars(self._name, '\\\'=:')
+        params_text = escape_chars(self.name, '\\\'=:')
+
         if params:
             params_text += '={}'.format(':'.join(params))
         return escape_chars(params_text, '\\\'[],;')
 
 
 class OutputNode(Node):
-    """OutputNode"""
+    def __init__(self, stream, name, args=[], kwargs={}):
-    pass
+        super(OutputNode, self).__init__(
+            stream_spec=stream,
+            name=name,
+            incoming_stream_types={FilterableStream},
+            outgoing_stream_type=OutputStream,
+            min_inputs=1,
+            max_inputs=1,
+            args=args,
+            kwargs=kwargs
+        )
+
+    @property
+    def short_repr(self):
+        return os.path.basename(self.kwargs['filename'])
+
+
+class OutputStream(Stream):
+    def __init__(self, upstream_node, upstream_label):
+        super(OutputStream, self).__init__(upstream_node, upstream_label, {OutputNode, GlobalNode, MergeOutputsNode})
+
+
+class MergeOutputsNode(Node):
+    def __init__(self, streams, name):
+        super(MergeOutputsNode, self).__init__(
+            stream_spec=streams,
+            name=name,
+            incoming_stream_types={OutputStream},
+            outgoing_stream_type=OutputStream,
+            min_inputs=1,
+            max_inputs=None
+        )
 
 
 class GlobalNode(Node):
-    def __init__(self, parent, name, *args, **kwargs):
+    def __init__(self, stream, name, args=[], kwargs={}):
-        if not isinstance(parent, OutputNode):
+        super(GlobalNode, self).__init__(
-            raise RuntimeError('Global nodes can only be attached after output nodes')
+            stream_spec=stream,
-        super(GlobalNode, self).__init__([parent], name, *args, **kwargs)
+            name=name,
+            incoming_stream_types={OutputStream},
+            outgoing_stream_type=OutputStream,
+            min_inputs=1,
+            max_inputs=1,
+            args=args,
+            kwargs=kwargs
+        )
 
 
-def operator(node_classes={Node}, name=None):
+def stream_operator(stream_classes={Stream}, name=None):
     def decorator(func):
         func_name = name or func.__name__
-        [setattr(node_class, func_name, func) for node_class in node_classes]
+        [setattr(stream_class, func_name, func) for stream_class in stream_classes]
         return func
     return decorator
+
+
+def filter_operator(name=None):
+    return stream_operator(stream_classes={FilterableStream}, name=name)
+
+
+def output_operator(name=None):
+    return stream_operator(stream_classes={OutputStream}, name=name)

ffmpeg/tests/test_ffmpeg.py

@@ -1,5 +1,7 @@
 from __future__ import unicode_literals
 
+from builtins import bytes
+from builtins import range
 import ffmpeg
 import os
 import pytest
@@ -10,9 +12,10 @@ import subprocess
 
 TEST_DIR = os.path.dirname(__file__)
 SAMPLE_DATA_DIR = os.path.join(TEST_DIR, 'sample_data')
-TEST_INPUT_FILE = os.path.join(SAMPLE_DATA_DIR, 'dummy.mp4')
+TEST_INPUT_FILE1 = os.path.join(SAMPLE_DATA_DIR, 'in1.mp4')
 TEST_OVERLAY_FILE = os.path.join(SAMPLE_DATA_DIR, 'overlay.png')
-TEST_OUTPUT_FILE = os.path.join(SAMPLE_DATA_DIR, 'dummy2.mp4')
+TEST_OUTPUT_FILE1 = os.path.join(SAMPLE_DATA_DIR, 'out1.mp4')
+TEST_OUTPUT_FILE2 = os.path.join(SAMPLE_DATA_DIR, 'out2.mp4')
 
 
 subprocess.check_call(['ffmpeg', '-version'])
@@ -48,11 +51,8 @@ def test_fluent_concat():
     concat1 = ffmpeg.concat(trimmed1, trimmed2, trimmed3)
     concat2 = ffmpeg.concat(trimmed1, trimmed2, trimmed3)
     concat3 = ffmpeg.concat(trimmed1, trimmed3, trimmed2)
-    concat4 = ffmpeg.concat()
-    concat5 = ffmpeg.concat()
     assert concat1 == concat2
     assert concat1 != concat3
-    assert concat4 == concat5
 
 
 def test_fluent_output():
@@ -75,19 +75,28 @@ def test_fluent_complex_filter():
     )
 
 
-def test_repr():
+def test_node_repr():
     in_file = ffmpeg.input('dummy.mp4')
     trim1 = ffmpeg.trim(in_file, start_frame=10, end_frame=20)
     trim2 = ffmpeg.trim(in_file, start_frame=30, end_frame=40)
     trim3 = ffmpeg.trim(in_file, start_frame=50, end_frame=60)
     concatted = ffmpeg.concat(trim1, trim2, trim3)
     output = ffmpeg.output(concatted, 'dummy2.mp4')
-    assert repr(in_file) == "input(filename={!r})".format('dummy.mp4')
+    assert repr(in_file.node) == "input(filename={!r}) <{}>".format('dummy.mp4', in_file.node.short_hash)
-    assert repr(trim1) == "trim(end_frame=20,start_frame=10)"
+    assert repr(trim1.node) == "trim(end_frame=20, start_frame=10) <{}>".format(trim1.node.short_hash)
-    assert repr(trim2) == "trim(end_frame=40,start_frame=30)"
+    assert repr(trim2.node) == "trim(end_frame=40, start_frame=30) <{}>".format(trim2.node.short_hash)
-    assert repr(trim3) == "trim(end_frame=60,start_frame=50)"
+    assert repr(trim3.node) == "trim(end_frame=60, start_frame=50) <{}>".format(trim3.node.short_hash)
-    assert repr(concatted) == "concat(n=3)"
+    assert repr(concatted.node) == "concat(n=3) <{}>".format(concatted.node.short_hash)
-    assert repr(output) == "output(filename={!r})".format('dummy2.mp4')
+    assert repr(output.node) == "output(filename={!r}) <{}>".format('dummy2.mp4', output.node.short_hash)
+
+
+def test_stream_repr():
+    in_file = ffmpeg.input('dummy.mp4')
+    assert repr(in_file) == "input(filename={!r})[None] <{}>".format('dummy.mp4', in_file.node.short_hash)
+    split0 = in_file.filter_multi_output('split')[0]
+    assert repr(split0) == "split()[0] <{}>".format(split0.node.short_hash)
+    dummy_out = in_file.filter_multi_output('dummy')['out']
+    assert repr(dummy_out) == "dummy()[{!r}] <{}>".format(dummy_out.label, dummy_out.node.short_hash)
 
 
 def test_get_args_simple():
@@ -96,16 +105,23 @@ def test_get_args_simple():
 
 
 def _get_complex_filter_example():
-    in_file = ffmpeg.input(TEST_INPUT_FILE)
+    split = (ffmpeg
+        .input(TEST_INPUT_FILE1)
+        .vflip()
+        .split()
+    )
+    split0 = split[0]
+    split1 = split[1]
+
     overlay_file = ffmpeg.input(TEST_OVERLAY_FILE)
     return (ffmpeg
         .concat(
-            in_file.trim(start_frame=10, end_frame=20),
+            split0.trim(start_frame=10, end_frame=20),
-            in_file.trim(start_frame=30, end_frame=40),
+            split1.trim(start_frame=30, end_frame=40),
         )
         .overlay(overlay_file.hflip())
         .drawbox(50, 50, 120, 120, color='red', thickness=5)
-        .output(TEST_OUTPUT_FILE)
+        .output(TEST_OUTPUT_FILE1)
         .overwrite_output()
     )
 
@@ -113,17 +129,18 @@ def _get_complex_filter_example():
 def test_get_args_complex_filter():
     out = _get_complex_filter_example()
     args = ffmpeg.get_args(out)
-    assert args == [
+    assert args == ['-i', TEST_INPUT_FILE1,
-        '-i', TEST_INPUT_FILE,
         '-i', TEST_OVERLAY_FILE,
         '-filter_complex',
-            '[0]trim=end_frame=20:start_frame=10[v0];' \
+            '[0]vflip[s0];' \
-            '[0]trim=end_frame=40:start_frame=30[v1];' \
+            '[s0]split=2[s1][s2];' \
-            '[v0][v1]concat=n=2[v2];' \
+            '[s1]trim=end_frame=20:start_frame=10[s3];' \
-            '[1]hflip[v3];' \
+            '[s2]trim=end_frame=40:start_frame=30[s4];' \
-            '[v2][v3]overlay=eof_action=repeat[v4];' \
+            '[s3][s4]concat=n=2[s5];' \
-            '[v4]drawbox=50:50:120:120:red:t=5[v5]',
+            '[1]hflip[s6];' \
-        '-map', '[v5]', os.path.join(SAMPLE_DATA_DIR, 'dummy2.mp4'),
+            '[s5][s6]overlay=eof_action=repeat[s7];' \
+            '[s7]drawbox=50:50:120:120:red:t=5[s8]',
+        '-map', '[s8]', TEST_OUTPUT_FILE1,
         '-y'
     ]
 
@@ -139,8 +156,8 @@ def test_filter_normal_arg_escape():
             .get_args()
         )
         assert args[:3] == ['-i', 'in', '-filter_complex']
-        assert args[4:] == ['-map', '[v0]', 'out']
+        assert args[4:] == ['-map', '[s0]', 'out']
-        match = re.match(r'\[0\]drawtext=font=a((.|\n)*)b:text=test\[v0\]', args[3], re.MULTILINE)
+        match = re.match(r'\[0\]drawtext=font=a((.|\n)*)b:text=test\[s0\]', args[3], re.MULTILINE)
         assert match is not None, 'Invalid -filter_complex arg: {!r}'.format(args[3])
         return match.group(1)
 
@@ -156,7 +173,7 @@ def test_filter_normal_arg_escape():
         '=': 2,
         '\n': 0,
     }
-    for ch, expected_backslash_count in expected_backslash_counts.items():
+    for ch, expected_backslash_count in list(expected_backslash_counts.items()):
         expected = '{}{}'.format('\\' * expected_backslash_count, ch)
         actual = _get_drawtext_font_repr(ch)
         assert expected == actual
@@ -173,8 +190,8 @@ def test_filter_text_arg_str_escape():
             .get_args()
         )
         assert args[:3] == ['-i', 'in', '-filter_complex']
-        assert args[4:] == ['-map', '[v0]', 'out']
+        assert args[4:] == ['-map', '[s0]', 'out']
-        match = re.match(r'\[0\]drawtext=text=a((.|\n)*)b\[v0\]', args[3], re.MULTILINE)
+        match = re.match(r'\[0\]drawtext=text=a((.|\n)*)b\[s0\]', args[3], re.MULTILINE)
         assert match is not None, 'Invalid -filter_complex arg: {!r}'.format(args[3])
         return match.group(1)
 
@@ -190,7 +207,7 @@ def test_filter_text_arg_str_escape():
         '=': 2,
         '\n': 0,
     }
-    for ch, expected_backslash_count in expected_backslash_counts.items():
+    for ch, expected_backslash_count in list(expected_backslash_counts.items()):
         expected = '{}{}'.format('\\' * expected_backslash_count, ch)
         actual = _get_drawtext_text_repr(ch)
         assert expected == actual
@@ -201,52 +218,91 @@ def test_filter_text_arg_str_escape():
 
 
 def test_run():
-    node = _get_complex_filter_example()
+    stream = _get_complex_filter_example()
-    ffmpeg.run(node)
+    ffmpeg.run(stream)
+
+
+def test_run_multi_output():
+    in_ = ffmpeg.input(TEST_INPUT_FILE1)
+    out1 = in_.output(TEST_OUTPUT_FILE1)
+    out2 = in_.output(TEST_OUTPUT_FILE2)
+    ffmpeg.run([out1, out2], overwrite_output=True)
 
 
 def test_run_dummy_cmd():
-    node = _get_complex_filter_example()
+    stream = _get_complex_filter_example()
-    ffmpeg.run(node, cmd='true')
+    ffmpeg.run(stream, cmd='true')
 
 
 def test_run_dummy_cmd_list():
-    node = _get_complex_filter_example()
+    stream = _get_complex_filter_example()
-    ffmpeg.run(node, cmd=['true', 'ignored'])
+    ffmpeg.run(stream, cmd=['true', 'ignored'])
 
 
 def test_run_failing_cmd():
-    node = _get_complex_filter_example()
+    stream = _get_complex_filter_example()
     with pytest.raises(subprocess.CalledProcessError):
-        ffmpeg.run(node, cmd='false')
+        ffmpeg.run(stream, cmd='false')
 
 
 def test_custom_filter():
-    node = ffmpeg.input('dummy.mp4')
+    stream = ffmpeg.input('dummy.mp4')
-    node = ffmpeg.filter_(node, 'custom_filter', 'a', 'b', kwarg1='c')
+    stream = ffmpeg.filter_(stream, 'custom_filter', 'a', 'b', kwarg1='c')
-    node = ffmpeg.output(node, 'dummy2.mp4')
+    stream = ffmpeg.output(stream, 'dummy2.mp4')
-    assert node.get_args() == [
+    assert stream.get_args() == [
         '-i', 'dummy.mp4',
-        '-filter_complex', '[0]custom_filter=a:b:kwarg1=c[v0]',
+        '-filter_complex', '[0]custom_filter=a:b:kwarg1=c[s0]',
-        '-map', '[v0]',
+        '-map', '[s0]',
         'dummy2.mp4'
     ]
 
 
 def test_custom_filter_fluent():
-    node = (ffmpeg
+    stream = (ffmpeg
         .input('dummy.mp4')
         .filter_('custom_filter', 'a', 'b', kwarg1='c')
         .output('dummy2.mp4')
     )
-    assert node.get_args() == [
+    assert stream.get_args() == [
         '-i', 'dummy.mp4',
-        '-filter_complex', '[0]custom_filter=a:b:kwarg1=c[v0]',
+        '-filter_complex', '[0]custom_filter=a:b:kwarg1=c[s0]',
-        '-map', '[v0]',
+        '-map', '[s0]',
         'dummy2.mp4'
     ]
 
 
+def test_merge_outputs():
+    in_ = ffmpeg.input('in.mp4')
+    out1 = in_.output('out1.mp4')
+    out2 = in_.output('out2.mp4')
+    assert ffmpeg.merge_outputs(out1, out2).get_args() == [
+        '-i', 'in.mp4', 'out1.mp4', 'out2.mp4'
+    ]
+    assert ffmpeg.get_args([out1, out2]) == [
+        '-i', 'in.mp4', 'out2.mp4', 'out1.mp4'
+    ]
+
+
+def test_multi_passthrough():
+    out1 = ffmpeg.input('in1.mp4').output('out1.mp4')
+    out2 = ffmpeg.input('in2.mp4').output('out2.mp4')
+    out = ffmpeg.merge_outputs(out1, out2)
+    assert ffmpeg.get_args(out) == [
+        '-i', 'in1.mp4',
+        '-i', 'in2.mp4',
+        'out1.mp4',
+        '-map', '[1]',  # FIXME: this should not be here (see #23)
+        'out2.mp4'
+    ]
+    assert ffmpeg.get_args([out1, out2]) == [
+        '-i', 'in2.mp4',
+        '-i', 'in1.mp4',
+        'out2.mp4',
+        '-map', '[1]',  # FIXME: this should not be here (see #23)
+        'out1.mp4'
+    ]
+
+
 def test_pipe():
     width = 32
     height = 32
@@ -268,8 +324,8 @@ def test_pipe():
         '-pixel_format', 'rgb24',
         '-i', 'pipe:0',
         '-filter_complex',
-            '[0]trim=start_frame=2[v0]',
+            '[0]trim=start_frame=2[s0]',
-        '-map', '[v0]',
+        '-map', '[s0]',
         '-f', 'rawvideo',
         'pipe:1'
     ]